no communication between these furnaces and the bath of the women, which was heated from them. The furnace was round, and had in the lower part of it two pipes, which transmitted hot air under the pavements, and between the walls of the vapour-baths, which were built hollow for that purpose. Close to the furnace, at the distance of four inches, a round vacant space still remains, in which was placed the copper (caldarium) for boiling water; near which, with the same interval between them, was situated the copper for warm water

(tepidarium); and at the distance of two feet from this was the receptacle (30) for, cold water (frigidarium), which was square, and plastered round the interior, like the piscina or reservoir. A constant communication was maintained between these vessels, so that as fast as hot water was drawn off from the caldarium, the void was supplied from the tepidarium, which being already considerably heated, did but slightly reduce the temperature of the hotter boiler. The tepidarium in its turn was supplied from the piscina, and that from the aqueduct.

The terms frigidarium, tepidarium, and caldarium were applied to the apartments in which the cold, tepid, and hot-baths were placed, as well as to the vessels already described under these respective names. The furnace and the coppers were placed between the men's baths and the women's baths, as near as possible to both, to avoid the waste of heat consequent on transmitting the fluids through a length of pipe. The coppers and reservoir were elevated considerably above the baths, to cause the water to flow more rapidly into them. The men's bath had three public entrances (3, 12, 17). Entering at the principal one (12), which opens to the street leading to the forum, we descend three steps into the (5) vestibule, cortile, or portico of the baths, along three sides of which runs a portico (ambulacrum). The seats (8), which are arranged round the walls, were for the slaves who accompanied their masters to the baths, and for the servants of the baths themselves, to whom also the apartment (9) appears to have been appropriated. In this court was found the box for the quadrans, or piece of money, which was paid by each bather. Another door (17) leads to the same vestibule by means of a corridor. From the Street of the Arch (55) we proceed through the passage (17) into the apodyterium, or undressing-room (14), which is also accessible by another corridor (13) from a street called the Street of the Arch: a vast number of lamps were found here. The ceiling of this passage is decorated with stars. The apodyterium has three seats, made of lava, with a step to place the feet on; holes still remain in the wall, in which (it is conjectured) pegs were fixed for the bathers to hang their clothes upon. This room is highly decorated with stuccoed ornaments, relieved by colour. In the centre of the end of the room is a small opening or recess, once covered with a piece of glass; in this recess, as is plain from the appearance of smoke, a lamp has been placed. In the archivolt, or vaulted roof, immediately above, is a window two feet eight inches high, and three feet eight inches broad, closed by a single pane of cast glass two-fifths of an inch thick, fixed into the wall, and ground on one side: the floor is paved with white marble worked in mosaic, and the ceiling divided into panels. In this room there are six doors, one leading to the præfurnium; another into a small room, perhaps designed for a wardrobe; the third, by a narrow passage into the street; the fourth, to the tepidarium; the fifth, to the frigidarium; and the sixth, along the corridor to the vestibule or portico of the bath.

The frigidarium (19), or cold bath, is a round chamber, with a ceiling in the form of a truncated cone; near the top is a window from which it was lighted. The plinth, or base of the wall, is entirely of marble, and four niches are disposed round the room at equal distances; in these niches were seats (schola) for the convenience of the bathers. The basin (alveus) is twelve feet ten inches in diameter, two feet nine inches deep, and entirely lined with white marble; two marble steps facilitate the descent into the basin, and at the bottom is a sort of cushion (pulvinus), also of marble, to enable those who bathed to sit down. The water ran into this bath in a copious stream, through a spout or lip of bronze four inches wide, placed in the wall, three feet seven inches from the edge of the basin. At the bottom of the alveus is a small outlet, for the purpose of emptying and cleansing it; and in the rim there is a waste pipe to carry off the superfluous water: like the apodyterium, the frigidarium has been highly decorated, and is remarkable for its preservation and beauty. The tepidarium (37), or

