for Irish expedition, 532; meet (1586),
508; Kingdom of, royal autocracy in, 478;
traditional policy of, 479; government
of, 485; condition of, 488, 513; Moors
in, 494; taxation of, 496-7; burdened
by imperial policy of its kings, 504, 512;
desolation of, 523, 528, 537; taxed for
new Holy League, 541

Castlehaven, Spanish ships in, 327, 532-3
Castro, Alphonso de, 638

Catalonia, 485, 496; exposed to Barbarossa's
attacks, 110

Cateau-Cambrésis, 6; Treaty of (1559), 184,
187, 260, 263, 280, 406, 465, 477 sqq.,
674, 677

Catharine of Austria, Queen of Poland, 82
Catharine, consort of Charles Emmanuel,
Duke of Savoy, 413; death of, 417
Catharine, daughter of Henry II of France,
400, 413

Catharine de' Medici, Queen of France,
1-45, 53, 85, 177, 266 sqq., 271, 285,
403, 408, 413, 484 sqq., 489-91; makes
use of Don Antonio against Philip II,
501-2

Catharine, Infanta (daughter of Philip II
of Spain), 513

Caudebec, 51

Cavallini, Pietro, 438

Cavan, invasion of, 605; plantation of, 614
Cavour, surrender of, 417

Cawsand Bay, English fleet leaves for Cadiz,
324

Cecil, Sir Robert, see Salisbury, Earl of

Cecil, Sir William, see Burghley, Lord
Cellini, Benvenuto, 394, 466, 474
Centallo, 419

Cephalonia, 135

Certain, George, 231; Lambert, 231

Cervantes, Miguel, 136; his Don Quixote,

365, 546-7

Cesi, Cardinal, 450

Ceylon, Dutch trade with, 638

Cezimbra Bay, Spanish carrack captured
in, 327

Chaireddin, see Barbarossa

Challoner, Sir Thomas, 265

Châlons-sur-Marne, 39; Parlement of, 659,

663 sqq.; army at, 690

Chambres de l'Edit, 676

Champagne, the League in, 661, 663

Champagny, F. Perrenot de, 237, 242;
Governor at Antwerp, 245-6

Champigny, truce ratified at, 28, 32
Channel, control of the, 510-11;
Armada in the, 507, 529 sqq.
Channtonay, Thomas Perrenot de, 200
Chapman, George, 369, 380
Charbonnières, 417

the

Charles V, Emperor, expedition of against
Algiers (1541), 12, 104-5; musters levies
against Turks (1532), 106; sends letter to
Sultan, 108-9; expedition of, against
Tunis (1535), 111; defeats Barbarossa, 112;
outbreak of war between, and Francis I,

887

113; his joint embassy with Francis I to
Venice, 115-6; driven back by storm
from Algiers (1541), 119; seeks peace
from Porte, 120; in communication with
Persia, 121, 145, 166, 168; abdication of,
182 sqq., 385 sqq., 392, 395, 402, 410, 464,
475 sqq.; possessions of, 508, 534, 540,
581, 716, 741

Charles IX, King of France, 177, 230 sqq.,

276, 282-3, 390; death of, 406, 484, 591
Charles of Styria, Archduke, 165 sqq., 268,
698 sqq.

Charles, Prince of Wales (afterwards King
Charles I), 558, 560-1, 573, 575 sqq.
Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, see Savoy
Charron, Pierre, 70

Chartley, 291; Mary in custody at, 291
Chartres, 50; assembly at (1591), 659;
coronation of Henry IV at (1594), 662
Chartres, Vidame de, 3, 15, 19
Chaste, Aymard de, 501
Chastel, Jean, 664
Chastelard, 268
Châteauneuf, 11
Château-Thierry, 30

Châtelhérault, James Hamilton (Earl of
Arran), Duke of, 261-3, 270
Châtelhérault, Assembly of (1605), 681
Châtillon, Cardinal de, 11
Châtillons, the, 6, 8
Chaves, Friar, 518

Chemnitz, Martin, 704
Chenonceau, 31

Chichester, Arthur, Baron Chichester of
Belfast, Lord Deputy of Ireland, 588,
612-6

Chieri, retained by France (1559), 400
Chifanoja, Venetian Ambassador, 264
China, Dutch trade with, 638
Chinchon, Count of, 514
Chinon, 11

