tage. To this system of associating enterprise, labor and money, is to be ascribed the rapidly increasing wealth of England, Massachusetts, New-York, &c., and admits, you will perceive, of a multiplication almost indefinite. To illustrate-with your bona fide capital and labor you start a factory. Ten stockholders have each $10,000 in it-in operation it pays them say about 16 per cent.-they desire to build another--they take their stocks to those rich old gentlemen who do not care to embark in those things, and ask to borrow their money on it-they gladly lend it at say 8 per cent.-well, the parties go on and build another, and each factory pays a dividend of 16 per cent., which, together, is 32 per cent.-take the 8 per cent. off they pay for the money borrowed, and it yet leaves 24 per cent, profit on the capital of $10,000 they each own. You may continue this operation, so that conveniently one man may hold $50,000 to $100,000 stock, with only a capital of $10,000 in the beginning-receiving dividends on each, double as large as the interest he has to pay. By this system of increasing manufactures, you afford employment to the unproducing part of our population, invite emigration, and doing all this, it besides attracts labor from cotton producing, thereby checking the supply and consequently augmenting its value. You will find the money at 7 to 8 per cent. interest, much faster and quicker than you can get your machinery manufactured and put up. TABLE of Crops of Cotton of the United States, with the number of bales imported into Europe, from other Countries; also stocks, and Consumption of the United States and Europe, for ten years, ending with 1849, divided into two periods, with the Aggregate and Average of each five years, and the increase or decrease per cent. of one over the other. 1844 Aggregate. Average. 1840 1841 1842 1843 293,000 146,000 222,000 299,000 253,000 1,213,000 243,000 24,000 20,000 12,000 Total crop U. States... 2,178,000 1,635,000 1,684,000 2,380,000 2,030,000 9.907.000 1,982,000 Crop of India, Egypt, Bra zil, &c., Imp. into Europe 473,000 569,000 545,000 523,000 511,000 2,621,000 524,000 Annual Production.... 2,651,000 2,204,000 2,229,000 2,903,000 2,541,000 12,528,000 2,506,000 Stocks" In U. S., 1st Sep. ea. year Total Supply Consumption 52,000 58,000 82,000 32,000 94,000 265,000 464,000 538,000 561,000 785,000 147,000 209,000 223,000 246,000 270,000 ................ 3,115,000 2,935,000 3,072,000 3,742,000 3,690,000 In Great Britain...... 1,305,000 1,160,000 1,249,000 1,412,000 1,441,000 6,569,000 1,313,000 In France.. On the Continentt. 434,000 426,000 441,000 406,000 388,000 2,095,000 419,000 276,000 262,000 315,000 337,000 298,000 1,488,000 298,000 2,105,000 1,848,000 2,005,005 2,155,000 2,095,000 10,150,000 2,030,000 295,000 297,000 268,000 325,000 347,900 1,532,000 306,000 Consumption as per tables 2,310,000 2,145,000 2,273,000 2,480,000 2,474,000 11,682,000 2,336,000 Add to each year those quan tities which have been exported to Foreign ports, and not included in Tables of Consumption, but required to balance....... 4,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 17,000 48,000 10,000 Total Consumption.... 2,314,000 2,251,000 2,282,000 2,492,000 2,491,000 11,720,000 2.346,000 Crop of Atlantie Ports- Charleston.. Virginia... North Carolina.. Atlantic ports.. Crop of Gulf PortsNew-Orleans. Mobile.... Florida..... 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 Aggregate. Average 295,000 192,000 243,000 255,000 391,000 1,376,000 275,000 428,000 251.000 350,000 261,000 458,000 1,748,000 350,000 25,000 8,000 14,000 9,000 18,000 74,000 15,000 12,000 11,000 6,000 2,000 10,000 41,000 8,000 760,000 462,000 613,900 527,000 877,000 3,239,000 648,000 929,000 1,041,000 Texas and other ports.. 706,000 1,191,000 1,094,000 4,961,000 992 000 517,000 423,000 323,000 436,000 519,000 2,218,000 444,000 189,000 141,000 128,000 154,000 200,000 812,000 162,000 34,000 8,000 40,000 39,000 121,000 24,000 Gulf ports.. Atlantic ports. 1,635,000 1,639,000 1,165,000 1,827,000 1,852,000 8,112,000 1,622,000 760,000 462,000 613,000 527,000 877,000 3,239,000 648,000 Total crop U. States... 2,395,000 2,101,000 1,778,000 2,348,000 2,729,000 11,351,000 2,270,000 Crop of India, Egypt. Bra zil, &c., Imp. into Europe 461,000 319,000 481,000 401,000 538,000 2,200,000 440,000 Annual Production.... 2,856,000 2,420,000 2,259,000 2,749,000 3,267,000 13,351,000 2,710,000 Stocks-* In U. S., 1st Sep. ea. year. Great Britain, 1st Jan.... France and the Continent, 1st Jan.. 160,000 94,000 107,000 215,000 172,000 204,000 164,000 73,000 140,000 89,000 Total Supply.......... 4,117,000 3,733,000 2,984,000 3,555,000 4,024,000 Consumption In Great Britain.. On the Continentt In the U. States....... 