warm-chamber, adjoining the apodyterium, was so called from a warm, but soft mild temperature, which prepared the bodies of the bathers for the more intense heat of the vapour and hot-baths, and vice versa, softened the transition from the hot-bath to the external air. This apartment is decorated with niches, divided by telamónes. [ATLANTES.] The room was highly enriched, both with stucco ornaments and colour, and was lighted by a window two feet six inches high and three feet wide, in the bronze frame of which were found set four very beautiful panes of glass, fastened by small nuts and screws, very ingeniously contrived with a view to their being removed at pleasure. In this room a large bronze brazier and three bronze benches were found. A doorway led from the tepidarium into the caldarium, or vapour-bath (39); at one end was the laconicum, where a vase (41) for washing the hands and face was placed, called labrum; on the opposite side of the room was the hot-bath, called lavacrum. Vitruvius, in explaining the structure of the apartments, says (cap. xi. lib. v.), "Here should be placed the vaulted sweating-room, twice the length of its width, which should have at one end the laconicum, made as described above, at the other end the hot-bath." apartment is exactly as described, twice the length of its width, exclusively of the laconicum at one end, and the hot-bath at the other. The pavement and walls of the whole were made hollow, to admit the heat. Vitruvius never mentions the laconicum as being separated from the yapour-bath; it may therefore be presumed to have been always connected with it in his time, although in the therma constructed by the later emperors, it appears always to have formed a separate apartment. In the baths of Pompeii they are united, and adjoin the tepidarium, in this respect exactly agreeing with the description of Vitruvius.

This

The laconicum is a large semicircular niche, seven feet wide, and three feet six inches deep, in the middle of which was placed a vase, or labrum. The ceiling was formed by a quarter of a sphere; and it had on one side a circular opening one foot six inches in diameter, over which, according to Vitruvius, a shield of bronze was suspended, which, by means of a chain attached to it, could be drawn over, or drawn aside from the aperture, and thus regulate the temperature of the bath.

The laconicum at Pompeii does not exactly correspond with the laconicum painted on the walls of the Baths of Titus, and the laconicum described by Vitruvius. In the laconicum of Pompeii there is no cupola, such as we see represented in the painting of the Baths of Titus, nor aperture in the floor, although the flue in the hypocaustum runs beneath it. The brazen shield also is applied to regulate the escape of heat through the roof, not to admit or exclude the smoke and flame coming direct from the furnace, as appears to have been the case in the Baths of Titus. The latter was a clumsy and dirty way of heating a room, and strangely at variance, if it were really practised, with the finished elegance and luxury prevailing in every part of the Roman baths. The cupola in the Baths of Titus might, however, have been a contrivance similar to our modern stoves for heating with hot air. Where this cupola did not exist, the room probably was heated, as at Pompeii, by a large brazier. The proper meaning of the word laconicum, whether it should be applied to the cupola and clypeus, or to the room in which they were placed, has been much disputed. It seems pretty certain that the name laconicum, which meant in the

more than five feet in diameter, into which the hot water bubbled up through a pipe in its centre; it served for the partial ablutions of those who took the vapour-bath. It was raised about three feet six inches above the level of the pavement, on a round base, built of small pieces of stone or lava, stuccoed and coloured. In the Vatican there is a magnificent porphyry labrum, found in one of the imperial baths; and Baccius, a great modern authority on baths (see his work' De Thermis,' Venice, 1588, and Rome, 1622), speaks of labra made of glass. This apartment, like the others, is highly enriched. The hot bath (42) on the plan, occupied the whole end of the room opposite the laconicum and next to the furnace. It was four feet four inches long, and one foot eight inches deep, constructed entirely of marble, with only one pipe to introduce the water, and was elevated two steps above the floor, while a single step led down into the bath itself, forming a continuous bench round it for the convenience of the bathers.

The Romans, who, according to Vitruvius, called their vapour-baths caldaria, or sudationes concameratæ, constructed them with suspended or hollow floors, and with hollow walls communicating with the furnace, that the smoke and hot air might be spread over a large surface, and readily raise them to the required warmth. The temperature was regulated by the clypeus or bronze shield already described, which

acted as a ventilator.

In the baths of Pompeii, the hollow floors are thus constructed: Upon a floor of cement, made of lime and pounded bricks, were built small brick pillars, nine inches square, and one foot seven inches high, supporting strong tiles, fifteen inches square; the pavement was laid on these tiles, and incrusted with mosaic. The hollow walls, the void spaces of which communicated with the hollow of the suspended pavement, were constructed in the following manner: Upon the walls large square tiles were fastened, by means of iron clamps. These tiles were made in a curious manner; while the clay was moist, some circular instrument was pushed through the tiles, so as to make a hole, at the same time forcing out the clay and forming a hollow projection or pipe, about three inches long, on the inside of the tile: these being made at the four corners, iron clamps passed through them, and

[Transverse Section of the Apodyterium.]

fastened them to the wall. The sides of the apartments being thus formed, were afterwards carefully stuccoed and painted. The hollow space in the walls of the bath at Pompeii reaches to the top of the cornice; but the ceilings are not hollow, as in the baths which Vitruvius described, and which he distinguishes, for that reason, by the name of concameratæ. The ceilings of the apodyterium, tepidarium, and the caldarium are arched.

