and nations further illustrate the position, so undeniable is it, and such is the beautiful harmony that sustains all the works of God. The average life in no country reaches three score years and ten, announced in Scripture as the period for the duration of the life of man. The average age at death, in the northern cities (doubtless owing in a great measure to the large mortality in infantile life), is from nineteen years nine months to twenty years three months; and in some of the cemeteries, where destitute foreigners, from the crowded city of Boston, are buried, it is reduced to 13.49. In the South, where it is so much more favorable to infantile life, the average age is much greater. In Charleston the average age at death is near thirty-six years. In Vera Cruz 24.6, and in the city of Mexico 27.7; while in the city of New Orleans the average age at death, for the last year, was 26.69, and in a series of years, the aggregate of all the cemeteries was 22.63. But to show the different influence of our climate upon the various classes of the population, the following table was constructed at great labor (being all the data it was possible to procure):

"Of all countries on record, the rural parts of England and Massachusetts are, probably, most favored with respect to infantile life; and yet, in Massachu setts, forty per cent., and in England forty-seven per cent., die while they are going through the process of development, and before they enter upon self-sustaining life, in their sixteenth year. In New Orleaus we have not the data to institute an exact comparison at these ages, but very near it; and we find that here only 36.98 per cent. die under twenty. In this city data of all kinds are very defective; we have, nevertheless, been able to construct a chart to show the real value of life here at successive ages, and at different periods of the year. It is too lengthy for this report. We may, however, state that it shows the extremely mild character of the climate at all periods of life under twenty, and above fifty, and during all months of the year, and that the chief fatality occurs from twenty to forty (the ages of the immigrating population), and the period the latter part of summer. Notwithstanding all this, the following statement shows, that we have a larger proportionate population at the productive age, that is, from twenty to fifty, than the most favored parts of the world. Thus, in the United States, there are 3,708, in Louisiana 3,753, in England 4,028, in New Orleans 4,924.*

*Dr. Barton is wrong in attaching any importance to this, as a few moments' reflection will sat

9,862 Lafayette....

371

985

182

5

2.458

1.145

1.451

2.504

981

i sfy him.-ED.

2. PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE NEGRO.

The question of the human race, whether a unity or not, is being now discussed, with great ability, by naturalists all over the world. We may mention among others, Morton, Pritchard, Nott of Mobile, whose contributions have appeared in our Review, and who has lately written an able work upon the subject, Bachman of Charleston, also the author of a late treatise, and Professor Agassiz. This subject has an important bearing just now, in examining the position occupied by the negro, whom philanthropy is seeking to elevate to the highest status of humanity. It is something to discover that he is not of common origin with the Caucasian, and this appears to be the better opinion among scientific men.

Upon the table before us is an interesting pamphlet, read before the American Ethnological Society, Nov, 1849, by P. A. Browne, LL. D., in answer to the declaration of Pritchard, that "The covering of the negro's head is hair, properly so termed, and not wool." We extract the conclusions of Mr. Browne, as having some practical weight.

1st. Hair is in shape either cylindrical or oval; but wool is eccentrically elliptical or flat; and the covering of the negro's head is eccentrically elliptical or flat.

2d. The direction of hair is either straight, flowing or curled; but wool is crisped or frizzled, and sometimes spirally twisted; and the covering of the negro's head is crisped or frizzled, and sometimes spirally twisted.

3d. Hair issues out of the epidermis at an acute angle, but wool emerges at a right-angle; and the covering of the negro's head issues out of the epidermis at a right-angle.

4th. The coloring matter of a perfect hair, for example that of the head of the white man, is contained in a central canal, but that of wool is disseminated in the cortex, or in the cortex and intermediate fibers; and the covering of the head of the negro has no central canal.

5th. The scales of the cortex of hair are less numerous than those of wool, are smooth, and less pointed, and they embrace the shaft more intimately; and the scales on the filaments of the covering of the negro's head are numerous, rough, pointed, and do not embrace the shaft intimately.

