with Shakspeare, whom we behold defying the encroachments of time, retaining in modern use the language and literature of his day, and giving duration to many an indifferent author, merely from having flourished in his vicinity. But even he, I grieve to say, is gradually assuming the tint of age, and his whole form is over-run by a profusion of commentators, who, like clambering vines and creepers, almost bury the noble plant that upholds them."

Here the little quarto began to heave his sides and chuckle, until at length he broke out in a plethoric 53 fit of laughter that had well nigh choked him, by reason of his excessive corpulency.,,Mighty well!" cried he, as soon as he could recover breath,,,mighty well! and so you would persuade me that the literature of an age is to be perpetuated by a vagabond deerstealer! by a man without learning: by a poet, forsooth poet!" And here he wheezed forth another fit of laughter.

a

I confess that I felt somewhat nettled at this rudeness, which I ascribed to his having flourished in a less polished age. I determined, nevertheless, not to give up my point.

,,Yes," resumed I, positively 54,,,a poet; for of all writers he has the best chance for immortality. Others may write from the head, but he writes from the heart, and the heart will always understand him. He is the faithful portrayer of nature, whose features are always the same, and always interesting. Prose writers are voluminous and unwieldy; their pages crowded with common-places, and their thoughts expanded into tediousness. But with the true poet everything is terse, touching, or brilliant. He gives the choicest thoughts in the choicest language. He illustrates them by everything that he sees most striking 55 in nature and art. He enriches them by pictures of human life, such as it is, passing before him 56. His writings, therefore, contain the spirit, the aroma, if I may use the phrase, of the age in which he lives. They are caskets which enclose within a small compass the wealth of the language — its family jewels, which are thus transmitted in a portable form to posterity. The setting may occasionally be antiquated, and require

53) plethoric (fr. pléthorique von gr. ŋogixós) = evincing pléthora either in a physical or a metaphorical sense = vollblütig, vollsäftig.

54) pósitively

=bestimmt.

55) everything that he sees most striking franz. tout ce qu'il voit de plus frappant.

56) passing before him = während es an ihm vorübergeht.

now and then to be renewed, as in the case of Chaucer; but the brilliancy and intrinsic value of the gems continue unaltered. Cast a look back over the long reach of literary history. What vast valleys of dulness, filled with monkish legends and academical controversies! What bogs of theological speculations; what dreary wastes of metaphysics! Here and there only do we behold the heaven-illumined bards, elevated like beacons on their widely-separated heights, to transmit the pure light of poetical intelligence from age to age 57!"

I was just about to launch forth into eulogiums upon the poets of the day, when the sudden opening of the door caused me to turn my head. It was the verger, who came to inform me that it was time to close the library. I sought to have a parting word with the quarto, but the worthy little tome was silent; the clasps were closed; and it looked perfectly unconscious of all that had passed. I have been to the library 58 two or three times since, and endeavoured to draw it into further conversation, but in vain; and whether all this rambling colloquy actually took place, or whether it was another 59 of those odd day-dreams to which I am subject, I have never to this moment been able to discover.

57)

=

Thorow earth and waters deepe,
The pen by skill doth passe:
And featly nyps the worldes abuse,
And shoes us in a glasse,

The vertu and the vice

Of every wight alyve;

The honey comb that bee doth make

Is not so sweete in hyve,

As are the golden leves

That drops from poets head:

Which doth surmount our common talke

As farre as dross doth lead.

CHURCHYARD.

(Note of W. Irving.) Thorow through; nyps = nips; shoes = shows; hyve hive; farre far. Thomas Churchyard (1520-1604) war ein sehr fruchtbarer Schriftsteller; er schrieb gegen 70 Bände Prosa und Poesie, die der verdienten Vergessenheit anheimgefallen sind. 58) to dialektisch für at; vergl. Mätzner, Engl. Gr.. II, p. 301: When were you to Plymouth? Vergl. das deutsche: Ich bin zur Stadt gewesen.

59) another wieder einer.

RURAL FUNERALS.

Here's a few flowers! but about midnight more:
The herbs that have on them cold dew o' the night
Are strewings fitt'st for graves

You were as flowers now withered; even so

These herb'lets shall, which we upon you strow!
Cymbeline1.

AMONG the beautiful and simple-hearted customs of rural life which still linger2 in some parts of England, are those of strewing flowers before the funerals, and planting them at the graves, of departed friends. These, it is said, are the remains of some of the rites of the primitive church; but they are of still higher antiquity, having been observed among the Greeks and Romans, and frequently mentioned by their writers, and were, no doubt, the spontaneous tributes of unlettered affection, originating long before art had tasked itself to modulate sorrow into song, or story it on the monuments. They are now only to be met with in the most distant and retired places of the kingdom, where fashion and innovation have not been able to throng in, and trample out all the curious and interesting traces of the olden time.

In Glamorganshire, we are told, the bed whereon the corpse lies is covered with flowers, a custom alluded to in one of the wild and plaintive ditties of Ophelia :

6

White his shroud as the mountain snow,

Larded all with sweet flowers:

Which be-wept to the grave did go,
With true love showers".

1) Shakspere, Cymbeline, Act IV, Scene 2.

2) to linger

=

fortdauern, sich erhalten haben.