The women's bath resembles very much that of the men, and differs

only in being smaller and less ornamented: for an account of it, we refer to Gell's Pompeii,' the Museo Borbonico,' and 'Pompeii' published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

Vitruvius recommends a situation for baths, which is defended from the north and north-west winds, and he says that the windows should be opposite the south, or, if the nature of the ground will not permit this, at least towards the south, because the hours of bathing among the Romans being from after mid-day till evening, those who bathed could by these windows have the advantage of the rays and the heat of the declining sun. Accordingly the baths just described have the greater part of their windows turned to the south, and are constructed in a low part of the city, where the adjoining buildings served as a protection from the north-west winds.

The baths at Rome were on a much larger scale. The public baths of Caracalla were 1500 feet in length, and 1250 in breadth: "at each end were two temples, one to Apollo, and another to Esculapius, as the tutelary deities of the place (genii tutelares), sacred to the improvement of the mind, and the care of the body; the two other temples were dedicated to the two protecting divinities of the Antonine family, Hercules and Bacchus. In the principal building were, in the first place, a grand circular vestibule, with four halls on each side, for cold, tepid, warm, and steam baths; in the centre was an immense square for exercise, when the weather was unfavourable to it in the open air; beyond it a great hall, where 1600 marble seats were placed for the convenience of the bathers; at each end of this hall were libraries. This building terminated on both sides in a court surrounded with porticoes, with an odeum for music, and in the middle a spacious basin for swimming. Round this edifice were walks shaded by rows of trees, particularly the plane; and in its front extended a gymnasium for running, wrestling, &c., in fine weather. The whole was bounded by a vast portico, opening into exhedræ or spacious halls, where the poets declaimed, and philosophers gave lectures to their auditors. This immense fabric was adorned, within and without, with pillars, stuccowork, paintings, and statues. The stucco and paintings are yet in many places perceptible. Pillars have been dug up, and some still remain amidst the ruin; while the Farnesian bull and the famous Hercules, found in one of these halls, announce the multiplicity and beauty of the statues which once adorned the Therma of Caracalla." (Eustace's Classical Tour,' vol. i. p. 226.) For an account of the baths of Titus and Diocletian, see the same author.

On entering these baths the bathers first proceeded to undress. They next went to the elæothesium (the oil-chamber), as it was called in Greek, or unctuarium, where they anointed themselves all over with a coarse cheap oil before they began their exercise. (Plin. xv. c. 4 & 7.) Here the finer odoriferous ointments which were used on coming out of the bath were also kept (Plin. 1. ii. Epist.' 41), and the room was so situated as to receive a considerable degree of heat. This chamber of perfumes was full of pots, like an apothecary's shop; and those who wished to anoint and perfume the body received perfumes and unguents. In the representation of a Roman bath, copied from a painting on a wall forming part of the Baths of Titus, the unctuarium, called also elæothesium, appears filled with a vast number of vases. The vases contained a great variety of perfumes and balsams. When anointed, the bathers passed into the sphæristerium, a very light and extensive apartment, in which were performed the various kinds of exercises to which this part of the baths was appropriated. (Plin. lib. i, Epist.' 101.) When its situation permitted, this apartment was exposed to the afternoon sun, otherwise it was supplied with heat from the furnace. (Plin. 1. 11. Epist.' 41.) After the exercise, they went to the adjoining warm-bath, wherein they sat and washed themselves.