COROLLARY.-Hair will not felt, but wool will; and the covering of the negro's head will felt-has been felted.

For these and other reasons we are "convinced" that the negro has on his head "wool, properly so termed," and not har. And since the white man has hair upon his head, and the negro has wool, we have no hesitancy in pronouncing that they belong to two distinct species.

M. Flourens, an eminent French physiologist, found four distinct layers between the cuticle and the cutis; the second of which, he says, is a mucous membrane-a distinct organize i body, underlaying the pigment, and existing in persons of dark color only. M. Flourens sought in vain for this membrane between the cutis and outer lamina of the epidermis of a white man; and yet this is the seat of the discoloration produced in his complexion by exposure to the sun. From these examinations, this distinguished naturalist and anatomist was able to pronounce, definitely, that the discoloration in the skin of the white man is totally diff rent in kind from the cause of blackness in the negro; he therefore justly concludes, that the negro and the European are separate species of beings.

3. MONTHLY COMMERCIAL SUMMARY AND REVIEW.

It would seem to be the case, that, independently of Californian operations, the capital of the country, in all sections of the Union, is accumulating with a rapidity, perhaps, never before witnessed in any country. Several causes conspire to produce this result; the most obvious of which we may enumerate. There are, first, immigration. In the year 1849, over 300,000 souls arrived from Europe, to settle permanently in the country (the number this year promises to be larger and of a better character), and they brought with them an amount of capital not short of $10,000,000, which was expended in transportation and traveling expenses-in the purchase and stocking farms and in the operations of workshops. Thus appropriated, it has, with the savings of domestic industry, been placed in the way of rapid reproduction. The breadth of land annually brought under cultivation is considerable and of a very prolific character; while the means of communication-that is, the instruments by which the rich land and the labor applied to it become available as part of the capital of the country-are annually extended. It is but twenty years since the modern railway was put in operation. In that time 8,000 miles have been completed, in this country, at a cost of $250,000,000. In the same time, 5,000 miles of canals have been built, at a cost of $160,000,000. Also, in the same time, the transportation of the mail has increased from 14,500,000 miles to 32,299,379 miles, exclusive of steamboat and railroad service. It has also been the case, that the coasting and steam tonnage has increased from 508,858 tous to 1,770,376 tons. By recapitulation, the means of transportation have increased as follows:

The cost of post roads we have estimated at $100 per mile-whether prices in cash, or in labor of the people, it is cost. But this is the smallest item of the increase. Nearly $450,000,000 have been expended, in cash, in the last twenty years, upon the means of internal transportation necessary to make available the broad lands of the South-west and West and the labor of those who have settled upon them--and, by so doing, thus called into being an amount of capital far greater than itself. The progress of revenues upon the leading works, is seen in the followng table:

The capital expended, in means of transportation, particularly railways, in

this country, even although it may be lost to its subscribers or stockholders, is

pretty sure to promote accumulations, in other shapes, by making industry and new lands available, to an amount much greater than the cost of the works. In England, the expenditure has been excessive for the country, because the whole was before densely settled-the natural resources well developed and accessible at reasonable cost of transportation. New railroads had not, therefore, the power to reproduce their own cost so rapidly as is done in this country, where the value of land and of the labor bestowed upon it, is much or nothing according to the means of transportation. The value of all surplus productions consists in the facility of transporting them to the places where they are wanted. Coal, at the Pennsylvania mines, is worth $1 00 per ton or less; in New York it is worth from $5 00 to $600. Four-fifths of the value of the coal is in transportation. In like manner, labor, which is always in excess in the city, may be promptly and cheaply transported to the place of demand, where the thrifty laborer may receive a better reward for his industry.

