find true blemish in it, nor cast profitable aspersion on it. Zealous as a David; learned and wise, the Solomon of our age; religious as Josias; careful of spreading Christ's faith as Constantine the Great; just as Moses; undefiled in all his ways as a Jehosha phat and Hezekiah; full of clemency as another Theodosius."

It would also appear, from a letter of King James's to Abbot, first published by Dean Sherlock, that his ideas of regal power were little likely to give offence even to such a prince as James; nevertheless Abbot could sometimes oppose the will of his sovereign with great decision and firmness, and his moderation in the exercise of his high functions recommended him greatly to the Puritan and popular party. He strenuously promoted the projected match between the Elector Palatine and the Princess

Elizabeth, and performed their nuptial ceremony, on the 14th of February, 1612.

"It was acceptable news," says Neal, "to the English Puritans, to hear of a Protestant prince in Bohemia; and they earnestly desired his majesty to support him, as appears by Archbishop Abbot's letter, who was known to speak the sense of that whole party. This prelate being asked his opinion as a privy councillor, while he was confined to his bed with the gout, wrote the following letter to the secretary of state:-That it was his opinion, that the elector should accept the crown; that England should support him openly; and that as soon as news of his coronation should arrive, the bells should be rung, guns fired, and bonfires made to let all England see that the king was determined to countenance him.' The archbishop adds, 'It is a great honour to our king to have such a son made a king; methinks I foresee in this the work of God, that by degrees the kings of the earth shall leave the whore to desolation. Our striking in will comfort the Bohemians, and bring in the Dutch and the Dane, and Hungary will run the same fortune. As for money and means, let us trust God and the Parliament, as the old and honourable means of raising money. This from my bed, (says the brave old prelate,) September 12, 1619, and when I can stand, I will do better service.'"

"The affair of the divorce of the Lady Essex, has been considered one of the greatest blemishes of James's reign. The king

referred the matter to a court of delegates, consisting of bishops and civilians, which he expected would decide in favour of the divorce; but the archbishop boldly resisted the measure, and sentence was given in the lady's favour. On another occasion, the archbishop set himself against the views and wishes of the king and court, when these ran counter to a higher allegiance which he owed. Happening to be at Croydon, in 1618, on the day when the king's proclamation permitting sports and pastimes on the Sab bath, was ordered to be read in all churches, he forbade it to be published in the church of that place."-Cunningham's Biog. Hislory of England.

"In 1621, whilst taking a journey into Hampshire, the archbishop was invited by Lord Zouch to hunt in Bramhill Park. Pretending to be a woodman, he took up a crossbow to make a shot at a buck, but unhappily hit the keeper, who had run in among the herd of deer, to bring them up to a fairer mark. The arrow pierced the left arm, and dividing the large axillary vessels, caused instantaneous death. He never spake after,' says Fuller, as the person, still alive at Croydon, who brought off his body, Informed me.' This untoward event caused the greatest consternation-the like had never happened in the Church of England; it was a sore affliction to many good men, who lamented the scandal which must by this untoward accident inevitably fall upon the church; for in the eye of general councils, and the canon law, the archbishop was wonderfully tainted, and made incapable of performing any sacred function. By the common law, his personal estate was forfeited to the king, who graciously sent him a letter under his own hand, that he would not add affliction to his sorrow, nor take one farthing from his chattels and movables.' HACKET, p. 65. But the scandal brought upon the church was not so readily removed; it was a subject of discourse in the foreign universities, and after three several disputations, was declared by the Sorbonnists to amount to a positive irregularity. To add to the difficulty, four bishops elect were waiting for their consecration:-Dr. Williams, elect of Lincoln; Dr. Davenant, of Salisbury; Dr. Cary, of Exeter; Dr. Laud, of St. David's; all of whom, except Davenant, who was under personal obligations to the archbishop, scrupled to have his hands laid upon them, and declined his conFecration: not out of enmity, or superstition, (says HACKET, p. 66,) but to be wary. that they might not be attainted with the contagion of his scandal, and uncanonical condition.' To determine the question, and settle men's minds, the king directed a commission on the 3d of October, to the Lord Keeper, (Williams,) the Bishops of London, (Montague,) Winchester, (Andrews,) and Rochester, (Buckeridge:) to the elects of Exeter, (Cary.) and St. David's, (Laud:) Sir Henry Hobart, lord chief justice of the Common Pleas: Sir John Doddridge, one of the justices of the King's Bench: Sir Henry Martin, dean of the arches; and Dr. Steward, a civilian. The three following questions were submitted to their decision :—1. Whether the archbishop were irregular by the fact of involuntary homicide? The two judges and two civilians held the negative; the others held that he was irregular, except Bishop Andrews, who said that he could not conclude so. 2. Whether the act might tend to a scandal in a churchman? Bishop Andrews, Sir H. Hobart, and Dr. Steward, doubted. The rest concurred that there might arise from such an accident,'scandalum acceptum non datum. 3. How the archbishop should be restored in case he should be found irregular! All agreed that it could be no otherwise than by restitution from the king; but they dissented in the manner of its being done. But though the archbishop was thus absolved. Williams and the others still scrupled at receiving consecration from his hands, and the king therefore permitted them to be otherwise consecrated."-See Biog. Brit.

