able, more alcoholic beers, most of which are »Lager« and »Pilsner<<< beers, 154 million litres were produced in 1925. The total sales value of the products of the beer breweries exceeds 100 million kroner. There are 5 distilleries and yeast factories with about 500 workers, and these produced in 1925 6.7 million litres of spirit and 5.1 million kilos of yeast. About half a million kilos of pressyeast are exported annually. 17 chocolate factories proper, with 1,700 workers, produced 4.5 million kilos of chocolate in 1925 besides confectionery. The total production of confectionery, which is carried on in a very large number of establishments, was about 11 million kilos in 1925. Of tobacco manufactures, in 1925 a total of 629 establishments with 6,700 workers produced goods to the value of 78 million kroner. One half of this was made up of cigars and cigarillos.

The clothing and leather industry has been gradually developed out of handicraft trades which have existed in Denmark from early times; the leather works from the tanners, to which the country's livestock supplied the hides, the boot and shoe factories from the hand shoemakers, and the cloth factories from the weaving trade, which was based on the treatment of homegrown wool. There are still considerable remnants of the oldest form of the wool industry, i. e., the spinning of customers' own wool for a certain charge. The hosiery industry has for ages past been connected with the moor districts of Jutland, where there were large numbers of sheep, and these districts are still a centre of it; but knitting and weaving as handicrafts have now practically become extinct, owing to the superiority of the mechanical methods of more recent times. Neither does the supply and the quality of the Danish wool now fully meet the requirements of the cloth and hosiery factories. It will be understood that the handicraft traditions in these trades are a valuable foundation for an industrial production. No similarly gradual growth has been possible in the Danish cotton industry, but even for this branch there has been such a good soil that considerable quantities of cotton textiles are now turned out, chiefly by large concerns. In 1925, 66 hosiery factories, with 2,300 workers, turned out in all 1.9 million kilos of hosiery to a value of 29 million kroner. In 5 cotton mills, with 1,100 workers, 3.9 million kilos of cotton yarn and waste were turned out, to a value of 18 million kr.; in 56 wool mills and weaving mills, with 2,200 workers, 1,102,000 kilos

of woollen yarn and 1.8 million kilos of all wool or half woollen goods were manufactured, to a value of 29 million kroner, and in 37 cotton and linen mills, with 2,500 workers, 4.0 million kilos of cotton and linen goods were turned out, with a value of 37 million kroner.

There are some subsidiary branches of the textile industry with a not insignificant production, as for instance cotton-wool factories and fishing net factories. In 1925 33 readymade clothing factories produced men's clothing to a value of 29 million kroner. 10 roperies with 500 workers had an output valued at 7 million kroner.

There are 45 tanneries, with about 830 workers, whose production in 1925 had a value of 26 million kroner, of which about one-fourth was exported; and about 110 boot and shoe factories, with about 2,500 workers, who in 1925 turned out 2.7 million pairs of footwear to a value of 33 million kroner. Of kid-gloves about 228,000 pairs were manufactured in 1925 to an aggregate value of 1.4 million kroner.

Deposits of certain kinds of clay form the basis of some important Danish industries, especially brick works, cement works, and porcelain works, which thus bear a particularly national character. From early times the brick works have supplied materials for house building. Distributed all over the country there are about 300 brick works, which in 1925, with about 6,000 workers, produced in the four to five month's season about 400 million bricks, besides roofing tiles and other similar products, with a total value of 31 million kroner. The origin of the cement industry is of more recent date. A happy combination of natural geological circumstances, and technical and commercial skill, have created an industry which has progressed so far that it is now able not only to satisfy Denmark's requirements, but also to find a sale for an equal quantity of goods in a number of countries all over the world, cement thus being one of the most important of Danish export commodities. The production is carried on at 7 works which, with a staff of 2,100 workers, turned out 591,000 tons of cement in 1925, valued at 24 million kroner. The porcelain industry produces what is perhaps, next to agricultural produce, Denmark's best known export article. Like cement, Danish porcelain is the product of natural conditions and of technical

skill, but its quality also owes much to old craft traditions and to purely artistic collaboration, which have made this porcelain an eloquent evidence of Danish industrial culture and which have helped to show the way along which Danish industries have proceeded to win a name for themselves in the markets of the world. It may also be mentioned here that 6 glass works, with about 800 workers, produced goods to a value of 7 million kroner in 1925.

