Introduction to Chemical Physics

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Chemistry is connected with many processes in the Arts
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Chemistry explains Respiration
11
Chemistry explains the extraction of Metals
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Importance of Chemistry
13
The active Agents of Chemistry
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Three modes in which Heat seeks an Equilibrium
25
The second mode of diffusionConvection 59 Convection in Liquids
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Convection in Gases 61 Illustrations of Convection
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What makes heated Water and Air ascend 63 The ascension of heated Liquids and Gases illustrated
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The third mode of diffusionRadiation 65 Radiant Heat follows the same laws as Radiant Light
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Nature of surface affects the rate of Radiation 67 Other circumstances affecting the rate of Radiation
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Radiation takes place from points beneath the surface 69 Practical applications
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The radiation of the Earth
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The theory of Radiation
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The Law of the reflection of Heat 74 Concave Mirrors
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Experiments with two Concave Mirrors
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Liquids poor conductors
51
The different reflecting powers of different substances
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The apparent radiation and reflection of Cold
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The material of Mirrors affects their reflection 79 Practical applications
54
The reflection of Heat by Fireplaces
55
The absorption of Radiant Heat
56
The conducting power of different Gases different
57
Unequal diathermancy of Heat from different sourcesdue to
60
The refrangibility of rays of heat may be altered by re radia
74
Expansion of Solids proved
80
The absorption of Heat affected by Color
82
Transmission of Radiant Heat xi
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Injurious effects of Expansion
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Construction of the Thermometer
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Pyrometers
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Important effects of this exception
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EXPERIMENTS EFFECTS OF HEATLIQUEFACTION125
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The Boiling point variableinfluenced by atmospheric pressure
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The culinary paradoxWater made to boil by the application
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The Steam Engine in its most complete form
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Law of the propagation of pressure through Fluids
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The beneficial effects of this Constitution
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Steam may be used expansively
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PAR PAGE 187 No economy of fuel in boiling Water at a low Temperature
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No economy in using Liquids which boil at a lower Temperature than Water
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Papins Digester
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The Spheroidal state
160
The Spheroidal state explains the explosions of Boilers
162
Distillation
164
Uses of Distillation
166
EXPERIMENTS EFFECTS OF HEATEBULLITION167 168
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Effects of HeatEvaporation 196 Evaporation
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The amount of Vapor formed and its clasticity proportioned to Temperature
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These truths illustrated by Experiment
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Transmission of Heat depends upon the source from which it proceeds
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The amount of Evaporation of different Liquids in a vacuum at the same Temperature is unequal
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The elastic force of Vapor in a confined space does not vary with pressure but with Temperature
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The elastic force of Vapor in two connecting vessels cannot rise above the elastic force proper to the colder vessel
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The rate of Evaporation of different Liquids in Air is unequal
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The presence of Vapor in Air affects its bulk and density
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The circumstances which influence Evaporation
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Removal of Atmospheric Pressure hastens Evaporation and in creases Cold
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Cause of the Cold produced by Evaporation
184
The Pulse Glass
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Effect of Evaporation on Climate
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Dew is produced by reducing the Temperature of the Air
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226 Natterers process for liquefying gases improved by Ritchie
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A change in the Specific Heat of a body affects its Temperature
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The pressure exerted by liquefied gases
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Specific Heat determined by rate of cooling
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Regnaults determination of the Specific Heat of Gases
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The distribution of temperature in the atmosphere explained
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The Sources of Heat
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The mechanical theory of Heat
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CHAPTER III
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Diathermancy not proportioned to Transparency 88 Mellonis experiments on diathermancy of Solids 89 The diathermancy of Liquids 90 The diather...
250
ors of the Solar Spectrum
256
The Mechanical theory confirmed by several simple facts
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The Spectroscope
268
The effects of Solar Light on Chemical compounds
281
The nature of Electricity
290
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAR PAGE 312 The theory of Induction
298
Electricity confined to the external surface of bodies
299
Theories of Electricity
300
Development of large quantitiesThe Electrical Machine
301
The Leyden Jar
302
Mode of charging the Leyden Jar
304
True theory of the Pile
315
Chemical constitution of the substances used to produce Voltaic Electricity
316
Proof that Chemical decomposition is the source of Galvanic Electricity
317
The decomposing plate is the point of departure of the Electrical current
318
Mode of transfer of the Hydrogen
319
The part played by the Copper plate
320
The polarization and transfer of the elements of the Liquid and the polarization of the Solid particles of the circuit necessary for the electric force to c...