The archbishop petitioned the king to be permitted to retire and spend the remainder of his days at his own alms

house at Guildford.-Howel's Letters, p. 123. However, after the decision of the commission, he returned to Lambeth, and resumed his functions. A monthly fast and £20 per annum to the widow proved the sincerity of his grief. After much ill health, which for a season caused a suspension of the discharge of his episcopal duties, he regained his health in a great measure, as is proved by the following anecdote, extracted from a MS. letter in the British Mu

seum:

lord Maltravers, having espied my lord of Canterbury's coach on "One day the last week, my lord of Arundel, and his son, my

Barnsted Down, coming towards theirs, before they came a butt's length short of it, both their lordships alighted, and went a great pace towards his grace's coach, who, when they were approached, said, What! and must my lord Marshal of England take so great pains to do me so much honour? Were my legs as good as my heart, I should have met your lordships the better half of the way. Then my lord of Arundel replied, "It might well become an earl Marshal to give so much respect to an Archbishop of Canter bury. His grace, by his diet, hath so moderated his gout, as it is now rather an infirmity than a pain. He looks fresh, and enjoy■ his health, and hath his wits and intellectuals about him. So that, if any other prelate do gape after his benefice. his grace, per haps, according to the old and homely proverb, [may] eat of the goose which shall graze upon his grave."-Harl. MSS., 7000.

His grace was never married, and seems to have had a natural antipathy to women. One day, (as Fuller tells us in his Appeal, &c.) returning in his coach to Croydon, from which he had been some time absent, many people, most women, some of good quality, partly from curiosity and novelty, crowded around his coach to see him. The archbishop, unwilling to be gazed at, and never partial to females, exclaimed, somewhat churlishly, "What makes these women here?" "You had best," said one of them, "shoot an arrow at us." The archbishop died at Croydon on Sunday, August 4, 1633. His remissness in matters of church discipline has been much censured.-Rose's Biog. Dict.; L'Estrange's Charles I.

For further particulars respecting this prelate, the reader is referred to the recorded opinions of his contemporaries, Hacket, Fuller, Osberne, Clarendon, Sanderson, Goodman, Heylin, and others; also to L'Estrange's "Reign of King Charles," and the Biographia Britannica.

When Grotius was sent to England upon behalf of the "Remonstrants," he does not seem to have made a very favourable impression upon the archbishop, who draws no flattering picture of the great scholar in a letter to Sir Ralph Winwood. (See Biog. Britannica.) Some extracts from this curious epistle will not be uninteresting to the reader.

"At his first coming to the king, by reason of his good Latin tongue, he was so tedious, and full of tittle-tattle, that the king's judgment was of him, that he was some pedant, full of words, and of no great judgment. And I myself discovering that to be his habit, as if he did imagine that every man was bound to hear him, so long as he would talk. (which is a great burthen to men replete with business.) did privately give him notice thereof, that he should plainly and directly deliver his mind, or else he would make the king weary of him. This, one would think, would prove a sufficient hint to the garrulous Hollander to repress his loquacity, but it seems otherwise. Afterwards he fell to it again, as was especially observed one night at supper, at the Lord Bishop of Ely's, whither being brought by Mr. Casaubon, (as I think,) my lord intreated him to stay to supper, which he did. There was present, Dr. Steward, and another civilian, unto whom he flings out some question of that profession, and was so full of words, that Dr. Steward afterwards told my lord, that he did perceive by him, that like a smatterer, he had studied some two or three questions, whereof when he came in company, he must be talking to vindicate his skill; but if he were put from those, he would show himself but a simple fellow."

What a character of the great Grotius! He seems to have been a kind of ancient Coleridge, without the patient audience, and remarkable power of attraction, which that eminent conversationist so often enjoyed. The hospitable prelate of Ely seems to have been as much overwhelmed with the tide of talk as were the guests:

"My lord of Ely, sitting still at the supper all the while, and wondering what a man he had there, who, never being in the place or company before, could overwhelm with talk for so long a time."

The archbishop was the author of the following works: 1. Quæstiones Sex, totidem Prælectionibus in schola Theologica Oxoniæ pro forma habitis discussæ et disceptate, Anno 1597; in quibus e Sacra Scriptura et Patribus Antiquissimus quid statuendum sit, definit, Oxon. 1598, 4to. Franckfort, 1616, 4to, published by Abraham Sculetus. 2.

