exportation of beans, peas, and bean cakes from New Chwang and from Pang-chow (Chefoo) is omitted, and foreign nations can thus rightfully participate in this important branch of the coasting trade.

CLINTON, a village in Hinds co., Mississippi. It is nine miles west of Jackson, on the railroad to Vicksburg. It was the seat of Mississippi College. LCLYDE, COLIN CAMPBELL, Lord, a British general, born in Glasgow, Scotland, October 20th, 1792, died in Chatham, August 14th, 1863. He was of humble parentage on the father's side, but through his mother claimed descent from an ancient Highland family. Removed at an early age from Scotland, to be educated in England, he was appointed in 1808, while a pupil in a military school at Gosport, through the influence of a maternal uncle, ensign in the 8th regiment of foot, with which in-a few days he embarked for the Peninsula. Within three weeks from the time he had quitted the schoolboy's desk at Gosport, he stood in presence of the French at Vimiero. His first experiences in military life were gained in the unfortunate campaign of Sir John Moore, terminating in the glorious fight of Corunna, where, with the remnant of the British army, he embarked for England. Scarcely had he landed from the transport, which bore him home, than he was ordered off to participate in the disastrous Walcheren expedition. A fever, contracted in the marshy plains of Holland, clung to him for more than 30 years, and until he went to China in 1842. "Walcheren," he used to say, "was with me every season." In 1810 he returned to Spain, shared in the battle of Barossa, in 1811, and the defence of Tarifa, 1812, and in the latter year was actively employed in the Spanish corps. In 1813, having meanwhile reached the grade of lieutenant he rejoined the army of Wellington, took part in the battle of Vittoria, was severely wounded while leading a forlorn hope at St. Sebastian, and at the passage of the Bidassoa received a bullet in his thigh. In the succeeding year he was transferred to America, fought at Bladensbarg and New Orleans, and after the peace of Ghent returned to England, where, for many years, he rusted in inactivity. In 1823 he was promoted to a majority, having for the previous ten years been a captain, and, in 1832, Le purchased a lieutenant-coloneley.

The breaking out of war with China, in 1842, Restored him to active military duties, and in command of the 98th regiment he participated in the siege and capture of Chin-Kiang-Foo, and other enterprises. From China he was transferred to India, and, during the Sikh war of 1818-'9, commanded with distinguished bravery the third division of the army of the Panjab. At Ramnuggar, at Chillianwallah, where he was again wounded while directing an important movement, and at Goojerat, he added to his reputation for intrepidity that of a iful tactician; and his conduct at the last of

these battles obtained for him the title of Knight Commander of the Bath, and the thanks of Parliament, and of the East India Company. After conducting some successful operations against the Hill Tribes, in 1851-2, he returned to England, was gazetted a major-general in 1854, and in the same year proceeded to the Crimea, in command of a Highland brigade of three regiments, forming part of the division of the Duke of Cambridge. His Highlanders contributed materially to the victory of the Alma, and at the succeeding action at Balaklava, drawn up in line, they easily repelled an attack of heavy Russian cavalry, eliciting by their coolness the applause of the numerous spectators of the fight. For many months after, Sir Colin held the responsible, but comparatively inactive, post of commander of Balaklava and its works. His reputation as a soldier nevertheless stood high in the army, and after the disgraceful failures of Sir James Simpson and Sir William Codrington, he was designated for the chief command of the British forces in the Crimea, but was prevented by the termination of hostilities from assuming that office. He returned to England with the army, was appointed a lieutenant-general in 1856, and prepared to enjoy his much-needed repose.

