interesting chapters of the book is that in which the author discusses the subject of "moral deviates." The book closes with the chapter upon the sociological relations of the clinic. It is of vital interest to public school people who are abreast of the time and who consider it a part of their duty to strengthen the weak and to give proper assistance at the right moment to unfortunate children. It is another valuable addition to the technical library of the child welfare worker and is a handbook for use in the psychological clinics now being organized in various universities, normal schools and social centers.

Whitewater, Wis.

A. H. YODER.

KNIFFIN, WILLIAM H., JR. The Savings Bank and Its Practical Work. Pp. vi, 551. Price $5.00. New York: The Bankers' Publishing Company. As indicated by the title this study of the savings bank is a practical one. After a brief account of the savings bank movement both abroad and in the United States and a discussion of the nature, functions and value of such banks, the author surveys the situation in the United States at the present time. He finds that most of the mutual institutions are in the East and North. There are only ten west of the Mississippi River, nine of which are in Minnesota and one in California. None is to be found south of West Virginia. The reasons are found to be the commercial motives that prompted the settlement of the South and West and the preponderance of agriculture which affords few idle funds for investment. There are, of course, many stock savings banks in all parts of the country.

The remainder of the volume describes organization and practical work. The New York law is declared to be the model and the description follows its requirements with frequent references to the laws and the practice in other states which differ from New York. The duties of the trustees and the various officers, the by-laws, the method of making deposits and withdrawals are treated in successive chapters. Devices used in different banks are compared and various swindling methods are described. The uses of the new card and loose leaf systems of keeping records are discussed. The old style ledger is condemned and the common argument against loose leaves and cards that they are not legal evidence in court proceedings is answered by the assertion that the courts have ruled that it is the original entry that counts. Hence, says the author, the ledger has no better chance than cards, since the ledger is usually not a book of original entries.

The entire business of the savings bank is clearly and adequately discussed. Illustrations are numerous and varied and a large number of forms and records are inserted. In addition the book is well arranged and attractively bound and printed. It is, so far as the reviewer knows, the only satisfactory recent treatment of the subject and it is certainly done in a most capable manner.

University of Pennsylvania.

E. M. PATTERSON.

KNOOP, DOUGLAS. Outlines of Railway Economics. Pp. xvi, 274. Price, $1.50. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1913.

ELLIOTT, HOWARD. The Truth About the Railroads. Pp. xxi, 259. Price, $1.25. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1913.

The book on Railway Economics by Mr. Knoop, lecturer at the University of Sheffield and at the Midland Railway Institute, contains an instructive account of railroad rate-making and railroad regulation in Great Britain. British railroads being operated by private companies are of particular interest to the American reader. The demand for an increase in freight rates, which is now the topic of widespread discussion in the United States, has already been granted in the United Kingdom. So too the problem of railway combination and consolidation has been decided in that country; and British railways are likewise being subjected to an increasing amount of public regulation. The volume contains several instructive chapters on the methods of making freight rates and fares in Great Britain, outlining fully the conditions which influence rates. It similarly describes the methods of making the British freight classification, and the way in which passenger fares on British railroads are made. The various forms of railroad combination are divided into two groups: first those which cause the parties to the agreement to have one management, and second, those which leave each party to the agreement under independent management. Railway combinations of the first type are brought about by amalgamation, by lease, by a so-called "working union," and by working agreements. Those of the second type result from the conferences of railway officials meeting at the Railway Clearing House, from pooling arrangements whereby earnings are divided, from agreements concerning the division of territory, and from agreements to facilitate the handling of through traffic. Coöperation has long superseded competition in Great Britain, and railway combinations have been legalized.

The author does not under present conditions look with favor upon the tendency to increase the strictness of public control. His opinion is not unlike those of many American railway managers. "At the present time," says Mr. Knoop, "the proprietors of the railway companies find themselves being gradually deprived of the power of conducting their undertakings on business lines. They have to bear the whole of the risks, yet new conditions, involving considerable increases of capital and working expenses, may be imposed on them from outside. That the state should exercise control over privately owned railway undertakings is most desirable, but a position in which the state assumes no financial responsibility of any kind, while imposing from time to time new conditions which restrict the powers of the managements and affect the profits prejudicially, may easily become unfair." The volume closes with an account of the discussion which has recently arisen in Great Britain concerning the ownership of British railroads by the state.