Chivasso, retained by France (1569), 400
Chiverny, French Chancellor, 42, 44

Chodkiewicz, Jan, Palatine of Samogitia,
89

Chrestien, Florent, 69

Christian IV, King of Denmark, 569, 572,
644, 655

Christina, Princess Palatine, 710

Christine, Princess, daughter of Henry IV,

685

Christine of Lorraine, 42

Christopher, Count Palatine, 22-3, 239, 703
Churrem, see Roxolana

Chytraeus, David, 174, 704

Cinthio, see Giraldi, Giovanbattista
Civitavecchia, 438

Clanricarde, MacWilliam, Earl of, 584
Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici), Pope, 106;
friendship with France, 110, 186, 388,
460, 466, 470, 479

Clement VIII, Pope (Ippolito Aldobrandini),
397, 416, 418, 421, 445, 450, 554, 555, 608,
660, 667, 671, 677, 702, 710, 719
Clément, Jacques, 47, 453, 766

Clifford, Sir Conyers, Governor of Con-

naught, 323, 606-7

Cobham, Sir Henry, 34

Coconato, Count Annibale, 23-4
Codure, John, 585-6

Coke, Sir Edward, Chief Justice of the
Common Pleas, 563 sqq.
Coke, Sir John, 567 sqq.

Coleraine, plantation of, 614; offered to
City of London, 615

Coligny, Gaspard de, Admiral, 2, 4, 5, 6–14,
16-20, 224, 232, 285; Louise de, fourth
wife of William of Orange, see Orange
Collegium Germanicum (1552), 149, 161, 178
Collegium Romanum, 424

Cologne, Catholicism in, 156, 160, 170;

Electorate of, invaded by Prince Maurice,
673; peace Congress at, 704-5; centre of
Dutch immigration, 705; troubles in Elec-
torate of, 707; Hermann of Wied, Arch-
bishop of, ib.; Salentin of Isenburg
resigns Archbishopric of, 707; Gebhard II
elected to, 707, 709; Ernest of Bavaria
elected to, 708, 731 sq.; Canons of, at
Strassburg, 709

Colonna, Cardinal, 431, 444; Marco An-
tonio, 135; Vittoria, Marchioness of
Pescara, 458

Commendone, Giovanni Francesco, Cardi-

nal, Bishop of Zante, 82 sq., 84, 172, 176
Como, Cardinal of, 288

"Compromise," the (1566), 201-3
Concini, Bartolomeo, 388

Concordat, the, of Francis I, 659
Concordia, the, drawn up by Jacob Andreae,
173

Condé, Henry I de Bourbon, Prince of, 12,
19, 25 sqq., 155, 174, 224, 451; Henry II
de Bourbon, Prince of, 668, 689; Louis
de Bourbon, Prince of, 1 sqq.; killed at
Jarnac, 12; Princess of, wife of Henry II
de Bourbon, 643, 692
Confutationsbuch, the (1559), 163
Connaught, Governors of, 532; religious

affairs in, 593; condition of, 604
Connello, "undertakers" in, 599
Conqueret, College of, 54
Conquistadores, the Spanish, 546
Constance, the fathers of, 758, 764
Constantine, Donation of, 750
Constantinople, Franco-Turkish Alliance

signed at, 104; Ferdinand's embassies
to, 106, 108, 118, 120, 124; return of
Solyman II to, in 1532, 107; and in 1536,
113; negotiations at, 115; arrival of
Venetian ambassador Badoer in, 116;
return of Solyman to, in 1541, 119;
adorned by Solyman, 129; rebellion in,
130, 133-4, 136-7; Dutch trade with,
631; Dutch mission to (1612), 645
Contarini, Gasparo, Cardinal, 75, 457, 750;
Tommaso, Venetian ambassador, 645
Contra-Remonstrants (Gomarists), the,

647-55
Corbeil, 49

Cork, Spanish design to seize, 532; trade
in, 579; landing of Wolfe at (1561), 592;
siege of (1569), 595; O'Donnell executed
at, 596;"undertakers" in, 599
Cornwall, Spanish expeditions to, 321, 673
Coron, seized by Gianandrea Doria, 108;
negotiations for surrender of, 109
Corpus Juris Canonici, 742
Corpus Misniacum (1559), 150
Correro, Venetian ambassador, 275
"Corresponding" Princes, the, 715 sqq.
Corrichie, 268