The seat was below the surface of the water, and upon it they scraped themselves, or were scraped, with instruments called strigiles, which were usually made of bronze, but sometimes of iron or brass. (Martial, lib. xiv. 'Epig.' 51.) This operation was usually performed by an attendant slave. The use of the strigil is represented on a vase, found on the estate of Lucien Bonaparte at Canino. The vase is large and shallow, and painted within and without. (Vol. i. p. 183, 'Pompeii.') From the drawings on it we learn that the bathers sometimes used the strigils themselves, after which they rubbed themselves with their hands, and then were washed from head to foot, by pails or vases of water being poured over them. They were then carefully dried with cotton and linen cloths, and covered with a light shaggy mantle, called gausape. Effeminate persons had the hairs of their bodies pulled out with tweezers. When they were thoroughly dried, and their nails eut, slaves came out of the elæothesium, carrying with them little vases of alabaster, bronze, and terracotta, full of perfumed oils, with which they had their bodies anointed, by causing the oil to be slightly rubbed over every part, even to the soles of their feet. After this they resumed their clothes. On quitting the warm-bath they went into the tepidarium, and either passed very slowly through or stayed sometime in it, that they might not too suddenly expose their bodies to the atmosphere in the frigidarium; for these last rooms appear to have been used chiefly to soften the transition from the intense heat of the caldarium to the open air.

"It is probable that the Romans resorted to the baths, at the same time of the day that others were accustomed to make use of their private baths. This was generally from two o'clock in the afternoon till the dusk of the evening, at which time the baths were shut till two the next day. This practice however varied at different times. Notice was given when the baths were ready, by the ringing of a bell; the people then left the sphæristerium, and hastened to the caldarium, lest the water should cool. (Martial, lib. xiv. ' Epig.' 163.) But when bathing became more universal among the Romans, this part of the day was insufficient, and they gradually exceeded the hours that had been allotted for that purpose. Between two and three in the afternoon was, however, the most eligible time for the exercises of the palæstra. Hadrian forbade any but those who were sick to enter the public baths before two o'clock. The thermae were by few emperors allowed to be continued open so late as five in the evening. Martial says, that after four o'clock they demanded a hundred quadrantes of those who bathed. This, though a hundred times the usual price, only amounted to nineteen-pence. We learn from the same author, that the baths were opened sometimes earlier than two o'clock. He says that Nero's baths were exceeding hot at twelve o'clock, and the steam of the water immoderate. (Mart. lib. x. 'Epig.' 48.) Alexander Severus, to gratify the people in their passion for bathing, not only suffered the therma to be opened before break of day, which had never been per

Coin representing the Baths of Alexander Severus.

The therma were constructed at a vast expense, and principally for the use of the poorer classes, though all ranks frequented them for the sake of the various conveniences which they contained.

66

Nothing relating to the therma has more exercised the attention of the learned than the manner of supplying the great number of bathing vessels made use of in them with warm water. For, supposing each cell of Diocletian's baths large enough to contain six people, yet, even at that moderate computation, 18,000 persons might be bathing at the same time; and as no vestiges remain of any vessels in the therma, to give the least foundation for conjecturing in what manner this was performed, it has been generally referred to the same process described by Vitruvius on a similar subject.

"Baccius has more professedly treated this subject than any modern author. He imagined that the water might be derived from the castella, which he observed to be situated without the therma; but as these castella were upon a level with the therma themselves, he thinks for that reason they were obliged to make use of machines to raise the water to such a height, as he observed it to have been by the ruins of Diocletian's baths. What led Baccius into this way of thinking was the number of pipes which he saw dug up under the open area, where there had never been any buildings, all of them surrounded with flues from the hypocaustum. He therefore imagined that the water was heated on the outside of the therma; but this supposition appeared so full of difficulties, as, upon reflection, to discourage him from inquiring any further into the subject." (Cameron.) By the assistance of two sections of the castella of Antoninus, drawn by Piranesi, Cameron endeavours to show the method adopted by the Romans to heat the large bodies of water which their extensive thermæ must have required.

To have a clear conception of the manner in which this was executed, it will be necessary to refer to a plate of these two sections.

