KHEM

tiquaries and travelers within a few years past. Wilkinson discovered arches with regular keystones in the doorways of the tombs of Thebes, the construction of which he traced to the year 1540 B.C., or 460 years before the building of the Temple of Solomon. And Dr. Clark asserts that the Cyclopean gallery of Tiryns exhibits lancet-shaped arches almost as old as the time of Abraham. In fact, at the Solomonic era, the construction of the arch must have been known to the Dionysian artificers, of whom, it is the received theory, many were present at the building of the Temple.

Khem. The Egyptian Deity, Amon, in the position metaphorically used in representations of Buddha and by the Hermetic philosophers, one hand toward Heaven and the other toward Nature.

Khepra. An Egyptian Deity, presiding over transformation, and represented with the beetle in place of a head.

Kher-heb. The Master of Ceremonies in the Egyptian system of worship.

Khesvan or Chesvan. (.) The same Hebrew month as Marchesvan, which see. Khetem el Nabiim. Mohammed, the seal of the prophets.

Khon. The title given to the dead, subject to examination as depicted in ch. 125 of the Book of the Dead in the Egyptian Ritual. Khotbah. The Confession of Faith under the Mohammedan law.

Khurum-Abi. A variation of the name of Hiram Abi.

Kl. A word used in the old Ritual of the Eighth Degree of the A. A. Scottish Rite.

as the end of the fifteenth century. But we know that the body of architects who perambulated the Continent of Europe under the name of "Traveling Freemasons," flourished at a much earlier period; and we learn, also, from Lawrie himself, that several of these Masons traveled into Scotland, about the beginning of the twelfth century. Hence, we have every reason to suppose that these men were the architects who constructed the Abbey at Kilwinning, and who first established the Institution of Freemasonry in Scotland. If such be the fact, we must place the origin of the first Lodge in that kingdom at an earlier date, by three centuries, than that claimed for it by Lawrie, which would bring it much nearer, in point of time, to the great Masonic Assembly, which is traditionally said to have been convened in the year 926, by Prince Edwin, at York, in England.

There is some collateral evidence to sustain the probability of this early commencement of Masonry in Scotland. It is very generally admitted that the Royal Order of Herodem was founded by King Robert Bruce, at Kilwinning. Thory, in the Acta Latomorum, gives the following chronicle: "Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, under the title of Robert I., created the Order of St. Andrew of Chardon, after the battle of Bannockburn, which was fought on the 24th of June, 1314. To this Order was afterwards united that of Herodem, for the sake of the Scotch Masons, who formed a part of the thirty thousand troops with whom he had fought an army of one hundred thousand Englishmen. King Robert reserved the title of Grand Master to himself and his successors forever, and founded the Royal Grand Lodge of Herodem at Kilwinning.'

Dr. Oliver says that "the Royal Order of Herodem had formerly its chief seat at Kilwinning; and there is every reason to think that it and St. John's Masonry were then governed by the same Grand Lodge.'

In 1820, there was published at Paris a record which states that in 1286, James, Lord Stewart, received the Earls of Gloucester and Ulster into his Lodge at Kilwinning; which goes to prove that a Lodge was then existing and in active operation at that place.

Kilwinning. As the city of York claims to be the birthplace of Masonry in England, the obscure little village of Kilwinning is entitled to the same honor with respect to the origin of the Order in the sister kingdom of Scotland. The claim to the honor, however, in each case, depends on the bare authority of a legend, the authenticity of which is now doubted by many Masonic historians. A place, which, in itself small and wholly undistinguishable in the political, the literary, or the commercial annals of its country, has become of great importance in the estimation of the Masonic antiquary from its intimate The modern iconoclasts, however, who are connection with the history of the Institution. leveling these old legends with unsparing The Abbey of Kilwinning is situated in the hands, have here been at work. Bro. D. bailiwick of Cunningham, about three miles Murray Lyon has attacked the Bruce legend, north of the royal burgh of Irving, near the and in the London Freemasons' Magazine Irish Sea. The abbey was founded in the year (1868, p. 141) says: "Seeing that the fra1140, by Hugh Morville, Constable of Scot- ternity of Kilwinning never at any period pracland, and dedicated to St. Winning, being in- tised or acknowledged other than Craft detended for a company of monks of the Tyro-grees, and have not preserved even a shadow nesian Order, who had been brought from of a tradition that can in the remotest degree Kelso. The edifice must have been constructed be held to identify Robert Bruce with the at great expense, and with much magnifi- holding of Masonic Courts, or the Institution cence, since it is said to have occupied several acres of ground in its whole extent.

