dragged by French soldiers from the Quirinal. To the Cardinal was assigned a solitary prison among desolate and savage rocks, in the neighborhood of Grenoble, from which he was not liberated until Providence had declared against his persecutor. The Pope himself was immured at Savona. Having, as he thought, silenced the tongue of the Church on the subject of divorce, Napoleon forthwith resolved upon carrying into execution his resolution to repudiate the universally be loved Josephine. Here we come to the meanest of mean pages in the history of monarchs. While the project of divorce was pending, Napoleon was carrying on negotiations with the Court of Russia for the hand of Alexander's sister. She was to bring no dower to the master of the Continent; on the contrary, he was expected to pay the purchase with a piece of Turkey. While the match-makers were haggling and Napoleon losing his temper, Austria glides in with an offer of an archduchess to take the place of Josephine, who makes way for Maria Louisa. The divorce was pronounced by the senate. The only person who could have furnished proof of Bonaparte's marriage with Jo sephine was Cardinal Fesch, who married them. He was silenced by threats. But as the Emperor was not without appre-gan to ask, had they been under s hension, a commission of seven prelates delusion? French arms were not invinci was formed, and they found a flaw in the ble; bold hearts were what was wanting religious contract which rendered refer- Even kings rubbed their eyes and dardyd ence to the Pope unnecessary. At the to look at the conqueror's prestige and not marriage ceremony, Napoleon, who was a feel blinded. The English people, espegreat calculator, totted up the number of cially, responded to the Spanish cry of cardinals present. The sum total made independence with enthusiasm. Provififteen. After this sum in addition, the dence had raised up the right man to happy bridegroom tried one in subtraction. organize resistance and support Spanish Twenty-eight was the number of cardinals fire with British unconquerable steadiness. in France-take fifteen from twenty-eight Napoleon, presumptuously despising the and thirteen remain. If his first kiss was Peninsular contest, marched on Moscow; to the bride, his first whisper was to the but before setting out on that fatal expeminister of police to arrest the thirteen dition, there was one man who caused him cardinals, strip them of the purple, scize uneasiness; the poor, feeble, old prisoner all their property of every kind, and allow of Savona; but that man was a power them only to walk out followed by police- whose legions were the traditions of men. This proceeding exposed the cap- eighteen centuries hovering over the sentive Pope to a new sort of persecution, timents of living millions. The Pope was because his Holiness refused to sanction transferred from Savona to Fontainbleau, the Emperor's bishops. The Emperor out of the reach of ships of war and British throws the Pope aside, calls a council as sailors, disposed to afford to the successor if he himself was pope, is again thwarted of the excommunicator of Elizabeth au by finding that he can not coerce the asylum in that island which has been open bishops into compliance with his views, at all times to fugitives of every rank and and he packs off a lot of them to Vin- creed, and their protector alike against cennes under a sergeant's guard, his cle- the threats of tyrants or triumphant fac

mency sparing their wrists the pain of hand-cuffs. Rome was declared the second city of the Empire, of which the son he decreed to be born should bear the title of king. While these miserable proceedings were taking place - while monarchs of the earth were playing the most ignoble parts in the wretched spectacle, in which even the hero did not rise to ordinary dignity, the destiny of the world was turned by the peasantry of Castile. The mountains of Spain and Portugal lay, as it were, out of Napoleon's direct way. He had trampled down Italian insurrection; he had bullied the Swiss; he was obliged to conquer anew the heroic Tyrol after Austria had t go her hold of the most faithful of her provinces; he had proved his utter want of magnanimity by giving over Hofer, the Tell of the Tyrol, to execution. Having by a base trick got hold of the Spanish sovereign, he transferred his brother Joseph from the throne of Naples,, which he gave to Murat, to that of Spain." The Spanish people rose in insurrection, were cut up by thousands, but the insurrection spread. At length a great disgrace befell the arms of Napoleon: a French division had been compelled to lay down their arms at Baylen. The world rang with acclamation; nation be

ome

From the British Quarterly.

HISTORIC PHENOMENA OF HUMAN

man, but, being intended rather to teach man that which by wisdom he could not find out, than any science, there are no data whereon to found a plausible history of race, even during the limited periods of which they give any detailed account.

superstition, in political tendencies, or in | are sufficiently precise upon the origin of intellectual development during many ages; the perpetual antagonism between the different varieties; the apparent and probable result of this antagonism in the disappearance of some races, and the predominance of others; perhaps, above all, the different relation manifested to the spread of Christianity: all these are so significant as to bear weightily upon all the prominent political and religious questions of the day.

