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the public in the smaller publications of 1901 1902 and 1903. 27. The state's attorney who has been indefatigable in the effort to obtain evidence against Magill the detective on the case and the special grand jurymen are all puzzled.

LXXVIII. Study Rule 278.
tences, filling the blanks with
Latin, Greek, Dutch, Indian, or Spanish: 1. In the battle
captain met a

Write the following sen- Capitals
English, French, German,

the

and

books entertained him, while he drank

corporal. 2. Some

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Study Rule 275. Write a composition about a calendar, using the names of all the days of the week, all the months, and the four seasons.

LXXIX. Write the following passage, correctly punctu- General ating, capitalizing, and paragraphing it: The principal exercise in peculiarity of professor collins was absent-mindedness this spelling, often led him to mislay or lose articles necessary to his punctuat business such as books lecture notes etc one day as he and ing, capitalizing, another professor were walking down a street in the village italicizing, in which the college was situated professor collins suddenly and parastopped looked perplexed and said why my notes for to-day's graphing lecture have disappeared oh that's all right said his friend smiling give an impromptu lecture the subject is too complicated for that answered professor collins truly this is serious if I don't find those notes soon I must disappoint my class of forty law students what is that in your hand asked his friend a package I intended to mail at that last post-box was the answer it contains some copies of the law review my notes were in a separate envelope of about the same size wait for me a minute said the other professor with a knowing look he went to the post-box which they had passed a minute before and took from the top of it a large envelope this he brought to professor collins saying don't lose these necessary things again professor collins delighted at being relieved from the anxiety which he had been suffering seized the package and said gratefully as Longfellow puts it thanks thanks to thee my worthy friend oh never fear I'll not lose them again at least not to-day.

APPENDIX B

A Grammatical Vocabulary explaining Grammatical and Other Technical Terms used in this Book

Absolute.

A substantive with a modifier (usually a participle) attached to a predication but having no syntactic relation to any noun or verb in the predication is called an absolute substantive. An absolute substantive and its modifier are together called an absolute phrase. The italicized part of the following sentence is an absolute phrase: "The wind being favorable, they embarked.” For other examples see Rules 132 a and 132 b.

Active voice. See Voice.

Adjective. A word used to modify or limit the meaning of a substantive; e.g., black, human, old, beautiful, metallic, dry.

Adjective clause. A clause used to modify a substantive in the manner of an adjective; e.g., "The rain that fell yesterday was a blessing" (the italicized clause modifies the noun "rain"); "The house where he used to live is vacant" (the italicized clause modifies the noun "house"); "There was once a city on the outskirts of which lay a pestilential morass" (the italicized clause modifies the noun 'city"). Adjective clauses are often called relative clauses.

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Adjunct. Modifiers and predicate substantives or predicate adjectives have the general name of adjuncts. A modifier is said to be an adjunct of the sentence-member it modifies; a predicate substantive or adjective is said to be an adjunct of the verb it completes.

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Adverb. A word used to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs; e.g., slowly, politely, accurately, very, too, then, up, down, out. Adverbial clause. A clause used to modify an adjective, an adverb, or a verb; e.g., "He is greater than his father was (the italicized clause modifies the adjective greater "); "He walked faster than I did" (the italicized clause modifies the adverb "faster"); "I will come if my salary is paid when it is due " (the clause "if . . . paid" modifies the verb "will come ; the clause "when... due " modifies the verb "is paid ").

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Adverbial substantive. A substantive used to limit adverbially an adjective, an adverb, or a verb; e.g., "It is worth ten cents ("ten cents" limits the adjective "worth "); "He walked two miles farther " ("two miles" limits the adverb "farther"); "He walked two miles ("two miles " limits "walked" adverbially). Antecedent. The word, as used in this book, means the substantive to which any pronoun refers. In the sentence "He who runs may read," "he" is the antecedent of "who." In the sentence "He picked up a stone and threw it," """stone" is the antecedent of "it."

Anticlimax. See Climax.

Appositive. A substantive attached to another substantive and denoting the same person or thing by a different name is called an appositive, or is said to be in apposition with the substantive modified. In the sentence "Edward the king is enjoying his favorite sport,-yachting,' "king" is in apposition with "Edward," and "yachting" is in apposition with "sport."

Article. The word the is called the definite article; the word a or an is called the indefinite article.

Auxiliary. The verbs be, have, do, shall, will, may, can, must, and ought, with their inflectional forms (e.g., was, am, did, should, might, could, etc.) when they assist in forming the voices, modes, and tenses of other verbs, are called auxiliaries. The italicized words following are auxiliaries: "Have you gone?" "I did not see," "He has not been heard," "I should be grieved if it was broken.”

Cardinal number. The words one, two, three, and the corresponding words for other numbers are cardinal numbers; the words first, second, third, etc., are ordinal numbers.