The book entitled The Truth About the Railroads by Mr. Howard Elliott is similar to the volume by Mr. Knoop only in that it contains similar views concerning the future increase of public control in the United States. It consists of a series of addresses which were delivered on various occasions by the recently selected chief executive of the New York, New Haven and Hartford

Railroad Company. The tenor of the volume is a plea for a cessation of hostile public sentiment, and for an era of friendly coöperation between railway companies, railway employees and shippers. Mr. Elliott summarizes the present difficulties of American railways as follows: "Upon the one hand there is a critical public. Upon the other, the railroads are struggling with the forces which are causing rates to remain stationary or to decline, causing wages to rise or to remain stationary, bringing demands from a prosperous and luxurious people for increasingly expensive facilities and service, and causing taxation to rise at an alarming rate. These four forces are all at work reducing the margin between income and outgo and making it more and more difficult for the owners of railroad properties to keep their lines in suitable condition to carry on the business of the country, and to obtain a return commensurate with the risk of the business and sufficient to attract further investment." G. G. HUEBNER.

University of Pennsylvania.

KOSER, REINHOLD. Friedrich der Grosse. Volksausgabe. Pp. 533. Price, 6 m. Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger.

Those who lack the time to read Koser's three volume History of Frederick the Great will be grateful for this compact biography in one handy volume by the most competent living authority. This book was prepared to satisfy the popular interest that developed on the occasion of the two hundredth anniversary of Frederick's birth, and it naturally emphasizes the personal element. It consists mainly of extracts from the large work suitably linked together with connecting narrative, so that it does not give the impression of a mosaic. "Those chapters of the large work which are primarily of biographical interest, excluding the technical details of diplomatic, military, and administrative history are reproduced practically complete." The first chapter is an excellent summary in thirty-three pages of the author's small work Frederick the Great as Crown Prince. The book realizes excellently the purpose of the author to give a comprehensive, clearly-defined picture of the career and personality of the famous autocrat.

Bowdoin College.

ROSCOE J. HAM.

LAMPRECHT, KARL. Deutsche Geschichte der jüngsten Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Erster Band. Pp. 518. Price, 8 m. Berlin: Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung.

In 1909 Professor Lamprecht published the final volume of his well-known Deutsche Geschichte, of which the first appeared in 1891. The first five volumes through the reformation-came in rapid succession, after which there was a long halt. From 1901 to 1904 he wrote three substantial volumes on recent German History-the "Ergänzungswerk." Then in extremely rapid order appeared the remaining seven volumes of the main work. After a brief interval Professor Lamprecht again took up the subject-matter of the Ergänzungswerk and planned out a new work in six volumes, which he entitles Deutsche Geschichte der jüngsten Vergangenheit und Gegenwart.

Volume one describes the economic and social development especially of the latter half of the nineteenth century; volume two the political history of the same period; volumes three and four will deal with the recent history of German science, literature and art and will bring the account down to the date of writing; volumes five and six will take up again the subjects of the first two volumes and continue them to the present.

Obviously no historian could come to such a task with more thorough preparation. The first volume of this new work is a revision with but slight changes of part one of volume two of the Ergänzungswerk. In it we find full expression of the characteristic qualities of the author's philosophy of history. Just as physics and chemistry investigate the permanent laws that underlie the operations of biological evolution, so psychology discovers and states the permanent laws that underlie the processes of history. The fundamental task of the historian is to determine what particular psychic states are dominant in the various epochs of the life of a nation. The dominant forces in Germany during the latter half of the nineteenth century are those that arise from the growth of a capitalistic economy, and the greater part of this volume is essentially an interpretation of recent German History in terms of the steadily increasing influence of free enterprise-der freien Unternehmung. Hardly a phase of the nation's life has escaped the influence of this factor. Now the system of free enterprise with rapid accumulation of capital demands for its successful working a phenomenal expenditure of thought and nervous energy. It has created a new psychic condition: the people have begun to discover their nerves, the man of the hour is the man of high-strung temperament and abundant nervous energy (Bismarck), the neurotic diseases become conspicuous: in short the age of Reizsamkeit-of nervous strain-has come.