If history be thus imperfect in its results, tradition is much more so; for this reason that tradition, so called, is but rarely the handing down of a fuct from Hence arises a series of questions with one generation to another, but rather the which it is the province of ethnology to transmission of an inference or invention, deal. Is the human species one-that is, intended to account for certain phenodescended from one original pair? If so, mena. Thus many of the Tibetan tribes how, when, and where have these striking attibute their relation to some distant varieties originated? Where was the ones, to their ancestors having passed as probable center or cradle of the species? an army over the country, and they were What is its present geographical distribu- the stragglers and tired ones who fell tion? What is its probable antiquity, and what its future destination? Interesting and important questions, upon which mere history throws but little light, tradition still less. The history of each nation or tribe, so far as can be gathered from within, is tolerably uniform. The inhabitants came, some generations or centuries back, from the north or south, or elsewhere; displaced some previous inhabitants, and took possession of their country. In confirmation of this, frequently some remains of previous works, records of human labor, are shown; per haps human remains are found, the skulls of which exhibit marked differences from those of the present people. And what of these people? Were they the aborigines, or first dwellers on this soil; or was their history the same? History is silent on such points in the great majority of cases, in all perhaps. And even where history is most complete its revelations as to ethnology are most unsatisfactory; thus, we have histories of ancient Greece and Rome, and we have their modern condition before us; yet, to trace the connection of the ancient with the modern races is a most intricate problem, and one which the most learned ethnologists leave in an unsatisfactory state of non solution. Above all, history contains no trace of any change in physical constitution, such as would be implied by the conversion of one race into another; on the contrary, so far as ancient records witness, the Negro, the Mongolian, the Egyptian, and other types remain now as they did in the days of the Pharaohs. The sacred records

asleep and were left behind. On which
Dr. Latham remarks: "Child's play this.
Child's play, but still dignified by the
name of tradition. Traditions do not
grow on every tree." And, again: "Does
any one believe this, namely, that one of
the forms of tribute to one of the con-
querors of one of the branches of the
Khyens was the payment of a certain
number of beautiful women? To avoid
this, the beautiful women tattooed them-
selves and became ugly. This is why they
are tattooed at the present time. So runs
the tale. In reality they are tattooed
because they are savages. The narrative
about the conqueror is their way of ex-
plaining it. Should you doubt this, turn
to Mr. Turner's account of Tibet, where
the same story repeats itself, mutatis
mutandis. The women of a certain town
were too handsome to be looked at with
impunity. ·
So a sort of sump-
tuary law against an excess of good looks
was enacted; from the date of which to
the present time the women, whenever
they go abroad, smear their faces with a
dingy dirty-colored oil and varnish, and
succeed in concealing such natural charms
as they might otherwise exhibit."*

From these errors and short-comings of history and tradition has arisen the necessity for the comparatively modern science of ethnology; divided ino ethnography, which records facts as existing, and ethnology proper, which reasons backwards from these facts, as effects, to

* Descriptive Ethnology, vol. i. p. 351.

former facts, as causes; and thus bears the | of the Himalayas, we find with tolerable same relation to the former that geology uniformity, that there is little color on does to geography. Ethnology is, there- the hill-tops, more on the hill-sides, and fore a paleontological science, the tendency most in the swampy bottoms, and low and result of which is history. jungles. For the origin of permanent

The one great question concerning varieties, however, we refer the reader to which ethnologists war is this: Did all the paper mentioned, merely adding this the varieties of man proceed from one-that as our most ancient history tells us common stock? or were there three, five, of an original homogeneous race, "of one eleven, or more district centers of our language, and of one speech," and alludes species? The monogenists, who support to a confusion of speech, and a dispersion the former view, point to the broad lines of this race in consequence over the whole of demarkation between man and all other earth, we do not conceive it impossible creatures-to the closeness of resemblance that other physical changes might occur in anatomical structure between all the at the same time in certain families, dessuperficially separated varieties-to the tined to certain districts; but as this is similarity of mental constitution when necessarily but the vaguest hypothesis, we placed under similar conditions-to the merely allude to it in passing. identity of passion, tastes, and impulse- Without venturing to pronounce upon in short, to all those well-marked features the mode in which the earth has been in which man resembles man. The poly-peopled from one common center, it may genists look upon the differences of color be noticed that there is no impossibility and form as indices of specific differences involved in the hypothesis, that remote of origin. They consider the differences islands and continents have been accidentof intellectual and moral aptitude as ally colonized by parties carried out of marked and significant as those of phy- their intended course by ocean currents sical nature. They deny the possibility and storms. In his Views of Nature, of mixed races becoming permanent, and Humboldt says: "There are well-authen affirm that they return to one or other ticated proofs, however much the facts may parent type, or perish. They point also have been called in question, that natives to the apparent impossibility of the earth, of America (probably Esquimaux from as now known, having been peopled from Greenland or Labrador) were carried by any one center; and allege such funda- currents or streams from the north-west mental distinctions in the various lan- to our own continent. . . . . In the guages as can have originated from no year 1682, a Greenlander in his canoe was one common origin. seen on the southern extremity of the As we propose at present to concern island of Eda by many persons, who could ourselves chiefly with the differentia of not, however, succeed in reaching him. the various tribes of man, it is better to In 1684 a Greenland fisherman appeared state in the outset that our creed is mono- near the island of Westram. In the genic that we believe that the whole church at Burra there was suspended an family of man is one. The contrasts are Esquimaux boat, which had been driven on the surface; the fundamental accord-on shore by currents and storms. ances have to be sought for scientifically. In the paper on Physical and Moral Heritage, in January last, we gave a full exposition of the mode in which color, form, moral, and intellectual constitution might be modified, according to the physical conditions in which the various groups of the dispersed human family might be placed. Color corresponds in intensity very closely to latitude, elevation above the sea level, and the nature of the soil. In hot, low, and swampy regions the color is always dark; and nearly in proportion as these conditions are reversed, the color becomes lighter. Amongst the tribes inhabiting the southern slopes