1,581,000 1,573,000 1,114,000 1,505,000 1,586,000 7,359,000 1,472.000 418,000 405,000 293,000 303,000 399,000 1,818,000 364,000 357,000 345,000 338,000 351,000 492,000 1,883,000 376,000 2,356,000 2,323,000 1,745,000 2,159,000 2,477,000 11,160,000 2,212,000 389,000 423,000 428,000 532,000 518,000 2,290,000 458,000 Consumption as per tables 2,745,000 2,746,000 2,173,000 2,691,000 2,995,000 13,350,000 2,670,000 Add to each year those quan tities which have been ex ported to Foreign ports, and not included in Tables of Consumption, but required to balance...... 50,000 75,000 115,000 175,000 246,000 661,000 132,000 Total Consumption.... 2,795,000 2,821,000 2,288,000 2,866,000 3,241,000 14,011,000 2,802,060 By comparing the first period of five years with the second period of five years, it will be seen the increase at Atlantic Ports has been 11, at Gulf Ports 14 per cent. The production bas increased 7 per cent. The annual consumption in Great Britain has increased 121, on the Cotinent 27, in the United States 50; total increase of Consumption 19 per cent. There has in the same time been a decrease of 20 per cent. of India cottons imported into Europe, and 16 per cent. in the Consumption of Cotton in France. *The Stocks reported 31st December, 1849, in Europe, are 646,000. To 1st September, 1849. in United States, are 155,000, making 801,000 bales. Hamburg, Bremen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Trieste, are only included here, while large quantities have been exported to other ports in the South and North of Europe. EDITORIAL AND LITERARY. 1.-FUGITIVE SLAVES. VERAL of the southern states are about convening in solemn form to deliberate upon the proper course to be pursued by them in reference to the late action of Congress on the various phases of the slave question. We have no doubt that these assemblies will be guided by a high and lofty devotion to the principles which have sustained us in every period of peril; and that their wisdom will not be of that kind which looks only to the day or the hour, but will have reference to the remotest times to come after us. The rights of the south, and the full and unlimited rights of the south under the Constitution, without compromise of any sort, must be preserved, or the Union will become a snare rather than a blessing. We are not children to be frightened by “painted devils," nor madmen, to provoke or invite a danger, which may with honor be avoided; but we are men cognizant of our rights and duties, and brave enough to defend the one and just enough to observe the other. In our fellow-citizens we have an abiding trust, that they will, instigated by no passion nor excitement, take a full and impartial view of the whole subject of our slave relations, which are to us country, life, death-everything; and if there be found safety under the late adjustments, safety present and future to the south, they will accede to these adjustments, and rejoice over them. But if, on the contrary, danger still lowers in the horizon, and the "cry of peace, peace," be heard, “where there is no peace," we believe that our countrymen will act as patriots ever should act, doing and daring, and leaving the consequences to God. We await the judgment of the people on issues so momentous, and when that is given, are prepared to stand by it at every hazard. God grant that the verdict be peace, and that some measure shall be devised for the preservation of this glorious Union, in a manner that may cause no section of it to blush. The south has done too much for the Union not to regard it fondly, as the artist who has just elaborated some stupendous piece of mechanism. Yet no son of hers, however moderate in his views, conciliatory and meek beyond all other men upon the face of the earth, can hesitate a moment, that the progress of free-soilism—agrarianism and abolitionism, are creating fearful breakers for us and our institutions ahead, if we have not our eyes wide about us; and that if we sleep for a single moment, the hand of the madman, ever brandishing his torch, will spring the magazine which shall destroy not us only, but whelm friends and foes alike in one wide ruin. It is no time yet, watchman, to cry "all's well" upon the wall. The late fugitive slave law-one of the measures of adjustment—and which the south had to purchase at much expense, though it should never have been necessary at all, contradicts, as is evident enough now, the whole public sentiment of the north. Though one arrest that we know of has been made under it, no one is blind to the fact that that arrest was made without much publicity. From circumstances since transpired, there is reason to believe, had the affair been generally known, there would have been resistance, and without doubt rescue. If the intelligent people of the north be