which reflects in greater or less degree almost every aspect of the national life of the time. There are two volumes for each year, and vol. LX. begins with the issue for March 6, 1841. The files of the National Intelligencer (Washington, 1800-1870), The Enquirer (Richmond, 18041906), the Evening Post (New York, 1746, 1794-1795, 1801-1906), the New York Tribune (1841-1906), the Courier-Journal (Louisville, 1831-1906), are also very useful. Highly important for the study of industrial, educational, and social conditions, especially in the South, are De Bow's Commercial Review (34 vols., 1846-1864; 8 vols., 18661870) and the Southern Literary Messenger (36 vols., 18341864; revived and three numbers issued in 1890).

BIOGRAPHIES

Some of the most serviceable of these are George Ticknor Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster (2 vols., 1870); George Ticknor Curtis, Life of James Buchanan (2 vols., 1883); Ivory Chamberlain, Biography of Millard Fillmore (1856); and the following volumes of the American Statesman series: Carl Schurz, Henry Clay (2 vols., 1892); Henry Cabot Lodge, Daniel Webster (1883); Hermann von Holst, John C. Calhoun (1882); Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, Lewis Cass (1891); Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Hart Benton (1887); Edward M. Shepard, Martin Van Buren (1888); John Torrey Morse, John Quincy Adams (1882); Albert Bushnell Hart, Salmon Portland Chase (1899).

THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT OF POPULATION

Most important here are The Seventh Census of the United States (supt., J. D. B. De Bow); and Bureau of the U. S. Census (director, S. N. D. North), Bulletin No. 8 (1904), entitled Negroes in the United States; Turner, New West (American Nation, XV.), chaps. v-viii. Especially useful also are the following works by H. H. Bancroft, History of the North Mexican States and Texas (2 vols.,

1886-1889, II.; History of California (7 vols., 1886-1890), IV.-VI.; History of the Northwest Coast (2 vols., 1886), II.; History of Oregon (2 vols., 1886-1888). A good check on Bancroft's work is Theodore H. Hittell, History of California (4 vols., 1886-1897). The most valuable feature of Bancroft's writings is the bibliography: he worked largeley through paid assistants, whose results he appropriated without credit. His methods are described with a considerable degree of frankness in his Literary Industries (Works, XXXIX.), in which he names, with brief appreciations, a number of his helpers and tells of his relations with them. As to the actual authorship of the different volumes of the series, see William Alfred Morris, "The Origin and Authorship of the Bancroft Pacific States Publications," etc., in the Oregon Historical Society, Quarterly, IV., 287-364. Whatever advantages there may have been in the method, the natural outcome of its application to a field so large and so little worked was the production of a mass of historical fact which, while exceedingly valuable in its details, is too often ill digested and ill organized and fails to reflect adequately the deep human significance and scientific importance of the collective life it seeks to describe. Nevertheless, Bancroft was a genuine path-breaker, and his works are indispensable to the investigator. The enormous and rich collection of materials, manuscript and printed, for southwestern history made by him, which contains much that is of special value for the period of this volume, has lately been acquired by the University of California.

The most complete collection of published material for the study of the Anglo-American colonization of Texas is in A Comprehensive History of Texas (edited by Dudley G. Wooten; 2 vols., 1898), pt. ii., chaps. i.-ix., which consist of a series of studies relative to Austin's colony by Guy M. Bryan, made up largely of documents from the papers of Stephen F. Austin, now in the possession of the University of Texas. A good account of another empresario settlement is Ethel Zivley Rather, "De Witt's

Colony," in the Texas State Historical Association, Quarterly, VIII., 95-192. A brief survey of the colonizing movement will be found in George P. Garrison, Texas (1902), in the American Commonwealths series. A treatment of the same subject on an enlarged scale that is, on the whole, excellent, is in Henderson Yoakum, History of Texas from its First Settlement in 1685 to its Annexation to the United States in 1846 (2 vols., 1856), which is reprinted in A Comprehensive History of Texas, with valuable annotations, but without the appendices, which are also highly valuable.