In the year 1508 a small boat, manned by seven persons of a foreign aspect, was captured near the English coast by a French ship. The description given of them applies perfectly to the form of the Esquimaux (Homines erant septem_mediocri statura, colore subobscuro, lato et patente vultu, cicatriceque una violacea signato.) No one understood their lan guage. Their clothing was made of fishskins sewn together. On their heads they, wore coronam e culmo pictam, septem quasi auriculis intextam. They ate raw, flesh, and drank blood as we should wine.

The appearance of men called Indians on the coasts of Germany under

356

the Othos and Frederick Barbarossa in
the tenth and twelfth centuries
may be explained by similar effects of
oceanic currents, and by the long-continu-
ance of north-westerly winds." (Bohn's
edition, pp. 123-4.)

And yet it can not be denied that, on a superficial view of the phenomena of human existence, and ignoring or modifying the testimony of revelation, the believer in the plurality of origin for the tribes of man would appear to have much reason on his side. The well-dressed Parisian or Englishman, and the naked Kuki or Naga; the fair European, with erect profile and silky hair, and the prognathous, woollylocked black of Senegal; the alderman feasting with the Lord Mayor, and the Australian eking out a precarious meal of raw fish with ants, grubs, and gum; the red man of the Americas and the yellow Mongolian; the hardy, adventurous, quarrelsome dweller in the mountain passes, and the apathetic, dreamy, stationary inhabitant of the tropical plain; the fishy Esquimaux, gorging himself with incredible blubber; the swarthy Numidian chasing the lion under a tropical sun, and the South - Sea Islander making his choicest meal on a conquered enemy; the progressive, spreading, and encroaching white man, the becalmed Asiatic, and the receding, vanishing, disappearing red and black man; the Christian sending out the good tidings of salvation to the whole world; the quietist Brahmin or Buddhist, and the miserable truster in fetich and Shaitan; all these seem, at the first glance, to suggest any thing rather than a community of origin. We may go still further, and confess that, even when somewhat more closely examined, they present differences both of physical and moral nature as marked as those which in natural history are sometimes allowed to separate species; and that it is occasionally difficult to account for these on natural principles; and would be more so, were not the transition forms present.

Proposing to examine in some detail the various contrasted points in the different tribes of men, we commence with their physical conformation. "If," says Dr. Latham, "we were to take three individual specimens of the human species, which should exhibit three of the most important differences, they would, I think, be (1) a Mongolian, or a Tungus, from

Central or Siberian Asia; (2) a Negro from the delta of the Niger; and (3) a European from France, Germany, or England." Upon these this author founds his classification; not, so far as we understand, from any other motive than convenience of description; and because the varieties found under each appear to be probably allied by descent or affiliation. The Mongolidæ form a very large section of the human species; under this division including nearly the whole of the inhabitants of Asia, part of northern Europe, tho whole of America, and almost all the islands of the Indian and Southern Oceans. The Atlantidæ comprise the natives of Africa; and the Iapetidæ those of Europe, speaking in general terms.

The typical Mongolian has a broad flat face, with prominent cheek-bones, and generally depressed nose; the forehead is retreating, rarely approaching the perpendicular. The eyes are often oblique, and the jaws or teeth generally rather projecting. The skin is rarely either white or black, but red, yellow, and brownish. The hair is "straight, lank, and black, rarely light-colored, sometimes curly, rarely woolly."*

The Atlantida are characterized chiefly by a jet-black skin, and jaws so projecting in some tribes "as to give the head the appearance of being placed behind the face rather than above it, . . . and so as in extreme cases to be a muzzle instead of a mouth." The hair is crisp and woolly, and generally dark; the nose is flat.

The Europeans (Iapetida) have a nearly vertical profile, with a white or brunette skin; the characteristics are, however, well-known.

As we not propose to describe in detail the physical characters of the various tribes, we shall select one which is generally acknowledged to depart most markedly from any supposed original_typethe Hottentots. Of them, Dr. Latham remarks that, "the Hottentot stock has a better claim to be considered as forming a second species of the genus homo than any other section of mankind." They are characterized by low stature, slight limbs, brownish-yellow color, prominent cheek-bones, depressed nose, and tufty hair. They have a Mongoliform cranium, with wide orbits, and a long, thin, forward chin. There are also very marked ana

* Varieties of Man, p. 14. † Latham, loc. cit.