willing to carry out the law in good faith, there are ignorant or bad men enough to defeat its action, if they will. Already have meetings been held, not of fugitive slaves and free negroes only, but of white men, in many parts, who have solemnly pledged themselves the runaway shall be protected at every hazard. It will be found practically impossible for the southerner, we apprehend, even with this law, to reclaim his fugitive slave, as public sentiment will compel the commissioner, it is said, to resign, if rowdyism does not peril the master's life in the attempt. There is no other country under Heaven where a man can only regain his property when out of his possession, by braving dangers, far beyond those that exist in a state of nature, when each man, with his sword or his rifle, is a law unto himself! We have no faith in this fugitive slave bill, though we shall be rejoiced, if time prove us in error. If efficient, it cannot be concealed that the great state of New-York has practically approved the course of the man who has already proclaimed its repeal. And now that we are upon this subject of free negroes and fugitive slaves, let us give some facts and figures, that will be very interesting to our readers. We have before us a pamphlet, published within the last few months at Washington, with the signature of Randolph of Roanoke, which examines critically many of the questions involved between the north and the south. The author lays down nine principles, all of which we believe to be sound: 1. That the natural increase of the Southern slaves exceeds that of any other condition of men on this continent. 2. That the general census cannot show the fact, because it adds to the natural increase of the white race here, the vast annual accession from foreign emigration; and on the other hand, it allows nothing at all for these vast annual deductions from slave-numbers, which are made through private emancipation, and escape and enfranchisement at the North; and hence, the census gives the white race the precedence in natural increase. 3. This being so, and such the cause, that the white population of the United States about doubles itself in every period of two and a half decennial cycles, or twenty-five years. 4. That the slave population of the United States more than doubles itself in every period of three decennial cycles, , or thirty years, from the natural increase alone. 5. That the free negroes of the Southern States double in about every period of three and a half decennial cycles, or thirty-five years, from the natural increase alone. 6. That the free negroes in the Northern and Western States double in about every period of four decennial cycles, or forty years, from the natural increase alone. 7. That the free negroes of the Southern States are the most stable and least migratory of any class of the population of the United States, if we except their migrations to other slave States. 8. That considerably more of the free negroes migrate from the free States to the slave States, than from the slave States to the free States. 9. That forty-nine fiftieths of all native negroes of the slave States who are found in the free States, are or were fugitive slaves when they left the slave States. Census of Free Negroes in the New-England States from 1810 to 1840. 1810 . 1820 1830 1840 Increase in 30 yrs. Incre. pr. ann. New-England States. 19,487. 20,736. 21,181. 22,625.3 1-6 per cent.....1-10 of 1 p. c. Census of Free Negroes in the six original Slave States, from 1810 to 1840. 1830 . 1840 Increase in 30 yrs. Incre. pr. ann. Orig. Slave States... 84,254.112,578. 145,091. 158,356.60 per cent.......2 per cent. .... 1810 . 1820 Free Negroes in the Middle and Free States, 1810 to 1840. Middle Free States.. 1810 . 1820 1830 1840 Increase in 30 yrs. Incre. pr. am 25,333. 39,279. 44,870. 50,027. 954 per cent.....3 5-6 per cen 7,843. 12,460. 18.303. 21,044.168 22,492. 30,203. 37,970. 48,954.117 1,899. 4,723. 9,538. 17,342.813 New-York.. New-Jersey Pennsylvania. Indiana Ohio Illinois... Michigan. 51 per cent. .31 .27 Total in Mid. States. 