much have counteracted the purposes to which the receptacle was applied, nothing contributing so much as tranquillity in the water to acquire all the advantages from the influence of the sun its situation would permit. When there was no efflux from the inferior chambers, there could be no demands for water from the receptacle, which would have been liable to overflow were there not an aperture in the side of the cistern, through which the water ran off in different directions from that which was used for bathing. During all this time the water in the receptacle would be in the most perfect state of rest. The cistern, therefore, answered two material purposes, as it prevented any agitation in the water of the receptacle, and likewise carried off what was superfluous. The twenty-eight vaulted chambers, placed immediately over the hypocaustum, would now begin to be heated, which heat they would acquire so much the quicker, as only one of them had any communication with the external air by the apertures C and E. They therefore evidently were constructed upon the same principle as Papinius's digester, the strength of the walls and of the roof being sufficient to resist the force of the rarefaction of the air in the water, and consequently to prevent any loss from evaporation. Flues were still necessary to give the water a heat sufficient for bathing. The arched chambers were also suppled with flues, N N, from the hypocaustum, and served as a reservoir of tepid water for those below. The water they received was likewise heated by the sun. When the time for bathing was come, the cocks were turned to admit the hot water from the lower chambers into the labra of the baths, to which it would run with great velocity, and ascend a perpendicular height in the therma, equal to the surface of the receptacle in the castellum. The current would be accelerated by the great tendency the water would have to expand itself after having been confined in the chambers. The pressure of the column of tepid water was equal to, if not greater than the diameter of the column of hot water which ran out from the chambers below. To prevent the water cooling as it passed through the tubes underground, they were all carefully surrounded with flues from the præfurnium, so that these tubes were in the centre of a funnel, and always considerably heated before the water entered them. Each of these chambers was, within the walls, 49 feet 6 inches long, by 27 feet 6 inches wide, and about 30 feet high; the number of superficial feet in the bottom of the rooms being 38,115. If we allow 30 feet for the mean height, the whole quantity of water in these lower rooms will amount to 1,143,450 cubic feet, and the like quantity must be allowed for the upper rooms; allowing, therefore, 8 cubic feet of warm water as sufficient for one man to bathe in, and that water preserved in a bathing heat in the labrum half an hour, the whole consumption of hot water in this given time, for 18,000 people, would be 144,000 cubic feet. By this calculation there would be a sufficient quantity of water for three hours, or until five in the evening, for 108,000 people. The water, however, would gradually cool as it flowed in from the higher chambers.

"We have no intimation from the ancients when they first fell upon this expedient for heating such large bodies of water, whether it was the invention of the Romans or brought from the East. We may reasonably suppose, that as it was not necessary before the public warm-baths were built in Rome, it was not more ancient than the time of Augustus, in whose reign we are told by Dion Cassius (lib. lv.) that Mecenas first instituted a swimming-bath of warm water, or a calida piscina." (Cameron.)

But few Roman citizens in easy circumstances were without the luxury of a private bath, which was varied in construction according to the taste or prodigality of the owner. Amongst many articles of luxury for which Pliny censures the ladies of his time, he takes notice of their bathing-rooms being paved with silver. Even the metal flues of the hypocaustum were gilt." (See Cameron On Roman Baths.' For an account of the private baths, see' Pompeii,' vol. i. p. 199.)

The Persian manner of bathing, as described by Sir. R. Ker Porter, is in some respects not unlike that adopted by the ancient Romans. The Russian baths, as used by the common people, bear a close resemblance to the laconicum of the Romans. (See Tooke's 'Russia;' and BATHING.)

Ancient Roman baths have been found in several of the Roman villas in England; that at Northleigh in Oxfordshire, near Blenheim, is the most perfect. (See the account of the villa at Northleigh, Oxfordshire, by Mr. Hakewill.) Baths have been discovered also at Wroxeter in Shropshire, near Arundel in Sussex, and elsewhere. In the former, the suspended pavement was very perfect; in the centre of a chamber in that near Arundel is an octagonal bath sunk in the floor, the pulvinus of which is quite perfect. There are also some curious Roman baths at Vallogne in Normandy.

(Montfaucon, Antiq. t. iii. pl. 2; Cameron's Roman Baths; Gell's Pompeii; Museo Borbonico, vol. ii.; Pompeii, by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; Eustace's Classical Tour; Becker's Gallus, vol. ii.)

BATH, KNIGHTS OF THE, so called from the ancient custom of bathing previous to their installation. The origin of this order of knighthood has been described as of very remote antiquity; but as Camden and Selden agree that the first mention of an order of knights, distinctly called Knights of the Bath, is at the coronation of Henry IV. in 1399, there can be little doubt that this order was then instituted. That bathing had been a part of the discipline submitted to by

esquires in order to obtain the honour of knighthood from very early times, is admitted; but it does not appear that any knights were called Knights of the Bath, till these were created by King Henry IV. Froissart (see Lord Berners's 'Translat.,' edit. 1812, vol. ii. p. 752), speaking of that king, says :-" The Saturday before his coronation he departed from Westminster, and rode to the Tower of London with a great number; and that night all such esquires as should be made knights the next day, watched, who were to the number of forty-six. Every esquire had his own bayne [bath] by himself; and the next day the Duke of Lancaster made them all knights at the mass-time. Then had they long coats with strait sleeves, furred with mynever like prelates, with white laces hanging on their shoulders."