Professor Lamprecht deals with his subject largely and generously. He has a rare knowledge of his own day and generation and he has bere given us a book that no one who is interested in modern German history can pass by. The literary style of the work is much superior to that of the early volumes of the Deutsche Geschichte; rhetorical monstrosities and "alphabetical processions" do still occur, but they are comparatively infrequent.

ROSCOE J. HAM.

Bowdoin College.

LODGE, HENRY CABOT. One Hundred Years of Peace. Pp. vii, 136. Price, $1.25. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1913.

The title of this book is a misnomer; it should be "One Hundred Years of Quarreling." The paper cover supplied it by the publishers announces that "in 1914 the American and the English people will celebrate the completion of one hundred years of peace between the two nations. The sigficance of this fact is brought out by Senator Lodge in this brilliant and penetrating sketch of the relations of England and the United States, since the War of 1812."

The book may be considered "brilliant and penetrating" by some others besides its publishers; but, as a matter of fact, it does not bring out at all the

significance of the great centenary of peace. Nearly one-fourth of its pages are devoted to a grossly partisan and misleading account of the American Revolution, the ill-feeling of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic years, and the War of 1912. Two-thirds of the remaining pages record thirty-odd quarrels which arose during the century, and only one-fifth of the book is devoted to the peaceful settlement of those quarrels. Even the short account of these peaceful settlements is marred by a grudging and ill-natured spirit, and the credit for the avoidance of war is given wholly to Americans—wherever at all possible to some Massachusetts statesman. Even the illustrations of the book are in keeping with its contentious spirit. Only seven of them are devoted to peace-making or the peace-makers; while twelve are old English cartoons ridiculing America, or the portraits of the makers of mischief between the two countries. Emulating "Hamlet with Hamlet left out," not the slightest reference is made in these pages to that feature of the Rush-Bagot treaty of 1817 which stilled the war-drums and furled the battle-flags along the nearly four thousand miles of our Canadian boundary line; while Great Britain's assent to the Geneva arbitration of the Alabama claims is ascribed to England's unpreparedness for war and her fear of losing Canada! The prime feature of the Cleveland-Olney exaggeration of the Monroe Doctrine, which was repudiated by our own country almost as soon as it was uttered, is passed over in silence, and President Cleveland's bellicose message which brought the two countries to the verge of war is "illuminated" by the words: "England was surprised, and operators in the stock market were greatly annoyed.

President Cleveland, moreover, however much Wall street might cry out, had the country with him, and no one today, I think, can question the absolute soundness of his position."

An author who, from his seat in the United States Senate, heard only the voice of Wall street in the mighty "Thou shalt not commit murder" which went up from the hearts of two civilized nations to their respective rulers in that terrible crisis, and who so obviously exults in the clenching of the mailed fist which precipitated that crisis, can scarcely be expected to interpret aright the hundred years of peace which are presumably to be celebrated by peacelovers, peace-makers and peace-keepers in a genuinely peaceful spirit.

Swarthmore, Pa.

WM. I. HULL.

MCMASTER, JOHN BACH. A History of the People of the United States. Vol. viii, 1850-1861. Pp. xix, 556. Price, $2.50. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1913.

This volume marks the completion of a work the earlier portions of which have already established themselves as standard authority in American history. The manner of treatment which Professor McMaster has chosen is familiar. The national life is portrayed as it looked to the people of the period which the chapters cover. The main reliance for material is upon newspaper discussions and to a lesser degree the congressional documents of the period. Little effort is made at formal interpretation but the events and persons are made to speak for themselves.