Lawrie (Hist. of Freemasonry, 1804) says that, by authentic documents as well as by other collateral arguments which amount almost to a demonstration, the existence of the Kilwinning Lodge has been traced back as far

of a Secret Order at Kilwinning, the fraternity of the 'Herodim' must be attributed to another than the hero of Bannockburn, and a birthplace must be sought for it in a soil still more favorable to the growth of the high grades than Scotland has hitherto proved." He intimates that the legend was the inven

382

KILWINNING

KING

tion of the Chevalier Ramsay, whose birth-cuted by the Freemasons who first migrated place was in the vicinity of Kilwinning.

into Scotland, its history, like that of the I confess that I look upon the legend and Lodge which they founded, is one of decline the documents that contain it with some favor, and decay. In 1560, it was in a great measure as at least furnishing the evidence that there demolished by Alexander, Earl of Glencairne, has been among the Fraternity a general be- in obedience to an Order from the States of lief of the antiquity of the Kilwinning Lodge. Scotland, in the exercise of their usurped auThose, however, whose faith is of a more thority during the imprisonment of Mary hesitating character, will find the most satis- Stuart. A few years afterward, a part of the factory testimonies of the existence of that abbey chapel was repaired and converted into Lodge in the beginning of the fifteenth cen- the parish church, and was used as such until tury. At that period, when James II. was on about the year 1775, when, in consequence of the throne, the Barons of Roslin, as hereditary its ruinous and dangerous state, it was pulled Patrons of Scotch Masonry, held their annual down and an elegant church erected in the meetings at Kilwinning, and the Lodge at that modern style. In 1789, so much of the anplace granted Warrants of Constitution for cient abbey remained as to enable Grose, the the formation of subordinate Lodges in other antiquary, to take a sketch of the ruins; but parts of the kingdom. The Lodges thus now not a vestige of the building is to be found, formed, in token of their respect for, and sub-nor can its exact site be ascertained with any mission to, the mother Lodge whence they de- precision. rived their existence, affixed the word Kil- Kilwinning Manuscript. Also called the winning to their own distinctive name; many Edinburgh Kilwinning. This manuscript deinstances of which are still to be found on the rives its name from its being written in a small register of the Grand Lodge of Scotland-such quarto book, belonging to the celebrated as Canongate Kilwinning, Greenock Kilwin-Mother Kilwinning Lodge" of Scotland. ning, Cumberland Kilwinning, etc. For its publication, the Masonic Fraternity is But, in process of time, this Grand Lodge at indebted to Bro. William James Hughan, who Kilwinning ceased to retain its supremacy, has inserted it in his Unpublished Records of and finally its very existence. As in the case the Craft, from a copy made for him from the of the sister kingdom, where the Grand Lodge original by Bro. D. Murray Lyon, of Ayr, was removed from York, the birthplace of Scotland. Bro. Lyon, "whilst glancing at the English Masonry, to London, so in Scotland, minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh from De the supreme seat of the Order was at length cember 27, 1675, till March 12, 1678, wa transferred from Kilwinning to the metropo- struck with the similarity which the hand、 lis; and hence, in the doubtful document en- writing bore to that in which the Kilwinning titled the "Charter of Cologne," which pur- copy of the Narrative of the Founding of the ports to have been written in 1542, we find, in Craft of Masonry is written, and upon closer a list of nineteen Grand Lodges in Europe, examination he was convinced that in both that that of Scotland is mentioned as sitting cases the caligraphy is the same." (History of at Edinburgh, under the Grand Mastership of the Lodge of Edinburgh, p. 107.) It was prob John Bruce. In 1736, when the Grand Lodge ably written in 1665. The Anglican phraseof Scotland was organized, the Kilwinning ology, and the fact that one of the charges re Lodge was one of its constituent bodies, and quires that Masons should be "liedgemen to continued in its obedience until 1743. In that the King of England," conclusively show that year it petitioned to be recognized as the the manuscript was written in England and oldest Lodge in Scotland; but as the records of introduced into Scotland. It is so much like the original Lodge had been lost, the present the text of the Grand Lodge MS., published by Lodge could not prove, says Lawrie, that it Bro. Hughan in his Old Charges of British Freewas the identical Lodge which had first prac-masons, that, to use the language of Bro. tised Freemasonry in Scotland. The petition was therefore rejected, and, in consequence, the Kilwinning Lodge seceded from the Grand Lodge and established itself as an independent body. It organized Lodges in Scotland; and several instances are on record of its issuing charters as Mother Kilwinning Lodge to Lodges in foreign countries. Thus, it granted one to a Lodge in Virginia in 1758, and another in 1779 to some brethren in Ireland calling themselves the Lodge of High Knights Templar. But in 1807 the Mother Lodge of Kilwinning renounced all right of granting charters, and came once more into the bosom of the Grand Lodge, bringing with her all her daughter Lodges.

Here terminates the connection of Kilwinning as a place of any special importance with the Masonry of Scotland. As for the abbey, the stupendous fabric which was exe

Woodford, "it would pass as a indifferent copy of that document.'

Kilwinning, Mother Lodge. For an account of this body, which was for some time the rival of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, see Kilwinning.

Kilwinning System. The Masonry practised in Scotland, so called because it is supposed to have been instituted at the Abbey of Kilwinning. Oliver uses the term in his Mirror for the Johannite Masons (p. 120). (See Saint John's Masonry.)

King. The second officer in a Royal Arch Chapter in America. He is the representative of Zerubbabel, prince or governor of Judah. When the Chapt r meets as a Lodge of Mark, Past, or Most Excellent Masters, the king acts as Senior Wardea.