321
Proof that a state of electrical Tension exists in the plates before the actual passage of the current
323
The energy of the current proportionate to the Chemical activity
324
The direction of the current dependent upon the direction of the Chemical action
325
Direct metallic connection between the generating and conduc ing plate not necessary
326
The Gas Battery
327
The Galvanic Battery
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PAR PAGE 341 Batteries of Intensity and Batteries of Quantity
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Improved Batteries 831
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The Sulphate of Copper Battery
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Daniells Battery
333
Groves Battery
335
Bunsens Battery 3361
336
Smees Battery
337
De Lucs Pilethe dry Pile
339
Proof of the similarity of the electricity of the Battery and that of the Electrical Machine
340
The difference between Galvanic and Statical Electricity
341
Heating effects of the Galvanic current
343
Luminous effects
344
Duboscqs Electric Lamp
345
Discovery of the Electric Light
346
The properties and intensity of the Electric Light
347
Heating effects are best produced by batteries of Quantity
348
The decomposition of Water by the Battery
349
The decomposition of Water is effected by the polarization and transfer of its component elements
350
The decomposition of other compound Liquids
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The decomposition of Metallic Salts in solution
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The Glass Cup with porous diaphragm
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Secondary decomposition
355
The experiment of three cups connected by Syphons
357
Sir H Davys experiment in which the Acids and Alkalies under the influence of the current seem to lose their ordinary affinity
358
The successive action of the same current on different vessels of Water
359
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAR PAGE 376 The successive action of the same current on vessels containing different compound Liquids
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ElectroNegative bodies
361
The amount of Zinc dissolved from the generating plate is pro portioned to the amount of Chemical decomposition produced and vice versa
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Electroplating and gilding
363
Electrotyping
364
The protection of the Copper sheathing of ships
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ElectroMagnetism 385 Magnetic effects of the current
367
What is a Magnet?
369
The directive action of the Earth upon the Magnet
370
The Astatic Needle
371
The induction of Magnetism
372
The diamagnetism of Gases
373
Oxygen a magnetic substance
374
Magnetic and Diamagnetic bodies
375
The Galvanic current produces magnetismElectromagnets
376
Molecular movements during the magnetization of bars
378
The Astatic Galvanometer
379
The Liquid part of the Voltaic circuit acts upon the magnetic needle
380
The Laws of Electromagnetism
381
The magnetic effect of the wire carrying the current accounted for by Amperes theory
383
The most powerful form of Electromagnetsthe Horse Shoe Magnet
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The Magnetic Telegraph
387
Morses Electromagnetic Indicator
390
PAR PAGE 408 The Telegraphic manipulator and Morses alphabet
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The Relay 409 Messages sent by breaking the circuit 393
393
The transmission of messages
395
Telegraphic Batteries
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Caillauds Battery
397
The Sand Battery
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The existence of different kinds of Heat proved 93 The different kinds of Heat separated from each other 94 Different kinds of Heat emitted by diffe...
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The Atlantic Telegraph Cable
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Thomsons Reflecting Galvanometer
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The actual arrangement of the Cable
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The Rate of transmission
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History of the Atlantic Telegraph
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Application of Electromagnetism to the production of Motion
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The Electromotor of M Froment
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The Electromotor of M Jacoby
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Stewarts Electromotor
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Electromagnetic Clocks
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The Electric Firealarm
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Electric Gaslighting
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Progress of discovery in Electromagnetism
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Galvanic Induced Electricity 433 Voltaelectric Induction
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Faradays Experiments
425
The inductive effect of the Primary current often takes place through a considerable distance
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Induction of a momentary Secondary current by the approach and removal of the primary current
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The conditions of Induction and properties of induced currents
431
Induction of a Secondary current in the primary wire itself
433
Induced Tertiary currents Henrys Coils
436
History of the discovery of Voltaelectric Induction
438
MagnetoElectricity 442 Magnetoelectric Induction
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Electricity induced by induced magnetism
441
History of the discovery of Magnetoelectricity
444
Pages Separable helices
451
The mechanical effects of Ruhmkorffs Coil
457
The Light intermittent and affected by the Magnet
470
Conversion of Carbon into the Diamond by the long continued
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Pages Magnetoelectric Machine
483
Wildes Magnetoelectric Machine 469 Improvements of 489
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470 Siemens and Wheatstones Machines
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Points of resemblance between the electricity of the Machine
502
Progress of discovery in the induction of electricity and
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Thermomultiplier of Melloni
514
Various sources of Electricity and its relations to the other
522
The convertibility and equivalency of Forces true of all
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MAGNETOELECTRICITY RUHMKORFFS COIL THERMOELECTRICITY
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