It became subsequently the practice of the English kings to create Knights of the Bath previous to their coronation, at the inauguration of a Prince of Wales, at the celebration of their own nuptials or those of any of the royal family, and occasionally upon other great occasions or solemnities. Fabyan (Chron.,' edit. 1811, p. 582) says, that Henry V. on 1416, upon the taking of the town of Caën, dubbed sixteen Knights of the Bath.

Sixty-eight Knights of the Bath were made at the coronation of King Charles II. (See the list in Guillim's Heraldry,' fol. Lond. 1679, p. 107); but from that time the order was discontinued, till it was revived by King George I., under writ of Privy Seal, dated May 25, 1725, during the administration of Sir Robert Walpole. The statutes and ordinances of the order bear date May 23, 1725; and by them the constitution of the order, with the rites and ceremonies of the order, more particularly that of bathing, were entirely changed. By these it was directed that the order should consist of a grand master and thirty-five knights, a succession of whom was to be regularly continued. The order, besides the grand-master, are the dean, the genealogist and Blanc Coursier herald, the Bath king-at-arms, the registrar and secretary, the gentleman-usher of the scarlet-rod and Brunswick herald, and the messenger. The dean of the collegiate church of St. Peter, Westminster, for the time being, was appointed ex officio dean of the Order of the Bath, and it was directed that the other officers should be from time to time appointed by the grandmaster.

On Jan. 2, 1815, the Prince Regent, being desirous to commemorate the auspicious termination of the long and arduous contests in which the empire had been engaged, and of marking, in an especial manner, his sense of the valour, perseverance, and devotion manifested by the officers of the king's forces by sea and land, directed that the order should consist of three classes; and on April 14, 1847, it was further enlarged by the constitution of it as a civil order.

The first class consists of knights grand cross, which designation was substituted for that of knights companions previously used. The knights grand cross, with the exception of the sovereign, princes of the blood-royal, and distinguished foreigners, who may hold rank as honorary knights,-are not to exceed fifty for the military service, and twenty-five for the civil service.

The second class is composed of knights commanders, who have precedence of all knights bachelors of the United Kingdom: the number, for the military service, not to exceed one hundred and two, exclusive of foreign officers, who may be admitted into the second class as honorary knight commanders, or fifty for the civil service: but in the event of actions of signal distinction, or of future wars, the number of knights commanders may be increased.

The third class is composed of officers holding commissions in Her Majesty's service by sea or land, to the number of five hundred and twenty-five, and for the civil service of two hundred, who are styled Companions of the said Order, to take precedence and place of all esquires of the United Kingdom. No officer to be nominated a Companion of the Order, unless he shall have been specially mentioned by name in despatches published in the London Gazette' as having distinguished himself.

The badge of the order for the military classes is a gold Maltese cross of eight points, enamelled argent, in each of the four angles a lion passant guardant or; in the centre the rose, thistle, and shamrock issue from a sceptre between three imperial crowns, surrounded by the motto " Tria juncta in uno." Within a circle gules, surrounded by two branches of laurel proper, issuing from an escrol argent, inscribed "Ich dien," in gold letters. It is worn by grand crosses pendant from a red ribbon across the right shoulder; by knights-commanders pendant from the neck; and by companions at the buttonhole.

The collar is of gold, weighing 30 ounces troy, composed of nine imperial crowns, and eight roses, thistles, and shamrocks, issuing from a sceptre, enamelled in their proper colours, tied or linked together by seventeen gold knots, enamelled white, and having the badge of the order pendant from it.

The star is formed by a gold Maltese cross, around which are rays of silver, and in the centre, within the motto, are branches of laurel, issuant as in the badge. That of the knights-commanders is in the form of a cross patée argent, with the centre as in that of the grand crosses, but without the Maltese cross or thereon.

The civil Knights Grand Crosses bear the old badge and star of the Order. The badge is of gold, and consists of a rose, thistle, and shamrock, issuing from a sceptre between three imperial crowns, encircled