his children, erring and liable to err from the impulses of generous or turbulent passion; he therefore prevents their being hurried to excess by popular harangues.—The demagogue promotes them he misleads the populace, by addresses to their best and to their worst passions: he deceives the timid with fictitious mischief; appeals to the judgment, and flatters the vanity of ignorance: he slanders honesty, and insults dignity. He talks of natural equality; the absurdity of many made for one; the original compact; the foundation of authority; the rights of man; the majesty of the people; the advances of the prerogative; and the danger of arbitrary power. The patriot pleads for the people: the demagogue pleads to them. At the conclusion of the American war, while the citizens of the United States were anticipating the blessings of peace, their army, to which America was so deeply indebted, was unrewarded for its services. The States, which had been rescued by their exertions, were in no condition to pay them. An attempt was made by anonymous and seditious publications to inflame the minds of the officers and soldiers, and induce them to unite in redressing their own grievances, while they had arms in their hands. As soon as General Washington was informed of the nature of these papers, he requested the general and field officers, with one officer from each company, and a proper representation from the staff of the army, to assemble on an early day. The general sent for each officer separately, and enlarged in private on the fatal consequences, and particularly on the loss of character to the whole army, which would result from intemperate resolutions. When the officers were convened, the commander addressed them. He pledged himself to exert all his influence in their favour, and implored them to rely on the faith of their country. He conjured them, "as they valued their honour: as they respected the rights of humanity, and as they regarded the military and national character of America, to express their utmost detestation of the man who was attempting to open the floodgates of civil discord, and deluge their rising empire with blood." General Washington then retired. No reply whatever was made to the general's speech. After a short silence, a resolution was unanimously adopted, by which they declared, "that no circumstance of distress, or danger, should induce a conduct that might tend to sully the reputation and glory they had acquired; that the army continued to have an unshaken confidence in the justice of Congress and their country: and that they viewed with abhorrence, and rejected with disdain, the infamous propositions in the late anonymous address to the officers of the army." The demagogue appeals to the ignorance of his hearers, and is surrounded by a multitude. The Patriot relies upon the permanent effect of reason upon their understandings, and is, for a deserted. When a citizen of London time, threatened Mr. Wilkes that he would take the sense of the livery upon his conduct, Mr. Wilkes answered, I will take the nonsense and beat you out and out. Why, said the regular physician to the quack doctor, do you live in affluence whilst I am starving? Because, answered the mountebank, I live upon their folly and you upon their wisdom. But so this has ever been and ever will be.* Some thousand years ago Isocrates said, in one of his orations against the sophists, that it is far more easy to maintain a wrong cause, and to support paradoxical opinions to the satisfaction of a common auditory, than to establish a doubtful truth by solid and conclusive arguments; and, some centuries ago, we were admonished by the pious Hooker, who says, "The stateliness of houses, the goodliness of trees, when we behold * Deux citoiens haranguoient sur la place, L'un vend force poisons, distillés dans une eau L'autre, ami des humains, jaloux de leur bonheur, Mais il est simple, brusque et mauvais orateur; On s'en moque, on le fuit comme un fou qui radote, on. them, delighteth the eye; but that foundation which beareth up the one, that root which ministereth unto the other nourishment and life, is in the bosom of the earth concealed; and if there be occasion at any time to search into it, such labour is then more necessary than pleasant, both to them which undertake it and for the lookers In like manner the use and benefit of good laws, all that live under them may enjoy with delight and comfort, albeit the grounds and first original causes from whence they have sprung be unknown, as to the greatest part of men they are. He therefore that goeth about to persuade a multitude that they are not so well governed as they ought to be, shall never want attentive and favourable hearers, because they know the manifold defects whereunto every kind of regimen is subject; but the secret lets and difficulties, which in public proceedings are innumerable and inevitable, they have not ordinarily the judgment to consider. And because such as openly reprove supposed disorders of state are taken for principal friends to the common benefit of all, and for men that carry singular freedom of mind; under this fair and plausible colour, whatsoever they utter passeth for good and current. That which wanteth in the weight of their speech is supplied by the aptness of men's minds to accept and believe it; whereas, on the other side, if we maintain things that are established, we have not only to strive with a number of heavy prejudices deeply rooted in the hearts of men, who think that herein we serve the time and speak in favour of the present state, because thereby we either hold or seek preferment; but also to bear such exceptions as minds so averted beforehand usually take against that which they are loth should be poured into them." The Patriot promotes a masculine and independent spirit in the people.-He is always ready to countenance their just claims and animate their reasonable hopes: he reminds them frequently of their rights: he encourages them to oppose encroachments, and to multiply securities. The Demagogue debases the spirit of liberty by inflaming all classes to acts of violence: he countenances the claims of the people, whether just or unjust, and raises false hopes to secure his own purposes. If necessary for the happiness of the people, the Patriot incurs their censure.-Although, as an instrument of good, he is not indifferent to popular praise. Applause is the demagogue's existence he is nothing if not popular he is elated by the triumph, not by the cause of victory. Instead of opposing the errors of the multitude, he encourages their prejudices and inflames their passions. He unites in the condemnation of Phocion, and in the cry of Barabbas. 66 Mark," said Demosthenes to the |