Case. The different forms that a substantive takes when it stands in different syntactic relations are called cases. The form or pair of forms (singular and plural) that a substantive takes when it is the subject of a finite verb is called the nominative case; the form or pair of forms that it takes when it modifies another substantive by indicating a possessor is called the possessive case; the form or pair of forms that it takes when it is the object of a verb or a preposition is called the objective case. The three cases of typical nouns and of the principal pronouns that are inflected are shown in the tables of declension under Substantive. It will be observed that in the nouns the nominative and objective cases are identical, but that in the pronouns they are (with the exception of the nominative and objective singular of it) distinct.

Causal conjunction. A conjunction that introduces a statement of cause or reason; e.g., for (coördinating); because and since (subordinating).

Clause. A group of words composed of a subject and a predicate and combined with another group of words likewise composed. In the sentence (a)" When I awake, I am still with thee," the two groups of words separated by the comma are clauses. A clause that plays the part of a constituent element (a subject, a predicate substantive, a modifier, etc.) in the clause with which it is combined is a dependent or subordinate clause (see Substantive clause, Adjective clause and Adverbial clause). A clause that does not form a constituent part of another, but makes an independent assertion, is a principal clause. The italicized groups of words in the following sentences are principal clauses: (b)"If the rope breaks, he is lost." (c) "The bell sounded, and every one rose." A principal clause on which a subordinate clause depends is called a governing clause; e.g., the principal clause in sentence b, above. Clauses that play the same part in

a sentence, whether they are alike principal or alike dependent, are called coördinate clauses. See, e.g., the two principal clauses in sentence c, above; and the two dependent clauses in the following sentence: (d) "Though I am tired, and though my shoes pinch, I am going on."

Climax. A series of assertions or coördinate sentence-elements so arranged that each one is stronger or more impressive than the preceding one. See, e.g., the sentences marked Improved under Rule 89. A series of assertions or sentence-elements decreasing in strength or impressiveness is an anticlimax. See, e.g., the sentences marked Weak under Rule 89.

Common noun.

A noun used to designate any member of a class; e.g., man, ruler, country, city, street, building. A noun used to distinguish an individual member of a class from other members is a proper noun; e.g., John, Anderson, Cæsar, Germany, Boston, Broadway, Acropolis. A proper name is an appellation of any kind (including proper nouns) used to distinguish an individual person or thing; e.g., Henry the Second (or Henry II.), Revolutionary War, First National Bank, Democratic Party, Second Presbyterian Church, Domesday Book, Forty-first Street, Ohio River, Niagara Falls, Edgar County, Calegonian Literary Society, Sumner High School, Columbia College, Morningside Park.

Comparative. See Comparison.

Comparison. When an adjective or an adverb is in the inflectional form that simply designates a quality or manner without indicating the degree in which that quality or manner is present, it

is said to be in the positive degree; this form is, with a few exceptions, the shortest form the word can have, -e.g., sweet, strong, fast, hard. An adjective or an adverb is said to be in the comparative degree (1) when it is in the form which indicates that the quality or manner is present in a greater measure relatively to some standard (i.e., with a few exceptions, the form ending in er; as sweeter, stronger, faster, harder), or (2) when its positive form is combined with more (e.g., more sweet, more strong, more rapidly, more laboriously). An adjective or an adverb is in the superlative degree (1) when it is in the inflectional form ending in st (e.g., sweetest, strongest, most, best), or (2) when its positive form is combined with most (e.g., most sweet, most rapidly). The formation of the three degrees of an adjective or an adverb is called comparison.

Complex sentence. A sentence that contains a dependent clause. See, e.g., sentences a, b, and d under Clause.

Compound sentence. Two or more principal clauses connected by coördinating conjunctions; or two or more principal clauses not connected by conjunctions, but written with such punctuation and capitalization, or spoken with such slight pauses between them, as will indicate that they are combined. See, e.g., sentence c under Clause, and the following sentences: (a) “I came, I saw, I conquered." (b) "Must I obey you? must I crouch before you?"

Conditional. See Mode.

Conjunction. A word used to connect one word with another or one group with another; e.g., and, if, for. Conjunctions may be distinguished from prepositions (q.v.) by the following fact: Any conjunction can be used to connect one predication with another (e.g., "I opened the door when he rapped"), — an office which a preposition cannot perform; one of the two elements connected by a preposition must always be a substantive (e.g., "He fell into the cold water"). — Coördinating conjunctions are those which, when they join two predications, make those predications of equal rank, — neither dependent on the other; e.g., "I called and they came. The principal coördinating conjunctions are the simple conjunctions, and, but, or, nor, neither, and for; the correlative conjunctions, both. and, either. or, neither. . . nor; and the conjunctive adverbs, so, also, therefore, hence, however, nevertheless, moreover, accordingly, besides, thus, then, still, and yet. - Subordinating conjunctions are those which, when they join two predications make one of those predications subordinate to the other; e.g., "They came when I called." The principal subordinating conjunctions are if, though, whether, lest, unless, than, as, that, because, since, when, while, after, whereas, provided.

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