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The general principle of dynamics developed here, of which I have already treated, and which I have applied to different examples of analytical mechanics, in two little German works intitled Analytische Bestimmung des Gesetezes der virtuellen Geschwindigkeiten," &c. and "Weitere Entwickelung und Anwendung des Gesetzes der virtuellen Geschwindigkeiten," &c. is sufficient of itself to resolve all the questions of dynamics and statics; without its being necessary previously to consider whether the problem belongs to dynamics or statics, or to employ in the two cases two different principles. Under the point of view in which dynamics is here developed, statics forms not a separate part; the static state being only a particular case of dynamics in general, of which cases we may imagine an infinite number. This principle of dynamics rests on none of the principles of mechanics or statics at present known.'

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This new theory is made to depend on the following considerations; viz. suppose a system of bodies, b, b', b", &c., to which are applied divers individual dynamic impulsions, i, i', i', &c.; and let us farther suppose that these points of application are so arranged that the space run over by one of them shall decide the space run over by all the others (as well in direction as in distance),' then the combined motion of the system may be considered by merely contemplating that of an individual point. Such a new principle of mechanics is something like the old principle of catching birds by laying salt on their tails; at least, the practicability appears to us to be nearly the same in both cases.

ART. XI. Des Juifs au dix-neuvième Siècle ; &c.; i. e. On the Jews of the Nineteenth Century, or Considerations on their Civil and political State in Europe; followed by a Biographical Notice of those Antient and Modern Jews who have distinguished themselves in the Sciences and Arts. By M. BAIL, formerly Inspector of Reviews, and Member of the Legion of Honour. Second Edition, revised and corrected by the Author. 8vo. pp. 148. Paris. 1816.

THE

HE situation of the Jews has in the present age excited considerable attention; various attempts having been made by benevolent individuals to convert them to Christianity, and to lessen the existing prejudices against their name and character. Bonaparte chose to take up the subject about twelve years ago with more than common warmth; in the hope, no doubt, of making this oppressed race useful in his military schemes, particularly in his views on Poland. Influenced by different motives, M. BAIL, without belonging to the Hebrew nation, now comes forwards as their zealous advocate; dwelling with great emphasis on the persecutions which they endured in former times, as well as on the humi

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liations to which they are yet exposed; and calling on neighbouring countries to observe the moral improvement attending the amendment of their political condition in France. His book contains a slight sketch of their history, and more particularly of the different regulations adopted with regard to them during the last thirty years in different parts of Europe. Like other ardent writers, he considers arrangement as wholly a subordinate point, and deals out his information indiscriminately in the text and notes, quoting authorities in abundance, but discovering little of that patient and pains-taking industry which leads to the deduction of useful conclusions. He begins by offering the following as a fair calculation of the number of Jews in the different quarters of the globe.

In all parts of Poland, before the partition

of 1772

1,000,000 souls.

In Russia, including Moldavia and Wala

chia,

200,000

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3,000

In the Mohammedan States of Asia,
Europe, and Africa,

4,000,000

China and India,

500,000

In Persia and the rest of Asia, including

Total, 6,598,000

This estimate far exceeds the number of their ancestors in former days, when united under a government of their own; yet the calculation is comparatively moderate, since other writers do not hesitate to give these universal wanderers a total number of twelve or thirteen millions.

We have in one passage (p. 59.) a short account of the principal sects among the Jews: but the most useful parts of the tract are those in which the author asserts the practicability of rendering them honest and useful members of the community; their bad reputation hitherto being by no means the consequence of an inherent tendency to fraud, but of the degradation in which they have been kept in almost every country. By an unlucky coincidence, the Turks rival us in the ingenuity and pertinacity of their mode of oppressing them,

it is

it being a common saying that at Constantinople "a Jew pays both for being born and for being carried to the grave;" and curious fact that, under the feudal system, the Jews were not only subjected to enormous taxes but passed by the name of serfs main-mortables, their bequeathed property belonging to the baron on whose land they lived, and who deemed himself as much the proprietor of his Jews as of his own furniture.

The chief relief in this picture of gloom is derived from the improved condition of the Jews in France; where their number amounts to 50,000, of whom some live at Bourdeaux, others at Paris, but the greater proportion in Alsace. M. BAIL recommends (p. 90.) that the attention of the French legislature should be given to their education, and that a plan should be laid down for preparing them to become admissible to places of trust and respectability:-at present, indeed, the law intitles them to such promotion, but their own habits and the prepossessions of the public are adverse to it. A German writer asserts that, of twelve offences brought under the cognizance of the courts of justice at Leipsic, eleven are generally committed by Jews: but, granting this for the sake of argument, nothing can better shew the different operations of a free and a degraded condition; since in France they are free, and we hear nothing, says M. BAIL, of these irregularities.

The Jews fixed themselves in Alsace about. four centuries ago; and their colony, which was limited at first to a very small number, now amounts to nearly 17,000. Poland, however, is their grand receptacle: at Warsaw, Cracow, and Lemberg, all business may be said to pass through their hands; and without them the poor and ignorant Poles would be long in finding a market for their surplus-produce. Copenhagen, measures have been taken, within these thirty years, to improve their education, and accustom them to regular industry; and similar advantages are enjoyed by them in the Netherlands, where in fact they have long formed a very active and useful part of the community.