Corsica, offered to Cosimo de' Medici, 386;
granted to the Genoese, 478

Corunna, 310, 318; Irish refugees at, 504;

shattered vessels of the Armada at, 506;
Irish Catholics at, 529; departure of new
Armada from (1596), 529

Cosimo, Grand Duke of Tuscany, see Medici,
Cosimo de'

Craigmillar, Conference at (1566), 273
Cranfield, Sir Lionel, see Middlesex, Earl of
Creagh, Richard, Archbishop of Armagh,
593

Crépy, Peace of, 465, 477

Créqui, Charles, Marquis de, 417
Crescentius, Peter, 471

Creswell, Joseph, 533

Crichton, Father, 288, 290

Crimea, Tartars from, reinforce Imperial
troops, 107

Cromer, George, Archbishop of Armagh,
587

Cromwell, Thomas, 113, 737
Croquants, the, 664
Cujas, Jacques, 58-9
Cujavia, 75

Cujavia, Bishop of, crowns Stephen Báthory
in absence of Primate, 99
Culemburg, Count of, 217, 222

Culmore Castle, surprised by O'Dogherty,

613

Cumberland, George Clifford, third Earl of,

319

Çuniga, 20

Curzolari, islands of, 135

Cusani, Cardinal, 449

Cushendun, Shane O'Neill at, 592
Cymbeline, 378

Cyprus, Turkish designs on, 130-3; troops
landed at, 134; ceded to Turkey (1573),
136, 137, 399; taken by the Turks, 494-5
Czarnkowski, Canon, 78
Czaslau, 716

Dacre, Leonard, 282

Dacre, Lord, 281

Dale, Valentine, 27

Dalmatia, Turco-Venetian war in, 117
Damville, Marshal Henry de, 5 sqq. ; 22 sqq.
Daneau, 749

Daniel, Samuel, 376

Dante Alighieri, 456-8, 463, 467; his De
Vulgari Eloquentia, 471, 473, 764
Danube, Turkish rule on the, 119
Danzig, revolt of (1526), 74; surrender of,
to Stephen Báthory (1557), 100
Darnley, Henry Stewart, Lord, 269–74, 278
Dathenus, Peter, 251, 252

Dauphiné, army sent to pacify (1574), 23;
held by Huguenots (1575), 27; heretics in,
400, 403 sqq.; Protestant interest in, 661
Davanzati, his Tacitus, 471
Davis, Sir John, 613, 615

Davison, William, 292

Declaratio Ferdinandea, 714

Decretale, the, 745

Dee, Dr John, 697

Dekker, Thomas, 376

Del Aguila, Don Juan, 532, 608-9

Del Rio, member of the " Council of Blood,"
216, 218 sq.

Delft, 242-3, 253, 257-9; States of Holland
meet at, 617; trading Company at, 632;
Archbishop Gebhard at, 708

Della Casa, Giovanni, Archbishop of Bene-
vento, 466, 474.

Della Rovere, Girolamo, see Turin, Arch-
bishop of

Delle Bande Nere, Giovanni, 387

Del Principe, Island of, seized (1598), 632
Del Vasto, Alfonso Avalos, Marquis, 105;
sent on an embassy to Venice, 115; dis-
missed by the Signory, 116

Demonte, annexed to Saluzzo, 419
Dendermonde, Conference at (1566), 210;
taken by Parma, 618

Denia, Sandoval, Marquis of, see Lerma,
Duke of

Derrinlaur Castle, 596

Derry, 611; captured by O'Dogherty, 613
Des Adrets, Baron, 3

Desmond," undertakers" in, 599
Desmond, the clan of, 529

Desmond, James Fitzjohn Fitzgerald, 11th
Earl of, 581, 583; Desmond, Gerald Fitz-
gerald, 15th Earl of, 594 sq.; Desmond,

889

Sir John of, 594 sqq.; Desmond, Sir
Thomas of, 595

Desportes, Philippe, 61, 71, 376

Deventer, Gerard Prouninck, 620 sqq.