The breadth of land that supplies a city with milk, vegetables and other food, is extended, almost indefinitely, as compared with former times: that is to say, the capital employed in feeding cities has increased to almost a limitless extent, by means of railroads. Without these means of communication, one of two things must have happened, viz.: that cities must have ceased to grow beyond a certain point, or that the general business must yield such profits as would enable citizens to pay extravagant prices for food. The means of obtaining food and fuel now presented, are equal to any demand, at moderate prices; and we have cited some few instances of the manner in which capital is increased by communication. This process is now going on, all over the country, with enhanced rapidity, and the time is yet distant when it will cease to produce its effects. Capital is multiplying, as we have said, in a ratio never before witnessed in any country-as well from immigration as from the cause we have slightly indicated. The application of capital now, is not, as in former years of speculation, in banks, the credits of which were directly applied to the consumption of capital-but, through the construction of works, to its rapid reproduction. Hence, the prospect is of a long season of very general prosperity and advancing prices. The breadth of land which can supply not only the seaboard, but export demand for produce, has become very great; and the external business of the country increases as rapidly; and the returns of goods into the country, in payment of the exports, have been very considerable at the North, swelling the federal revenues to an extraordinary figure. To these large importations have been ascribed the low prices which goods have realized at the North; but, it would seem that the true reason is to be found in the successful competion of the southern States, in the production of articles corresponding with eastern and northern goods, without conflicting much with the finer descriptions imported. The prices which, this year, have been obtained for cotton, have put into the hands of the South the means of entering the field of manufacturing. In order to compare the rise in the value of the cotton crop, we shall take the number of bales exported, from the United States, and the average prices, monthly, in New York; these showing, generally, the average value of the whole exports:

COTTON EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES, SEPT. 1 TO JULY 1.
1849.

1850.

The accuracy of this mode of estimate is tested in the fact, that the exports for 1848 and 1849 are $51,876,069 and $64,655,430, each, for ten months. The official value, for the whole year 1849, is $66,397,701. The value of cotton exported this year, since September 1, exceeds, by nearly $2,000,000, the value of the large crop of 1849, and by $14,500,000 that of 1848. The supply of mills from this source, this year, is quite equal, for the month, that derived from the same source last year, and exceeds, by nearly three millions, that of 1848. It is also to be considered that the stock now in the ports is 404,000, worth 21,412,000, against 289,000 bales, worth $10,115,000. That is to say, there is a value of 114 millions more on hand this year than last; and this is equal to cash. Under all these circumstances the southern interests are prosperous. They have obtained more money for much less cotton-say an average of $52 per bale this year, against $30 last year; or, the whole receipts stand as follows:

That is to say, for 666,000 bales less cotton, $23,624,000 more money has been obtained. Those large planters, therefore, whose crop was near an average, have had a most prosperous year; and the South, as a whole, has had less expense of bale rope and bagging, freight, transportation, etc., for the same value of sales. This has given large means not only for the purchase of goods, but for the establishment of factories; and this latter fact will exert its influence in another year. At the present moment, among the producers of cloth in those sectionsnamely, the northern and middle States, which have hitherto been regarded as the chief seats of manufacturing industry-there appears to be, and doubtless is, something less of that prosperity which, upon an average throughout the whole country, is usually marked. The value of raw material has risen disproportion. ally to the price of fabrics, and although the demand for the latter is good, the supply is more than equal to it. That is to say, notwithstanding that raw material is very high, and manufacturers complain of inadequate prices, they nevertheless buy and work up a larger quantity of the raw material than ever before, in the face of enhanced importations of rival productions. This is an anomaly which puzzles many; but, if we reflect upon the causes which are in operation to stimulate competition, we arrive at something like a solution. We may reflect that political causes, in Europe, have operated to keep goods cheap in Lancashire, and, by so doing, to promote large exports to this side of the Atlantic, at a moment when three incentives to manufacturing rivalry have acted upon the South and West: there are, first, abundance of capital; second, the influence of the improvements in steam power and machinery, emancipating factory labor from water power localities; and, lastly, political motives.

The South has abundance of capital, evinced in the fact, that the crop, thus far delivered, has realized $104,000,000 more money than a heavier delivery last year: that is to say, a quantity diminished by one one-fourth, lessened to the same extent the expenses of freight, packing, weighing, &c., while high rates of exchange, drawn against high values, have enabled the South, as a whole,