After the rebuilding of the second Temple, the government of the Jews was administered

KING

by the high priests as the vicegerents of the kings of Persia, to whom they paid tribute. This is the reason that the high priest is the presiding officer in a Chapter, and the king only a subordinate. But in the Chapters of England and Ireland, the king is made the presiding officer. The jewel of the king is a level surmounted by a crown suspended within a triangle.

sonry, although practised in some of the high degrees.

Kiss of Peace. In the reception of an Ancient Knight Templar, it was the practise for the one who received him to greet him with a kiss upon the mouth. This, which was called the osculum pacis, or kiss of peace, was borrowed by the Templars from the religious orders, in all of which it was observed. It is not practised in the receptions of Masonic

King of the Sanctuary. A side degree formerly conferred in the presence of five Templarism. Past Masters, now in disuse.

King of the World. A degree in the sys-brated German Mason and Doctor of Medicine, tem of the Philosophical Rite.

Kloss, Georg Burkh. Franz. A celewho was born in 1788. Dr. Kloss was initiated Kings, The Five. The sacred code of the into Masonry early in life. He reorganized the older Chinese. The word king signifies web Eclectic Grand Lodge, of which he was sevof cloth, or the warp that keeps the threads in eral times Grand Master. He resided at position, or upon which we may weave the Frankfort-on-the-Main, where he enjoyed a somber and golden colors that make up this high reputation as a physician. He was the life's pictured history. This great light in possessor of an extensive Masonic library, and Chinese secret societies contains the best say-devoted himself to the study of the antiquities ings of the best sages on the ethico-political and true character of the Masonic institution, duties of life. They cannot be traced to a insomuch that he was styled the "teacher of period beyond the tenth century B.C., al- the German Freemasons." Kloss's theory was though the religion is believed to be older. that the present Order of Freemasons found its origin in the stone-cutters and building corporations of the Middle Ages. He delivered, in the course of his life, many valuable historical discourses before the Lodge Zur Einigheit, several of which were printed and published: Annals of the Lodge Zur Einigheit, Frankfort, 1840; Freemasonry in its true

Some of the superior classes of Chinese are believers in the great philosopher Lao-tse, and others in the doctrines of Confucius. The two religions appear to be twin in age, not strikingly dissimilar, and each has been given a personality in color in accordance with the character of ethics believed in by the two writers. Lao-tse and Confucius were the re-meaning, from the ancient and genuine docuvivers of an older religion, the former of whom was born 604 B.C., and the latter fifty-four years subsequently.

The five kings are, the Yih-King, or Book of Changes; the Shi-King, or Book of Songs; the Shu-King, or Book of Annals; the Ch'un Ts'iu, or "Spring and Autumn"; and the LiKing, or Book of Rites. The fourth book was composed by Confucius himself, while the first three are supposed to have been compiled by him, and the fifth by his disciples from his teachings.

Dr. Legge, late Professor of Chinese at Oxford, England, and Dr. Medhurst assert that there are no authentic records in China earlier than 1100 B.C., and no alphabetical writing before 1500 B.C.

The grandeur of the utterances and brilliancy of the intellectual productions of Confucius and Mencius, as law-givers and expounders of the sacred code of the Chinese, called The Five Kings, are much to be admired, and are the trestle-board of fully 80,000,000 of the earth's population.

Kislev or Chislev. (15.) The third month of the Hebrew civil year, and corresponding with the months November and December, beginning with the new moon of the former.

Kiss, Fraternal. The Germans call it der bruder kuss; the French, le baiser fraternal. It is the kiss given in the French and German Lodges by each brother to his right and left hand neighbor when the labors of the Lodge are closed. It is not adopted in the English or American systems of Ancient Craft Ma

ments of the Stonemasons, Leipsic, 1846; A History of Freemasonry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, Leipsic, 1848; A History of the Freemasons of France, from genuine documents, Darmstadt, 1852; and a Bibliography of Freemasonry, Frankfort, 1844. This last is a most valuable contribution to Masonic literature. It contains a list of more than six thousand Masonic works in all languages, with critical remarks on many of them. Dr. Kloss died at Frankfort, February 10, 1854. Bro. Meisinger, who delivered his funeral eulogy, said of him: "He had a rare amount of learning, and was a distinguished linguist; his reputation as a physician was deservedly great; and he added to these a friendly, tender, amiable disposition, with great simplicity and uprightness of character."

Kneeling. Bending the knees has, in all ages of the world, been considered as an act of reverence and humility, and hence Pliny, the Roman naturalist, observes, that "a certain degree of religious reverence is attributed to the knees of man." Solomon placed himself in this position when he prayed at the conse cration of the Temple; and Masons use the same posture in some portions of their ceremonies, as a token of solemn reverence. In the act of prayer, Masons in the lower degrees adopt the standing posture, which was the usage of the primitive Church, where it was symbolic of the resurrection; but Masons in the higher degrees generally kneel on one knee.

Knee to Knee. When, in his devotions to the G. A. O. T. U., he seeks forgiveness for the