these but one form: er lobt. The present, besides its ordinary use, is often used in relation to past time, when the period referred to is still unfinished, as :-Ich wohne schon ein ganzes Jahr in Berlin, I reside (have resided) already a whole year in Berlin. Ich habe das Pferd nur eine Woche, I have (had) the horse only a week. The present is moreover often used for the future, as :Morgen gehe ich nach Wien, to-morrow I am going to Vienna. 3ch sebe Ihnen einen Gulden für das Buch, I (will) give you a florin for

the book.

7. The imperfect is used to denote continuance of being, action, or passion, as :-Die Schlacht bei Leipzig dauerte drei Tage, the battle near Leipsic continued three days. Hence it comes, also, to be used in expressing what is customary or habitual, as:-Die alten Deutschen jagten gern, und führten oft Krieg mit den Römern, the ancient Germans were fond of hunting, and often carried on war with the Romans. Kindred to this, is its use in cases where one action or event is to be represented as simultaneous* with another, as :-Gr starb, als er auf dem Lande war, he died, while he was in the country; er spielte, als ich arbeitete, he played while I worked. (See $ 138.)

8. The perfect describes an action as finished without reference to another action, and, unlike the same tense in English, may be used with an adverb that denotes past as well as present time, as-Er hat ihn gelobt, he has praised him. Er hat ihn gestern gibt, he (has) praised him yesterday. Er hat ihn heute gelobt, he has praised him to-day. (See § 139.)

9. The second future is often used in reference to past time to indicate a probability, as :—Er wird es gehört haben, he has probably heard it; literally, he will have heard it.

Als, as, than. Arbeit, f. labour.

Aufenthalt, m. residence.

Bauen, to build. Begleiter, m. attendant. Betrachten, to regard. Bete, m. messenger. Teden, to cover. Deti, n. village. Gbe, before. Ginfamfeit, f. solitude. Felt, n. field. id, m. fish. Fremmigkeit, f. piety. Han, adj. and adv. entire, whole. Gebidt', adj. skilful. Grat, n. grass. Siren, to hear. Jagen, to hunt. Jugent, f. youth.

Nacht, f. night.
Nähe, f. vicinity.
Person', f. person.
Pflücken, to pluck.
Prüfen, to test, prove.
Rein, adj. pure.
Rose, f. rose.
Ruhm, m. fame.
Schenken, to present.
Schäßen, to prize, to

esteem.
Schicken, to send.
Schmerz, m. pain.
Schimmer, m. glitter.

RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

Sehen, to see.

Sommer, m. summer.
Start, f. city.
Stärfen, to strengthen
Stroh, n. straw.
Stube, f. room.
Sünte, f. sin.
Tapfer, adj. brave,

valiant.

Täuschen, to deceive, disappoint. Thau, m. dew.

Trefter, m. comforter. Trunf, m. draught. Un'gerathen, ill-bred. Unglück,n. misfortune. Vor, before, from. Vorsichtig, adj. cau

tious. Wachen, to watch. Warnen, to warn. Welf, adj. withered.

(A) sweet music (attunes) makes the heart glad and cheerful. The friends .sought me in the garden.

The merchant (has) prized the precious stone very highly. The friend will come to the city this afternoon. He will already have heard the

news.

EXERCISE 23.

1. Ich liebe das Kind des Nachbars. 2. Der Vater hat mir diesen Bruf gefchicht. 3. Ich werde den Freund warnen. 4. Ich habe die ganze Nacht bei rem franken Bruter gewacht. 5. Die Jäger jagten gestern Bergen in dem Walte, und werden diesen Nachmittag in ter Nähe tes Deries jagen. 6. Mein Freund liebte den Ruhm und den Schimmer. 7. Er hat eine Rose gerflückt, und sie seiner Freundin geschenkt. 8. Gin seidhidter Maurer dieser Stadt hat dieses schöne Haus gebaut. 9. Napoleon shahte den tarferen Soldaten, und nicht den Junker und Edelmann. Die Arbeiten in meiner Jugend haben meinen Körper gestärkt. 11. Das Gewissen warnt die Menschen vor ($ 116. List) der Sünde.

* Simultaneous-existing at the same time.

10.

EXERCISE 24.