Deventer, surrender of, 622; siege of (1591),

626

Deza, Bishop, 494

Dialogue de Manant et Maheustre, 764
Dieppe, occupied by Ormesby, 3; Henry IV
at (1589), 48

Digby, John, see Bristol, Earl of

Dijon, Parlement of, 664; revolt of (1595),
667

Dillenburg, birthplace of William of Orange
(1533), 189; exile of William of Orange
at (1567), 213, 228, 231-3
Dillingen, Jesuits at, 161
Distelmeyer, Lambert, 153
Dobrzyn, Palatinate of, 87

Doctor Faustus, Marlowe's, 374
Docwra, Sir Henry, 608–9
Dohna, Fabian von, 43
Dolhain, Lord of, 228-9
Domfront, Montgomery captured at, 23
Dominicans, expelled from San Marco, 390
Donauwörth, troubles in (1606), 723 sqq.
Doneau, Hugues (Donellus), 58-9
Donegal, 529, 531; plantation of, 614
Dorat, Jean, 54-5

Dorgut, Ottoman sea-captain, 125
Doria, Andrea (Admiral), 105; seizes Coron,
107-8; with Charles V on expedition to
Tunis, 111; perfidy of, 114 sqq., 135, 213,
397

Doria, Gian Andrea, Admiral (the younger),
486, 541, 668

Dormans, fight of (1575), 28

Dorp, Arend van, 231 sq.

Dort, synod at (1586), 621, 653
Dortmund, compact at (1609), 730

Douay, 251; seminary at, 287, 350, 593,673
Dourlens, submission of, 663; siege of, 669,
671

Dragonnades, the, 769

Drake, Admiral Sir Francis, 296–9; knighted
301; expedition to West Indies, 301-2,
304 sqq., 414, 435, 492–3, 502 sqq., 541
Dreux, Huguenots attempt to seize, 4; be-
sieged by Henry IV (1590), 48
Drogheda, 605

Drumcree, Peace of (1563), 590
Drury, Sir William, 596, 601
Du Bartas, Salluste, 61

Du Bellay, 71

Du Bellay, Guillaume, 64; Martin, ib.;
Joachim, 54-6, 71

Dublin, County, English in, 580
Dublin, trade with Bristol, 579; Parliament
at, 582; Tyrone submits in, 611; Tyrone
and O'Cahan cited to, 612

Du Cange, Charles du Presne, Sieur, 61
Duchesne, André, 63

Du Croc, French ambassador, 272 sqq.
Du Duc, Fronton, 61
Du Haillan, Bernard, 63

Duiveland, island of, taken by Spaniards

(1575), 242

Du Jon, François (Franciscus Junius), 201,
647

Dumas, Alexandre, 548

Du Maurier, French ambassador, 653
Dumbarton Castle, 282

Dumoulin, Charles, 59
Dunbar, 274

Dunblane, Bishop of, 272, 275

Dunboy, ceded to King of Spain, 532
Dunboyne, Lord, 596

Dundalk, 608; Chichester at, 613
Dun, Erskine of, 263

Dungannon, Hugh, Baron of, see Tyrone,
Hugh O'Neill, second Earl of; Matthew
O'Neill (Fedoragh), Baron of, 589
Dunkeld, Bishop of, 267

Dunkirk, 507; fleet of transports at, 623;
pirates at, 634

Du Perron, J. D., Cardinal, 684

Du Plan, supporter of Savoy in Geneva,
414

Duplessis-Mornay, see Mornay
Durham, 281

Düsseldorf, reformed congregation at, 705;
meeting of Estates at, 716, 730
Du Vair, Guillaume, 70
Dzierzgowski, Primate of Poland, 78

East India Company, the English, 562;
Dutch, 633, 638-9; French, attempts to
organise, 694

Eboli, Princess of, 515
Ebusood El Amadi, 128
Edict of Beaulieu, 30

Edict of January, 1, 2, 26

Edict of Toleration withdrawn (1588), 511
Edinburgh, 264; Treaty of (1560), 266, 282;
Town Council of, 268, 274-6; Castle of,
282 sqq.; supports Scottish clergy, 551
Edward IV, 738

Egmont, Lamoral, Count of, 48-9, 184,

188 sqq., 203 sqq., 209 sqq.; his execution
and its effects, 220, 228, 511; Sabina of
Bavaria, Countess of, 189
Egypt, conquered by Selim I, 117
Eichsfeld, Catholic reaction in the, 178, 180
Elba, 385, 391; iron worked at, 392
Elbeuf, Charles, Marquis de, 663
Eleanor, Dowager Queen of France, 182
Elizabeth, Archduchess, daughter of Maxi-
milian II, 15