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The iron industry occupies a difficult position with regard to its supplies of raw materials, as these iron, coal, etc. very important and all have to be brought in from abroad. The ore itself is not imported, but the foundries, which are to be found in every Danish town, treat the crude iron and to a great extent satisfy the home demand for both finished castings and semi-finished goods for engineering works. There are more than 100 iron foundries, which, in 1925, produced 58,000 tons of castings. A number of these also make machinery, while there are also 93 engineering works. The total value of the production of machinery and other produce was 67 million kroner. The demand of the country districts has made agricultural machinery and dairy machinery important articles to the engineering works. A considerable export trade in the latter machines has also been built up, as well as in dairy equipment, such as milk transport cans and refrigerating plant. Cementmaking machines are exported in large numbers, and numerous cement-making plants in use all over the world are the products of one Danish company. Of the other export articles of the metal industry may be mentioned metal working machinery, electrical machinery, electrical articles, dry batteries, etc. Of late years there has been an enormous development of the traffic in motor vehicles. The demand, which has especially concerned motor cars, is to a great extent met by factories which assemble the parts imported from the place of production. A large number of these cars is exported to Sweden and other countries. The extraordinarily widespread use of bicycles by the Danish people has created a considerable industry. In 1925 the bicycle works produced frames for about 58,000 cycles. A good part of the tyres are manufactured in the Danish rubber works, which also produce motor car tyres and a large

quantity of other rubber goods, including galoshes. In addition to the assembling of motor cars mentioned above there is also a certain production of Danish motor cars and, to a not inconsiderable extent, of Danish motor cycles, and a considerable manufacture of internal combustion motors of which large quantities are exported. The best known Danish motor is the Diesel motor, which, by virtue of constant improvements, continues to hold its place as by far the most widely used marine motor. A number of the motors are used by the Danish shipbuilding industry which, as a natural consequence of the great part which shipping has always played in Denmark, is of very considerable dimensions. In 1925 there were 13 iron shipbuilding yards, with 7,700 workers, which completed 28 large steam and motor ships totalling 75,000 gross register tons, some of them for foreign owners.

The output of steel wire and electric cables is considerable, and great quantities of these products are exported. Most of the production comes from two large factories, which in 1925 employed 900 workers and produced goods to a value of about 30 million kroner. Of other establishments in the iron industry there were 63 iron goods factories with 1,260 workers and an output of a value of 12 million kroner, 27 tin goods factories with 1,500 workers and a production value of 19 million kroner, and 60 metal ware factories with a production value of 8 million kroner. In 21 piano factories with 400 workers, 3,000 pianos upright and grand were turned out, to a value of over 4 million kroner. There is an important paper industry in Denmark. In 10 paper and millboard mills with 1,300 workers the output had a value of 27 million kroner in all. Two match factories produced goods to a value of 3.8 million kroner, and 34 soap and soda works goods to a value of 25 million kroner.

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Production statistics for the wood industry in 1925 are not yet available. Of export goods, this industry principally produces packings, especially materials for butter casks, and furniture. Nor is there any statistical information regarding the production of the sulphuric acid and superphosphate works, which is considerable. Besides those already named there is still a number of industrial export articles, such as rennet, butter and cheese colouring, cryolite, cleaned feathers, hats, pencils, films, and many others. This survey of the industrial production of Denmark will have

shown that the manufacture of the great articles of consumption is not organized as mass production for export, but for the supplying of the Danish market, where the sale of domestic products in many respects is supported by their suitability to the special Danish conditions. On the world's markets the Danish industries have secured a footing by devoting their attention to the production of various special articles, where quality, not cheapness, plays the most important part in the international competition. Simultaneously with the technical concentration of the production of various branches of industry, there has naturally been a financial concentration, in that a steadily growing number of establishments are organized as joint stock companies, a form which has been adopted by practically all Danish industrial enterprises with the exception of some factories which are connected with co-operative or agricultural organizations. In the Danish industries there are thus about 1,900 joint stock companies with a paid-up capital of nearly 800 million kroner.

The central organization of Danish manufacturers is the >>Industriraad<< (Federation of Danish Industries), 18 Vestre Boulevard, Copenhagen.