Short respite, however, was allowed him. In 1857 occurred the dreadful mutiny of the Sepoys in India, and. at twenty-four hours' notice, Sir Colin embarked for that country to assume the supreme command in Bengal, arriving at Calcatta, August 14th, thirty-two days after the issue of his commission. Organizing his forces as rapidly as circumstances would permit, he marched in October for Lucknow, where Gens. Havelock and Outram were heroically holding out against an overwhelming force of the enemy, commanded by Nena Sahib. On November 21st, he forced his way into the city, but the preponderance of the Sepoys over his army and the garrison united, being too great to admit of successful operations on the part of the Europeans, he succeeded by a clever ruse in withdrawing through the enemy's lines toward Cawnpore, where, on December 6th, he dealt the Nena a blow which may be said to have broken the strength of the rebellion.. Making Cawnpore his centre of operations, he organized a series of combined movements which resulted in driving the rebels into Oude, where, during, the succeeding year, they were gradually dispersed and subdued, the contest assuming, finally, the character of a guerilla warfare. On February 1st, 1859, he was enabled to declare the campaign in Oude at an end, and having accomplished the pacification of a country which, at the time of his arrival, seemed almost lost to British rule, he returned home to receive the well-merited honors and congratulations which his sovereign and country united in bestowing upon him.

During his absence in India, he had been raised to the peerage as Baron Clyde of Clydesdale, and had received the thanks of Parlia

ment and a pension. In 1860 he was appointed colonel of the Coldstream Guards and in 1862 a neid-marshal, and he had at various times been enrolled among the chief military orders of Great Britain, France, Sardinia, and Turkey. Thenceforth his declining health, undermined by long and arduous services in the field, permitted him to undertake no active duties. At a review of volunteers at Brighton in 1862, he took the command at the request of the higher powers; but, at the close, he said it was his last day in the field, and he shaved off his moustache as a sign that he had retired from active service. Within a twelvemonth occurred his final illness.

In person, Lord Clyde was well knit, symmetrical and graceful, and though late in life his shoulders became somewhat bowed, he lost little of the activity of his prime. "To the last," says a writer in the London "Times," "his teeth remained full and firm in the great square jaws, and his eye pierced the distance with all the force of his youthful vision. His crisp gray locks still stood close and thick, curling over the head and above the wrinkled brow, and there were few external signs of the decay of nature, which was, no doubt, going on within, accelerated by so many wounds, such fevers, such relentless, exacting service." Measured by the exploits of other commanders, Lord Clyde cannot be classed among the great generals of the present century, although, in consequence of the dearth of military talent in Great Britain, he stood, at the time of his death, head and shoulders above his contemporaries. As a brave, prudent, and honest soldier he will always hold an honorable place in the annals of British warfare; and he will be especially remembered by the rank and file of the army, as one who understood their character and virtues better, perhaps, than any other; who constantly looked after their comforts, and who, bearing in mind from what humble beginnings he had himself risen to the highest honors of his profession, wished to make merit, and not influence, the key to advancement.

COCKERELL, CHARLES ROBERT, emeritus professor of architecture, in the Royal Acad.emy, born in London in 1788, died at his residence in Chester Terrace, Regent's Park, aged 75 years. Ilis father, an eminent architect, sent him, at an early age, to Westminster School, and from thence took him into his own office, where he studied for some years, perfecting his taste for the pencil and making such proficiency that, in 1809, he became confidential assistant to Sir R. Smirke, who was then engaged in rebuilding the Covent-garden Theatre. His love of adventure, combined with a desire for a wider field from whence to draw knowledge, led him, in 1810, to secure a safe conduct to the East. Accordingly he sailed in a sloop of war, intrusted by the Under Secrerary for Foreign Affairs with despatches for the embassy at Constantinople. Here he pass ed some months in the society of Byron, Hob

house, Stratford Canning, and others of taste and genius; but Greece was the country of his longing, and he was impatient to realize the dreams which had so long dazzled his imagination. At Athens, where he arrived in autumn of the same year, he associated himself with Haller of Hallerstein, the eminent Bavarian; with Linck and Stackelberg; and Foster, an architect of Liverpool; and, purchasing the right of establishing themselves on the island of Ægina, they gave themselves up to the laborious but pleasant work of excavating the valuable specimens of sculpture near the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius. Here they were exposed to many dangers, not of climate only, but the island itself was a stronghold of pirates, while the mainland swarmed with banditti, who, at