Elizabeth, consort of Charles IX of France,
177, 699

Elizabeth de Bourbon, Princess of France,
689

Elizabeth de Valois, Princess of France,
184

Elizabeth of Valois, Queen of Spain, wife
of Philip II, 264, 478, 483 sqq.; death
of, 490

Elizabeth, Queen of England, and the

French Religious Wars, Chap. I, passim ;
negotiations for a French marriage, ib.;

relations of, with Henry IV,666, 670 sqq.;
with the Netherlands, 184, Chaps. VII
and XIX, passim; with the German
princes, 710-1; with Mary, Queen of
Scots, and Scotland, Chap. VIII; with
her disaffected Catholic subjects, ib.;
with Spain, Chaps. IX, XV, and XVI,
passim; last years of, Chap. X; age of,
in English Literature, Chap. XI; Ireland
under, Chap. XVIII; Sixtus V's view of,
435; Bodin's view of, 748; principles of
toleration of, 755

Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor, 560

Elsass, Austria secures footing in, 709; the
French wars in, 712; troops in, 731-2
Eltz, Jacob von, 155

Emden, synod at (1571), 705
Emilio, Paolo, 63-4

Emmanuel the Great, King of Portugal,

499-500

Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, see
Savoy

Enckhuysen, defeat of Spanish fleet at
(1573), 237; ship-building at, 631

England, as a European power, 261 sq.;
position in European politics, 487; see
Elizabeth and James I
Enniskillen, 604-5

Enschede, siege of (1597), 629

Entragues, Henriette de Balzac d', 678–9;
Marquise de Verneuil, 680-1

Épernay, 52

Epernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret, Duke of,
36 sqq., 661-3, 668 sqq., 690

Episcopius, Simon, 653

Erasmus, Bishop of Strassburg, 158
Erasso, Secretary to Philip II, 196

Erastus, Thomas (Lieber), 154, 743, 757

Eregli, Solyman II murders Prince Mustapha
at, 121

Erfurt, meeting of Protestant Princes at
(1569), 176

Erikszen, Barent, 632-3
Erizzo, Sebastiano, 468

Erlau, siege of, by the Turks, 123
Ermeland (Warmia), 83

Ernest, Archduke of Austria, 86-7, 92-3,
171, 519, 627, 698; Governor of Upper
and Lower Austria (1576), 698, 701; his
administration of Styria during Ferdi-
nand's minority, 702

Ernest Casimir, see Nassau-Dietz
Errol, Francis Hay, ninth Earl of, 551
Erzerum, taken by Persians from Turks,
121

Escobedo, 497-9, 514; murder of (1578),
500, 515

Espes, Don Guerau de, 280-1
Espinosa, Cardinal, 490
Essé, de, see Montalembert
Essek, Solyman II at, 107

Essex, Frances, Countess of, see Somerset
Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, 50, 325-6,
333-9,376; English troops sent to besiege
Rouen under, 512, 516, 521, 523, 573; in

Ireland (1599), 607-8; Walter Devereux,
Earl of, 601

of

Este, Cardinal Ippolito of, 462; Cardinal
Ludovico de, 431, 435, 451, 472; Cesare
de, 397; Isabella de, Marchione
Mantua, 458; Marquis de, 420
Estienne, Robert, 57; Henry, ib.

Estourmel, de, surrenders frontier towns of
Picardy, 662

Estrées, Gabrielle de, 418, 675, 678, 692
Eugenius IV, Pope, 738

Euphues, Lyly's, 370

Every Man in his Humour, Ben Jonson's,
380

Excommunication, Bull of, against Eliza-
beth, 349

Executionsordnung, the (1555), 144, 171
Exilles, 404; surrender of (1593), 417

Faerie Queen, The, Spenser's, 373
Fajardo, Admiral, 541

Falmouth, Spanish vessels at, 493; the third
Armada sails for, 529

Famagosta, siege of, 134; attacked by a
Tuscan squadron, 399

Family compact, the (1551), 166
Family of Love, the, 755

Farnese, Alessandro, Prince and afterwards
Duke of Parma, 36, 49 sqq., 200, 249 sqq.,
289, 358, 385, 423, 450, 502 sqq.; raises
the siege of Rouen, 517; death of (1592),
517; 618, 620 sqq., 705, 711 sqq.; Ales-
sandro, Cardinal, see Paul III, Pope;
Ottavio, 187; Piero Luigi, ib.; their rela-
tions with Charles V and Philip II, 476
Fauchet, Claude, 62
Fedeli, 392 sq.