3) to modulate sorrow into song, or story it etc.: den Schmerz im Lied ertönen zu lassen oder ihn auf Denkmälern zu verewigen.

4) olden alt: veraltet und poetisch.

5) Glamorganshire, im englischen Fürstenthum Wales, eine der 6 Grafschaften von Süd-Wales, umfasst den südöstlichsten Theil desselben am Bristolcanal.

6) ditty: die gebräuchlichere, vollere Form neben dit Wort, Ausspruch, Gesang, Lied, altfr. ditte, dicte, dittie, v. latein. dictum, dictatum zu dicere sagen, mittellat. dictare dichten.

7) with true love showers gehört zu be-wept. - Die Verse sind aus Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 5.

There is also a most delicate and beautiful rite observed in some of the remote villages of the south, at the funeral of a female who has died young and unmarried. A chaplet of white flowers is borne before the corpse by a young girl nearest in age, size, and resemblance, and is afterwards hung up in the church over the accustomed seat of the deceased. These chaplets are sometimes made of white paper, in imitation of flowers, and inside of them is generally a pair of white gloves. They are intended as emblems of the purity of the deceased, and the crown of glory which she has received in heaven.

In some parts of the country, also, the dead are carried to the grave with the singing of psalms and hymns: a kind of triumph,,,to show," says Bourne, ,,that they have finished their course with joy, and are become conquerors." This, I am informed, is observed in some of the northern counties, particularly in Northumberland, and it has a pleasing, though melancholy effect to hear, of a still evening, in some lonely country scene, the mournful melody of a funeral dirge swelling from a distance, and to see the train slowly moving along the landscape.

Thus, thus, and thus, we compass round
Thy harmlesse and unhaunted ground,
And as we sing thy dirge, we will

The daffodill,

HERRICK 10.

And other flowers lay upon

The altar of our love, thy stone.

There is also a solemn respect paid by the traveller to the passing funeral in these sequestered places; for such spectacles, occurring among the quiet abodes of nature, sink deep into the soul. As the mourning train approaches, he pauses, uncovered, to let it go by; he then follows silently in the rear; sometimes

8),,In Brande's Popular Antiquities, herausgegeben v. Ellis, Vol. II, p. 173" (Spiker).

9) dirge Grabgesang, Trauerlied; altengl. dirge, dirige, dorge; es ist zusammengezogen aus dirige lenke, Imperativ v. dirigere, von den Worten der Vulgata, Psalm 5, 8: Dirige domine deus meus in conspectu tuo vitam meam, die in der Begräbnissliturgie öfter wiederholt wurden.

10) Robert Herrick (1591-1674), einer der vorzüglichsten englischen Lyriker, dessen Lieder Cherry Ripe und Gather the Rose-buds while ye may, sowie To Blossoms, To Daffodils, To Primroses noch heute in England allbekannt sind und gesungen werden. Die von Irving angeführten Verse sind aus Herricks im J. 1648 herausgegebenen Hespérides, or the Works both Humane and Divine, of Robert Herrick.

quite to the grave, at other times for a few hundred yards, and having paid his tribute of respect to the deceased, turns and resumes his journey.

11

The rich vein of melancholy which runs through the English character, and gives it some of its most touching and ennobling graces, is finely evidenced in these pathetic customs, and in the solicitude shown by the common people for an honoured and a peaceful grave. The humblest peasant, whatever may be his lowly lot while living, is anxious that some little respect may be paid to his 'remains. Sir Thomas Overbury 11, describing the ,,faire and happy milkmaid", observes,,,Thus lives she, and all her care is, that she may die in the spring time, to have store of flowers stucke upon her winding-sheet." The poets, too, who always breathe the feeling of a nation, continually advert to this fond solicitude about the grave. In ,,The Maid's Tragedy", by Beaumont and Fletcher, there is a beautiful instance of the kind, describing the capricious melancholy of a broken-hearted girl: —

When she sees a bank

Stuck full of flowers, she, with a sigh, will tell
Her servants, what a pretty place it were

To bury lovers in; and make her maids

Pluck 'em, and strew her over like a corse.

The custom of decorating graves was once universally prevalent: osiers were carefully bent over them to keep the turf uninjured, and about them were planted evergreens and flowers.,,We adorn their graves," says Evelyn, in his Sylva 12, ,,with flowers and redolent plants, just emblems of the life of man, which has been compared in Holy Scriptures to those fading beauties, whose roots being buried in dishonour, rise again in glory 13" This usage has now become extremely rare in England; but it may still be met with in the churchyards of retired villages among the Welsh mountains; and I recollect an instance of it at the small town of Ruthen, which lies at the

11) Sir Thomas Overbury, † 1613 im Alter von 32 Jahren im Tower an Gift. Seine Charakteristik The Fair and Happy Milkmaid ist aus seinen Characters or Witty Descriptions of the Properties of Sundry Persons.

12) John Evelyn (1620-1706) veröffentlichte im J. 1664 seine Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions. Im J. 1818 wurde in zwei Bänden sein Tagebuch (Diary) veröffentlicht, das höchst werthvolle Beiträge zu der Geschichte der letzten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts liefert.

18) vergl. 1 Corinth. Cap. 15, v. 43: It is sown in dishonour, it is raised in glory.