1. The teacher presented a beautiful book to the [bem] scholar [Schüler]. 2. She had deceived her [ibre] friend. 3. The children have probably (See 9 of this section) grieved the [ten] old father. 4. An ill-bred child grieves (the) father and (the) mother. 5. I have heard thy voice [Stimme] in the room. 6. He has probably tested the messenger before he sent him to [u] the [bem] friend [Freunde]. 7. The peasant has covered his house with [mit] straw. 8. This misfortune has probably taught him to be cautious. 9. I have seen [gesehen] many [vicle] fishes in the river. 10. A cool draught strengthens in [in tem] summer the body, as [wic] the dew the [tas] withered grass of the field. 11. (The) pain loves the moon as [als] a [einen] comforter, (the) solitude loves it as a [einen] companion, and (the) piety as the [ten] residence of a pure soul.

LESSONS IN BOTANY.—V. SECTION VIII-ON THE NERVATION OR VENATION OF LEAVES; AND THE FORMS OF LEAVES. ANIMAL anatomists understand by veins and nerves two widely different portions of the human frame; not so botanists, in whose language veins and nerves mean the same thing, being applied to those cord-like ribs which ramify upon, or rather under, the surface of leaves. The manner in which these nerves or veins are distributed requires careful study, as it serves to distinguish divisions of vegetables from each other. Plants examined with reference to the manner in which their leaves are veined, admit of being separated into two great divisions: the parallel veined, and the meshed or reticulated.

For example, in Fig. 19 is given the representation of the leaves of an iris plant, while Fig. 20 is a drawing of a leaf of a melon. How great is the difference between the general aspect of these leaves we need not say. In the former the veins or nerves are almost parallel to each other, or converge at either extremity of the leaf by a very imperceptible gradation, and never in any part of the leaf combine or interlace together. In the second example, the melon leaf, this parallelism is totally wanting, and in place of it we find the intermingling of nerves to be so frequent that a complete net-work results, hence this leaf and all like it are said to be reticulated. The word reticulated is derived from the Latin rete, a net.

Does not the reader remember that we have already established the existence of two grand natural divisions amongst flowering plants, as determined by the sectional aspect of their stems ? Does he not remember that, from a consideration of this difference of appearance, we have already agreed to divide flowering plants into the exogenous and endogenous? Does he not also remember our promise to tell him other means of distinguishing an endogenous from an exogenous plant by another sign than the sectional aspect of the stem ? One means is this. The leaves of all endogenous plants are straight-veined, while the leaves of all exogenous are reticulated. Hence, referring to the iris, we know at once that it is an endogenous, or withingrowing plant, and we know by the same kind of examination that the melon is an exogenous or without-growing plant. can be more simple than this mode of discrimination ?

What

Botanists distinguish the various forms that the leaves of plants assume by different names, and that our readers may be enabled to recognise these shapes at sight, and understand the terms that are applied to them, we have given examples of the greater part of them in our illustrations of leaves in the following pages, and will now proceed to describe their peculiarities, and give the derivations of the botanical names by which they

are known..

Pedalate Leaf (Fig. 21).-A leaf of three or five divisions generally, called a pedate or pedalate leaf, from the Latin pes, a foot, because the outer divisions are parted into several segments which spring from the foot of the mid-leaf at its junction with the petiole.

Peltate Leaves (Fig. 22).-Leaves like those of the nasturtium, a name improperly applied to some of the varieties of the tropæolum or Indian cress. This kind of leaf is called peltate from its fancied resemblance to the pelta, or circular buckler of

the ancients, which was held by a thong fastened to the under side. The chief peculiarity of the peltate leaf is that it is attached to its petiole at some part of the under side, and not at the margin, as leaves usually are.

WHORLED LEAVES.

Pennisecate Leaf (Fig. 23).-A leaf cut like a feather, from the Latin penna, a wing or feather, and seco, to cut. It consists of pairs of leaflets, without foot-stalks, ranged along a common petiole with a single leaflet at its extremity. The points at which the pairs of leaflets join the petiole are not exactly opposite each other,

Alternate Leaves (Fig. 24).-Leaves are said to be alternate when they grow from different points of the stem one above another-first on one side and then on the other.