66

later period, held Stackelberg a prisoner for ransom, and made cartridges of his valuable drawings. As a reward of their perils, they made, among other important discoveries, that of the celebrated Æginetan marbles, now at Munich. An article on these sculptures, from the pen of Mr. Cockerell, appeared in the "Quarterly Journal of Science," 1819; but the beautiful and elaborate work in which they, together with the treasures from Bassæ, are described and criticized, was not brought out by him until 1860. In 1811 they set sail for the port of Pyrga, and from thence took a fatiguing land journey, and, arriving at an Arcadian village, in the immediate neighborhood of which stood the remains of a temple of Apollo Epicarius, with indications of buried treasure, they again commenced their research, which resulted in the discovery of the Phigaleian marbles, now to be seen in the British Museum. Their labors at Bassæ being interrupted by the opposition of the police authorities, he left that country and returned to Athens. Subsequently he went to Sicily, and spent the greater part of 1812 in Syracuse and Agrigentum, a visit which resulted in his work, published at a later date, on the temple of Jupiter Olympus, or the "Temple of the Giants," as it is there styled. After a severe attack of fever, he resumed his travels, visiting Thebes and Delphi, and other haunts of classic fame. In 1814 he visited the Seven Churches of Asia Minor, and investigated Pompeii and other points of interest, and subsequently spent some time in Rome, where he was welcomed with open arms by the artistic circles there, and brought into intimate companionship with Caristie, Handelbourg, Mazois, In gres, and other distinguished men. In 1816 he was at Florence, where, by his arrange ment of the group of Niobe, he solved a long vexed question, and left to the city of the Medici a lasting memento of his perception and skill. Returning in the ensuing spring to England, he found that his fame had preceded him. Business flowed at once to his office, and before the year 1825 he had executed many valuable and important pieces of workmanship, Among them, the Hanover Chapel in Regent

street, Lampeter College, and the Bristol Institution of Science. He designed the London and Westminster Bank, the Taylor Buildings at Oxford, the Sun Fire Office in Threadneedle street, the Church of St. Bartholomew, and completed the St. George's Hall at Liverpool, the architect, Elwes, having been worn out with the work. In 1819 he was appointed surveyor of St. Paul's, which office he held till his final retirement from the profession. About the year 1832 he became architect of the Bank of England, and in that capacity executed important works, not only at headquarters, but also at Bristol, Liverpool, Manchester, and Plymouth. In his efforts for the advancement of art, he was eminently catholic and liberal. He was long a director of the School of Design at Somerset House, and was connected with the Royal Academy, where he held a position of much influence. He was for forty years treasurer of the Artists' General Benevolent Institution; was president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, receiving the first gold medal awarded by her Majesty to the institute. He was also a member of the Dilletante Society, and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. His honors were not confined to his own country. He was appointed one of the eight foreign members of the Institute of France, in 1841; was a member of the Royal Academies of Bavaria, Belgium, Copenhagen; of the Society of Arts of Geneva; of the Archæological Society of Athens, and of the Institute of Architects of New York, in 1860. He was the author of a preface to the "Iconography of the West Front of Wells Cathedral," and of many valuable papers written for the Archæological Institute.

COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES OF, a federal republic in South America, which, until September 20th, 1861, was called New Granada. The area of the republic is estimated at 521,943 English square miles. It consists at present of nine States, beside the Federal District of Bogota; the names, capitals, and population of which are exhibited in the following table:

floating debt, 68,100: total, 488,204. The army, which is divided into four army corps, was to consist, according to the law of August 24th, 1861, of 19,385 men. The importations amounted in the year 1856-57, to 3,255,873 piastres; the exportations, 7,064,584.

An important revolution broke out in this republic at the beginning of the year 1860. The Liberal party, under the leadership of Gen. Mosquera, rose against the constitutional President Ospina, who had entered upon the presidential office, on April 1st, 1857, as the successful candidate of the conservative or Federalist party. On July 18th, 1861, Mosquera took possession of Bogota, the federal capital, deposed President Ospina, and assumed the reins of Government. The Federalist party continued to have control of the southern portion of the republic, with Antioquia as the seat of Government. The representatives of the Liberal States met in a Congress at Bogota, which closed on October 20th, 1861. They assumed the name United States of Colombia, and adopted a new constitution, according to which the legislative bodies of the republic were to be a Senate, consisting of three senators from each of the new States, and a Chamber of Representatives, chosen by the nine States and the Federal District, at the rate of one representative for every 50,000 souls, and every fraction over 20,000.