59,673 78,545 116,217 149,204 250 per cent, .16 2-3 p. e. 8 per cent. He now goes into a calculation of the actual number of fugitive slaves who have been, or are still protected and sustained at the north, and arrives at results, we confess, which were never apprehended in the tenth part by us. We will give these results, and the course of argumentation which produced them. The author takes the New-England states as least affected by runaway slaves from their position, and finding the rate of increase of the free blacks there, compares it with the rate of increase of the same population in the six original slave states-from the two he forms a mean, which is taken as about the natural rate of increase. This will give a higher rate than the reality, from the fact that some slaves do escape to New-England, and many are manumitted at the south. However, adopting this mean, and contrasting it with the increase of free blacks in the middle or border-line states, the excess of such increase will measure the actual loss which southern slavery has sustained. From this, Randolph makes a deduction of the slaves manumitted at the north since 1810, but whether he has taken a figure high enough, it is impossible, with our limited information, here to say. This deduction is one-fifth of the whole increase above the natural rate, which would seem to be sufficient when it is reflected how large a portion of northern emancipated slaves were shipped off to the south before their freedom could take effect. The following are the figures and facts of the calculation : The increase of population in the United States is unexampled in all the world. Even bating its accession from foreign emigration, and it is still without a rival. As it is, and as I have said, it doubles itself in twenty-five years. The rate of increase, therefore, is four per cent. per annum. Now turn to the free negroes of New England. They have dwindled and dwindled, until they have almost reached a stand still. Their annual increase amounts to but one-tenth of one per cent! They could not double themselves, at that rate, short of four hundred years! The South's fugitive slaves, which New-England is known to shelter and free annually, without compensating their owners, (independently of the large numbers she aids in escaping to Canada,) more than accounts for her entire annual increase, and consequently shows her native negro population gradually wearing out and wasting away. Even the free negroes of the six original slave States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, only show an annual increase of two per cent., but the deficiency is fully accounted for in the migrations of free negroes from the old to the new slave States. But turning from these common-place details, and casting our eyes upon the columns portraying the progress of free negroism, in those of the free States which border on, or are almost equally accessible to the slave States, and lo! what wonders and contrasts strike and astonish us! The very minimum of increase in the seven middle free States, reaches to 3 per cent. per annum, while Massachusetts, with her great free negro thoroughfare of Boston, reaches no higher than to seven-eighths of one per cent. per annum! Why, at the rate of 34 per cent, per annum, they would doubleevery twentyseven years, and it is but one quarter of one per cent. per annum less than the rate of increase of the white population of the United States, and falls but that much short, therefore, of doubling itself in every twenty-five years! So much for the minimum of increase. But what are we to say of the maximum of increase in these States, of this the most sluggish and unthrifty class of people within our borders? On turning to the rolls for Illinois and Michigan, I found these States had been absorbed and deeply intent upon the manufacturing of free negroes, and increasing their store at the amazing rate of upwards of sixteen per cent. per annum, each, and as no community of living mothers ever gave births in quadruples, it was plain that these fabled procreations were but the spoils of felonious plunder, and under the morals of the Free-soilers, that numbers give law, and thefts give title, numerous and valuable slaves are enticed from their owners; and, in association with the vilest and worthliest that shame the earth, they are hidden away in the chrysalis as fugitives from labor, but soon to emerge and take wing as fugitives from justice! Only to think of an increase of sixteen per cent. per annum, the quadruple of that of the United States, and which would double the free negro population of those States every six and a quarter years! But why should I dwell on these cases when there stands Ohio augmenting her free negroes out of the South's fugitive slaves, until her rate of increase per annum has actually attained to twenty-seven per cent., which would nearly double them seven times in twenty-five years, or more than double them every four years; and even such a marvel is lost in the wonder that here stands Indiana by her side, conspicuous over all, in the unexampled augmentation of her free negroes up to 624 per cent. per annum ! At this rate of increase, instead of doubling like the population of the United States, once in twenty-five years, the free negro population of Indiana doubles, and has doubled itself in that time, fifteen times, and in a word, doubles itself every other year, with 124 per cent. per annum of increase to spare! |