Palmate, or Palmifid Leaf (Fig. 25).-Leaves divided about

half way down into several lobes, like the leaves of the syca more, are called palmate or palmifid, from their resemblance to the palm and fingers of the hand when extended. The first word is derived from the Latin palma, the hand; the second from palma, the hand, and findo, to cleave or split.

Fasciculate Leaves (Fig. 26).-Leaves issuing from a common leaf-stalk, and arranged in the form of bundles, from the Latin fasciculus, a little bundle. This peculiar arrangement of the foliage is found in some of the pinacea, or trees of the pine tribe.

35. DENTATE LEAF. 36. DELTOID LEAF. DIGITATE LEAF. 42. CAPILLARY LEAF. PENNATE LEAF. 49. BIPENNATE LEAF.

40. PALMISECATE LEAF. 41.

Sagittate Leaf (Fig. 27).-A leaf shaped like the head of an arrow, from the Latin sagitta, an arrow, triangular in form, with pointed lobes at the base extending backwards. Leaves of this form are sometimes called hastate, or spear-shaped, from the Latin hasta, a spear.

Spatulate Leaf (Fig. 28).-A leaf formed something like a spatula (Latin, spatula), a broad flat knife used by chemists for spreading plasters. It is broad and rounded at the end, but tapers gradually towards the stalk.

Verticillate Leaves (Fig. 29).-When more than two leaves

51. ACUTE LEAVES.

grow from a stalk on the same level, they are termed verticillate, from the Latin verticillus, the whirl of a spindle, derived from verto, to turn. Leaves growing in this manner, in a ring round the stem, are also said to be whorled.

Pennate, or Pinnate Leaf, with Tendrils (Fig. 30).-Leaflets attached to a stem, with a tendril issuing from the point of junction between them, from the Latin penna, a wing or feather. An example may be found in the leaf of the e ing pea.

Cordate Leaf (Fig. 31).-A leaf, such as the leaf

24. ALTERNATE LEAVES.

Pennisecate Leaf (Fig. 23).—A leaf cut like a feather, from the Latin penna, a wing or feather, and seco, to cut. It consists of pairs of leaflets, without foot-stalks, ranged along a common petiole with a single leaflet at its extremity. The points at which the pairs of leaflets join the petiole are not exactly opposite each other,

Alternate Leaves (Fig. 24).-Leaves are said to be alternate when they grow from different points of the stem one above another-first on one side and then on the other.

Palmate, or Palmifid Leaf (Fig. 25).-Leaves divided about

OR

WHORLED LEAVES. 34. ORBICULAR LEAF.

half way down into several lobes, like the leaves of the sycamore, are called palmate or palmifid, from their resemblance to the palm and fingers of the hand when extended. The first word is derived from the Latin palma, the hand; the second from palma, the hand, and findo, to cleave or split.

Fasciculate Leaves (Fig. 26).-Leaves issuing from a common leaf-stalk, and arranged in the form of bundles, from the Latin fasciculus, a little bundle. This peculiar arrangement of the foliage is found in some of the pinacea, or trees of the pine

tribe.

40. PALMISECATE LEAF. 41. 46. SERRATE LEAF. 47. OVAL LEAF. 48.

Sagittate Leaf (Fig. 27).-A leaf shaped like the head of an arrow, from the Latin sagitta, an arrow, triangular in form, with pointed lobes at the base extending backwards. Leaves of this form are sometimes called hastate, or spear-shaped, from the Latin hasta, a spear.

Spatulate Leaf (Fig. 28).-A leaf formed something like a spatula (Latin, spatula), a broad flat knife used by chemists for spreading plasters. It is broad and rounded at the end, but tapers gradually towards the stalk.

Verticillate Leaves (Fig. 29).-When more than two leaves

51. ACUTE LEAVES.

grow from a stalk on the same level, they are termed verticillate, from the Latin verticillus, the whirl of a spindle, derived from verto, to turn. Leaves growing in this manner, in a ring round the stem, are also said to be whorled.

Pennate, or Pinnate Leaf, with Tendrils (Fig. 30).-Leaflets attached to a stem, with a tendril issuing from the point of junction between them, from the Latin penna, a wing or feather. An example may be found in the leaf of the everlasting pea.

Cordate Leaf (Fig. 31).-A leaf, such as the leaf of the lime