Gen. Ca

The leader of the troops of the conservative party, Gen. Arboleda, was assassinated in November, 1862, and was succeeded in the command of the Federalist army by Gen. Canal. On December 29th, 1862, an agreement was made between Gen. Canal and Gen. Mosquera, which put an end to the civil war. nal, together with his troops, submitted to the Government of the United States of Colombia, which, in its turn, pledged itself to grant a complete amnesty. On February 4th, 1863, deputies of all the States met at Rio Negro, in the State of Antioquia, to form a constitutional convention. Gen. Mosquera resigned to the convention the dictatorial power which had been conferred upon him on September 20th, 1861, and the convention appointed a Provisional Government, composed of five ministers, who were to remain in office during the organization of the constitution. The new liberal constitution was proclaimed on April 23d, 1863. According to its provisions, each State administers its local affairs independently of the Federal Government. Congress and the President are elected by the States. Gen. Mosquera was appointed Provisional President until the 1st of April, 1864, when the President elected during the year 1863 by the people, was to take his place. During the existence of the Provisional Presidency, there was to be no fixed capital, Gen. Mosquera having the power to move it where he pleased. Among the provisions of the new constitution was one granting religious liberty, and another confiscating the church property. This called forth an en

cyclical letter from the pope to the bishops of the republic, condemning both the confiscation of the church property, and the establishment of religious toleration, and urging the bishops to use the whole influence of the Church for the repeal of these features of the constitution. At the end of the year the conflict between Church and State had not terminated.

In the latter months of the year, a war broke out between the United States of Colombia and Ecuador. Gen. Mosquera, whose course in bringing about these hostilities was generally censured by the press of South America, victoriously advanced into Ecuador. On December 30th, peace was restored between the two republics by a treaty, which, at the same time, established between them free trade.

At the presidential election held toward the close of the year, Senor Murillo, the minister of the republic at Washington, was elected. His term of office begins in April, 1864.

A revolution of the conservative party against the Government of the republic, broke out in November, 1863, in the State of Antioquia, but it did not assume large dimensions, and seemed to be nearly et an end at the close of the year. COMMERCE. The year 1863 has not exhibited much advance in a commercial point of view. The expectations that had been entertained of an immediate renewal of trade as a necessary consequence of the opening of the Mississippi, and the continued occupation of the Atlantic coast of South and North Carolina, and the penetration of the troops into the Texan country, have not been realized; and the foreign commerce of the country has greatly contracted in face of the improved harvests in Europe. These have enabled the people to dispense with much of the breadstuffs and provisions which were the main staples of the national export. The official statement of the Treasury Department gives the following returns of the trade of the Union for the fiscal years 1862 and 1863. The fiscal year ends June 30th.

There remains $20,000,000, which has been met by the sale of California and Canada bills, which have been sent: in the former case against gold shipped from San Francisco, and in the latter case against gold carried unreported to Canada. There is, however, a correction to be made from this result, since the exports of goods from California have been on a specie valuation. The currency in that State has continued to be in the precious metals, and, as a consequence, prices of commodities there have maintained their specie values. The prices in New York and San Francisco on the same day were as follows for the same articles:

The exports of wheat from San Francisco to England declined. This wheat is of a quality which commands 10 per cent. higher price than that of the Western States. Wheat therefore has ceased to be an article of export from the Atlantic States into California in exchange for gold.

The duties, under the existing tariff, weighed heavily upon the imports. The value of dutiable goods imported as above was $202.731.989. and the amount of duty paid was $69,059,642, or an average of 34 per cent. The cost was therefore as follows:

Invoice cost of Imports..

Advance in exchange, 50 per ct. $101.265.969
Duties,
Gold for exchange,

Total cost landed.