For the immigration to Oregon and California, works that are all more or less useful, are: Gustavus Hines, A Voyage Round the World, with a History of the Oregon Mission, etc. (1850); W. H. Gray, A History of Oregon, 1792-1849 (1870); Robert Greenhow, The History of Oregon and California, etc. (1844); Francis Parkman, The California and Oregon Trail, being Sketches of Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life (1849), fifth edition, illustrated by Remington, entitled The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life (1892); Lee and Frost, Ten Years in Oregon (1844); Mrs. Frances Fuller Victor, The River of the West (1870); Josiah Royce, California (1886), in the American Commonwealths series; J. C. Frémont, Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the Years 1843-44 (1845), printed as Senate Documents, 28 Cong., I Sess., No. 174; Peter H. Burnett, Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer (1880); J. Tyrwhitt Brooks, Four Months among the Gold-Finders in California (1849); Hinton Rowan Helper, Land of Gold; Reality vs. Fiction (1855); Alfred Robinson, Life in California during a Residence of Several Years in that Territory (1846).

ANNEXATION OF TEXAS

A detailed description of the earliest phase of this movement is George P. Garrison, "The First Stage of the

Movement for the Annexation of Texas," in the American Historical Review, X., 72–96. Useful monographs dealing with the subject are Sam Bell Maxey, "The Annexation of Texas to the United States," in A Comprehensive History of Texas, 1685-1897, I., pt. ii., chap. xiv.; Z. T. Fulmore, "The Annexation of Texas and the Mexican War," in Texas State Historical Association, Quarterly, V., 28-48; and J. L. Worley, "The Diplomatic Relations of England and the Republic of Texas," ibid., IX., 1-40. Among the most important sources for the history of annexation are: House Documents, 25 Cong., 1 Sess., I., 40 (correspondence relative to the first proposition from Texas); House Documents, 27 Cong., 2 Sess., V., 271 (correspondence relative to the relations with Texas, submitted by Tyler to the House, July 22, 1842); Senate Documents, 28 Cong., 1 Sess., V., 341, 345, 349 (treaty and correspondence relative thereto); ibid., VI., 351, 361, 367 (concerning attitude of England towards slavery and annexation); House Documents, 28 Cong., 1 Sess., VI., 271 (Tyler's message of June 10, 1844, to House with accompanying documents, largely identical with Senate Documents, V., 341); Senate Documents, 28 Cong., 2 Sess., III., 79 (report of Senate committee on foreign relations adverse to joint resolution as passed by House); House Documents, 29 Cong., 1 Sess., I., 2 (correspondence submitted with Polk's first annual message). Various documents of the 25th to the 29th Congresses contain petitions and resolutions of groups of individuals, public meetings, legislatures, etc., relating to annexation, which can be located by using the Table and Index mentioned under "Bibliographical Aids."

THE MEXICAN WAR

A detailed account of the war will be found in H. H. Bancroft, History of Mexico (6 vols., 1883-1888), V. William Jay, A Review of the Causes and Consequences of the Mexican War (1849), while maintaining the untenable "conspiracy" theory and unduly emphasizing the influ

ence of slavery, supports his argument with a collection of facts well worth attention. Abiel Abbot Livermore, The War with Mexico Reviewed (1850), was written for a prize offered by the American Peace Society; it should be read by those who wish to understand the different contemporaneous views of the war. Of special value for insight and judicial illuminating exposition are Edward G. Bourne, "The United States and Mexico, 1847-1848," in The American Historical Review, V., 491-502; and Jesse S. Reeves, "The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo," ibid., X., 309–324. The most satisfactory account of the military operations is R. S. Ripley, The War with Mexico (2 vols., 1849); but worthy of mention are also Marcus J. Wright, General Scott (1894), and Oliver Otis Howard, General Taylor (1892)— both in the Great Commanders series. Scott's share in the war may be studied in his Memoirs (usually cited as his "Autobiography"), which, however, must be used with caution. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs (2 vols., 18851886; revised ed., 1895), I., deals at some length with the Mexican War, and is a valuable authority. The campaigns in northern Mexico may be followed in John T. Hughes, Doniphan's Expedition; containing an Account of the Conquest of New Mexico, etc. (1847); H. H. Bancroft, History of California (7 vols., 1886-1890), V. and VI., and History of Arizona and New Mexico (1889); Josiah Royce, California (1886).

The documents of the 24th to the 30th Congresses contain an enormous amount of material relating to the causes of the war and the war itself, through which the reader can best find his way with the help of the Table and Index to that series already named. This material consists mainly of congressional reports, correspondence, etc., concerning the relations of the United States with Mexico, and various aspects of the war, such as the enlistment and organization of the troops, transportation and supplies, operations in the field, the government of the conquered territory, etc. Some of the most important documents are House Documents, 24 Cong., 2 Sess., III., 139 (relative