At

It is often a subject of complaint that the Jews do not attach themselves to husbandry; and some writers have proposed to make over to them portions of extensive commons, on condition that they shall not sell or alienate them, but shall perform the cultivation with their own hands: while others have suggested the establishment of petty colonies in uncultivated districts: but all these schemes are liable to the ordinary objections against any interference with the natural course of things. Such calculations are beyond the depth of a military man, and M. BAIL deserves our attention more for the penevolence of his motives than for the ingenuity of his observations.

To the REMARKABLE PASSAGES in this Volume.

N. B. To find any particular Book, or Pamphlet, see the Table of Contents, prefixed to the Volume.

A

BISVAL, Count, See O'
Donnel.

Afghaunistaun, statistical particulars of, 11.

Agriculture, report on the state of this country with respect to, 92. Aikin, Mr. on a bed of Trap, 251. Albanians, their manners described, 226.

Albers, Dr. on nitrate of silver, 165. Ali Pacha, character of, 227. Of his sons, 229. Population of his principal towns, 230. Aloes, account of that tribe of plants, 143.

American War, Dr. Franklin's opinions and negotiations respecting, 133. 136. Ancillon, M. memoirs of, 519. Andréossy, General, account of, 503.

Aneurism of the Femoral Artery, case of, 162.

Angina Pectoris, cases of, 160. Animal, on the fossil remains of one, 54. On the feet of animals moving against the law of gravity, ib.

Antioch, description of, 41. Antrim, and Derry, on sections

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of the coasts of, 249. Arab-carriers, their curious mode of disputing, 34. Arabia, poetic description of an Arabian night, and of the character of the people, 379, 380. Arafat, Mount, account of, 33. Arago, M. on a modification of the rays of light, 529. APP. REV. VOL. LXXXIII.

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Babbage, Mr. on the Calculus of Functions, Part II. 54. Barbadoes, on the structure of, 250.

Barbier, M. his bibliographical services, 507.

Barras, M. his adhesion to the Bourbons, 504. Barrister, English, obs. on the requisites for forming, 166. et seq. Essays called The Barrister praised, 168. Barthélémy, M. his Memoirs an

unauthorized publication, 505. Basalt, colonades of, in France, 479.

Basedow, J. B. notice of, 460. Bastile, liberation of its prisoners by the Regent Duke of Or

leans, 518.

Bates, Dr. extract from his Sermon, 334.

Beaulieu, Gen., account of, 508. Beggars, their impositions represented, 369.

Bellegarde, General, his military

career, 509. Beloochistan, particulars of vari

ous parts of, 259. et seq. Berger, Dr. on the geology of the N. E. counties of Ireland, 246. On Dykes in the North of Ireland, 249. Nn

Berthollet,

Berthollet, M. on the effects of Canova, the celebrated sculptor,
biography of, 512.

Vaccination, 539.

Binomial theorem, new demon- Carbon, See Charcoal.

stration of, 57.

Biot, M. on the reflection, po-
larization, and oscillation of
light, &c. 529. 535.
Birds, curious notices respect-
ing, 383-391.
Bitumen, See Pitch.

Black, Dr. on Angina Pectoris,
160.

Blood, See Home.

Bodmer, Professor, his patron-
age of Wieland, 493.
Bogg, Mr. on the geology of the
Lincolnshire Wolds, 257.
Bokhara, its great population, 17.
Bonaparte, papers rel. to his dis-
putes with the Pope, 484. His
interview with Augereau, 502.
Bougainville, M. notice of, 527.
Bourdeaux, on the wines of, 472.
Brewster, Dr. on the structure of
the crystalline lens, 53.
Brinkley, Dr.his method of clear-

ing the lunar distance, 414.
Brodie, Mr. on varicose veins,
163.

Bromhead, Mr. on the fluents of
irrational functions, 58.
Bruno, Giordano, account of, and
of his works, 454.
Buckland, See Conybeare.
Burgundy, notices of the wines
of, 469.
Bustard, particulars respecting
that bird, 383.

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Carotid Artery, case of a wound
requiring it to be tied, 161.
Carstares, Principal of the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, his ex-
tensive talents, 423.

Caubul, King of, his reception of
the British embassy, and de-
scription of him and his court,
5-7.
Cavendish, Mr. account of, 531.
Cavern, curious, in the Isle of
Sky, 239. In Hoonga island,
South Seas, 347.

Cevallos, Don Pedro, memoirs
of, 510.
Chalk-formation, in Ireland, de-
scription of, 248.
Champagne, account
wines of, 467.
Charcoal, its properties and

uses, 143.

of the

Charente, on the wines of, 471.
Charles V. Emperor, Sir T.

Wyatt's relation of an inter-
view with, 410.
Chasteler, Marquis de, his mili-
tary services, 508.
Chateaubriand, M. memoirs of,
505.

Chauveau Lagarde, M. notice
of, 513.

Chorea Sancti Viti, case of, 164.
Clare, Lord, anecdote. of, by
Dr. Franklin, 26.
Claret, See Bourdeaux.
Climate, obs. on its effects on
national character, 153.
Clinometer, account of that new
instrument, 257.

Codes of Law, observations on
their futility, 367.
Codrika, a modern Greek, notice

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