Federation, Act of, at Delft (1576), 243
Fenner, Thomas, 304-5, 309
Fenton, Edward, 300, 309

Fercullen, granted to O'Toole, 583

Ferdinand, Archduke, of Tyrol, 94, 165;
death of (1595), 699; quits the League,
709

Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscany, see
Medici, Ferdinand de'

Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 478, 510, 738
Ferdinand I, Emperor, struggle as King of
Hungary and Bohemia with Solyman II,
Chap. IV, passim; as Emperor, ib. and
146-7; the Empire under, 140–65, 167-9,
476-7, 716, 727

Ferdinand II, Emperor, claims Bohemian
throne, 568-9, 572-3, 575, 687, 699, 702,
714 sqq., 723 sqq.

Ferdinand of Styria, Archduke, see Ferdi-
nand II, Emperor

Feria, Duke of, 52, 263-4, 283, 477 sqq., 517
Fermanagh, plantation of, 614; Commis-
sioners of allotments in, 615

Ferrara, 393, 401, 414, 461; royal marriages
at (1598), 527

Ferrara, Alfonso II, Duke of, 94, 387;
marries Lucrezia de' Medici, 395; death
of (1597), 397, 432; Borso, Duke of, 461;

891

Ercole, Duke of, 461; Rénée, Duchess of,
471

Ferrol, expedition sailed from (1579), fleet
equipped at, 606; departure of expedition
from, 673

Fez, 398

Filipowski, the, 75

Filmer, Sir Robert, 750, 763

Finale, designs of Savoy upon, 407

Finisterre, Cape, second Spanish Armada
scattered by tempest off (1596), 529, 606
Firenzuola, 394, 468

Firlej, Jan, Grand-Marshal of Poland, 84,
87-9, 96

Fitzalan, Henry, 12th Earl of Arundel, 281
Fitzgerald, James, Earl of Desmond, see
Desmond, James Fitzmaurice, 594-7;
Sir John Fitzedmund, of Cloyne, 596
Fitzwilliam, Sir William, Lord Justice in
Ireland, 594, 596; Lord Deputy, 604;
resigns, 605

Flacius Matthaeus, 150, 162
Flaminio, Marcantonio, 466
Flanders, 16, 419-20, 435; Spanish rule in,
465, 476; condition of, 495; Don John
sent to, 498; return of Alva to, 500;
invitation to Archduke Matthias to assume
the sovereignty of, 501; conditions in the
Peace of Vervins relating to, 523; Arch-
duke Albert of Austria and the Infanta
assume joint sovereignty of, 524; after
Treaty between Spain and England, 537;
Province of, 618; Spanish influence in,
630; French Flanders, Philip's plans to
acquire, 510, 512; see also Netherlands
Fleix, Peace of, 34, 665
Fletcher, John, 381

Florence, 53, 385-7; new constitution of,
388-9, 391; art in, 394; Cosimo's rule
in, 395; rule of Francis in, 396, 401; fall
of, 465; the Umidi of, 470
Florida, French settlement in, 492
Floyd, Edward, 572

Flushing, 187; captured by the Gueux de
Mer, 230-1, 233; demanded by Elizabeth,
619, 670-1

Foix, Paul de, 15-16, 18

Folembray, Decrees of (1596), 668
Folengo, Teofilo, 460

Fondi, Julia Gonzaga surprised by Turks
at, 110

Fontaine Française, skirmish at (1595), 667
Fontainebleau, 1, 418; Biron meets Henry
IV at, 680

Fontana, Domenico, 426, 439-40, 442, 444
Fontenoy, 25

Ford, John, 381

Formula Concordiae, the, 704, 708, 712-13
Fotheringay, 291; Mary, Queen of Scots,
tried and executed at, 291-2

Foyle, Loch, Spanish aid to the Irish
Catholics sent to, 531, 608
France, Wars of Religion in, Chap. I;
Humanism in, Chap. II; relations with
Turkey, Chap. IV, passim; Huguenot