84 50 66

.$202,731,909

69.039,642 $4,529,521 204.973.432 . $407,687,971 This cost is exclusive of freight, insurance, storage, labor, commission, &c., which raised the cost to fully 150 per cent. of the invoice prices. These imports include large quantities of those raw materials, cotton, wool, naval stores, &c., that formerly were our staple exports, but which now must be imported at case of many articles of importation the rate high cost to feed the manufactories. In the len goods 234 per cent., and on linens 164 was much higher, reaching on ordinary weolper cent. The high cost of importation naturally checked in some degree the consumption gave a new impulse to business, and the stocks of goods; but the growing abundance of money of goods generally diminished as the year drew to a close.

The imports at the port of New York monthly for the year are shown in the following table:

The volume of goods imported rose considerably from month to month during the year, and the quantity which was entered for consumption was much affected by the price of gold. The first months of the year, when gold underwent a rapid rise, and Congress authorized large issues of legal tenders, the desire to buy goods was very active and strong. There was a prevailing belief in a continual and rapid decline of paper as compared to commodities, which naturally indicated a desire to hold the most stable values, and large quantities of goods changed hands for investment. The estimates of the probable consumption of goods, as well imported as domestic, did not apparently, however, take fully into account the influence of high prices in checking this consumption. The stocks of goods in the country were known to be insufficient as measured by the usual scale of consumption, but the high prices which special duties and paper threw upon the goods greatly diminished this scale. In illustration of this effect are the figures of some leading imported articles.

of dealers at the close of the year were unusually small. The necessities of the times compelled the transaction of business mostly on a cash basis, and this of itself tended to make the trade of the year more safe and consequently more profitable. The following synopsis will, however, show a largely diminished number of failures for the past year as compared with the preceding one, and a remarkable decrease when compared with the average number in a normal condition of the country. This is accounted for chiefly by the check given to speculation, the heavy rise in the prices of goods, and the disposition shown by merchants, in view of the uncertain prospect which the future presented, to profit by the opportunities offered and place themselves in shape to meet any emergency. The number of failures has diminished in uniform ratio throughout the Northern and Western States.

The liabilities of the partner firms in the last two years have been as follows:

Boston..

2,013,000

1.188,000

bbls.

1860, 177,111.923 47,818,877 930,229,400 83,059 113,565 1961. 197,045,786 40,191,556 814,957,560 34,150 55,900 1862. 88,939,911 | 62,668,400 963,600,640 20.536 49,790 1968. 79,719,641 37,569,088 636,849,920 8.220 14,253

The decline here apparent pertains to almost all articles of consumption, and arises from the common cause of enhanced prices. The effect of this diminished consumption was to disappoint, to some extent, the anticipations of a continued rapid rise in goods; the more so, as a reaction in the price of gold set in, which, being equivalent to a rise in Federal stocks, attracted to them the money that had previously sought merchandise as an investment. With the summer months, the stock of imported goods became greatly diminished, and with the autumn trade a renewed activity sprung up. The decline in gold and exchange from 72 in February, to 25 in August, naturally operated against activity in trade, because it was virtually a fall in the prices of merchandise and a rise in the value of stocks. When, however, in August, gold again began to rise, under the renewed activity of the autumn trade, importations were renewed with much vigor, notwithstanding which the supplies of goods in the hands

Total N. States and British Prov..$26,341,888 $10,467,000 The insignificant figures here presented, may be appreciated by comparison with former years. Thus, in 1857, the failures in New York city were $135,129,000; for 1858, $17,773,462; in 1859, $13,218,000; and these were reduced to only $2,035,000 for the past year. In Philadelphia, the failures in 1857 were $32,954,500; in Boston, they were $41,010,000. The figures have now become, therefore, quite nominal.

The large number of houses that have, from various causes, either failed or ceased business in the prominent cities since the war began, has left the trade in the hands of comparatively few, whose ample means enabled them to lay in their stocks in the beginning of the year at low figures. The rapid advance in price of all merchandise, with a steady, but not excessive demand, has made the year's business a more than usually profitable one to importers_and jobbers; while the purchases have not been on so large a scale as in peaceful times, the enhanced value of goods has increased the amount beyond precedent. The retail trade has been equally prosperous.