Exposition on the Prophet Jonah, by way of Sermon, Oxford, 1600, 4to. These sermons were received with great applause, and were reprinted in 1613. 3. A preface to the examination of George Sprot. The reasons which Dr. Hill hath brought for the upholding of Papistry, Oxon. 1604, 4to. 4. Sermon preached at Westminster, at the Funeral of the Earl of Dorset, 1608, 4to. 5. Translation of a part of the New Testament, with the rest of the Ox

ford Divines, 1611. 6. Geography, or a Brief Description of the Whole World, wherein is particularly described all the Monarchies, Empires, and Kingdoms of the same, with their Academies, London, 1617, 4to; 1636, 1642, 12mo; 1664, 8vo; numerous editions. 7. A Short Apology for Archbishop Abbot, touching the death of Peter Hawkins. 8. A Treatise on the Visibility and Succession of the true Church in all Ages, London, 1624, 4to, (anon.) 9. Narrative, containing the true Cause of his Sequestration and Disgrace at Court, in two parts, written at Ford in Kent, 1627. 10. Judgment on Bowing at the Name of Jesus, Hamb., 1632, 8vo. 11. History of the Massacre in the Valtoline. (See Fox's Acts.) 12 Answer to the Questions of the Citizens of London, concerning Cheapside Cross, in January, 1600, not printed until 1641. 13. The Case, &c., as debated in England anno 1613, in the Trial between Robert Earl of Essex, and the Lady Frances Howard; reprinted in London, 1715, 12mo. We also refer the reader to the Life of Dr. George Abbot, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, reprinted with some additions and corrections from the Biographia Britannica, with his character by the Rt. Hon. Arthur Onslow; A Description of the Hospital which he erected and endowed, in his native town of Guildford in Surrey; Correct Copies of the Charter and Statutes of the same; his Will, &c. To which are added the Lives of his two Brothers, Dr. Robert Abbot, and Sir Thomas Maurice Abbot, Guilf. 1777, 8vo. The exposi

tion on Jonah

“In genuine worth is, to many works of a like kind, as the solid weight to the small dust of the balance."-Eclectic Review.

Abbot, George, 1604-1648, nephew of the preceding. Elected probationer fellow of Merton College, Oxford, 1624. He married a daughter of Colonel Purefoy, of Caldecote-hall, Warwickshire, and defended the colonel's house, by the help of his servants only, against Princes Rupert and Maurice, with eighteen troops of horse. He wrote, 1. The whole Book of Job paraphrased, London, 4to, 1640. 2. Vindicia Sabbati, or an answer to two treatises of Mr. Broad, London, 1641, 4to. 3. Brief Notes upon the whole Book of Psalms, London, 1651, 4to. He died February 4, 1648.

Abbot, Henry, Lecturer of St. John's the Baptist, Bristol. Author of, 1. County Feast, a Sermon on Psalm exxxiii. 1, Bristol, 1703. 2. The Use and Benefit of Church Music, towards quickening our Devotion; on Psalm lxxxi.

12, 1724.

1805.

Abbot, Henry. The Transport's Monitor. London, Abbot, Hull, a minister of Charlestown, Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard College, 1720, ordained February 5, 1724, and died April 19, 1774, aged 80 years. He published the following sermons:-1. On the Artillery Election, 1735. 2. On the Rebellion in Scotland, 1746. 3. Against Profane Cursing and Swearing, 1747.

Abbot, John, author of a poem entitled Jesus Prefigured; or a Poeme of the Holy Name of Jesus. Permissu Superiorum, 1623, 4to, dedicated to Prince Charles. Nassau's Sale, No. 136, 16s.

Abbot, John, many years a resident of Georgia. The Natural History of the rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia. Edited by Sir J. E. Smith, London, 1797, with 104 coloured plates; published at £21.

"A sumptuous work, but in little estimation, as the plates are not considered accurate."-LOWNDES.

Abbot, Robert, 1560-1617, elder brother to the Archbishop, was educated at the same school with his brother. Upon an oration made by him, on the day of Queen Elizabeth's inauguration, he was chosen scholar of Baliol College. In 1594, he obtained some celebrity as an author by a book which he published against a Romanist, entitled The Mirror of Popish Subtilties, &c. In 1597, he was made a doctor of divinity; in 1601, he published The Exultation of the Kingdom and Priesthood of Christ, being a collection of Sermons on the first part of the 110th Psalm. King James I. was so much pleased with Dr. Abbot's treatise, "Antichristi Demonstrati contra fabulas Pontificius et ineptam Rob. Bellarmini de Antichristo disputationem," that he commanded his own Commentary on the Apocalypse to be appended to the second edition of this treatise, which was published in 1608, 8vo. In 1615, he was promoted to the see of Salisbury, and died March 2, 1617. Dr. Abbot also published, 1. A defence of the Reformed Catholic of Mr. William Perkins, 1606, 1607, and 1609, to which work he added a particular treatise, entitled, The true ancient Roman Catholic. 2. Antologia contra apologiam A. Endæmon Johannem, London, 1613, Ito, containing much curious information on the Gunowder Plot. 3. Lectures under the title of Excercita

tiones de Gratia et Perseverantia Sanctorum, Lon., 1618; Frank., 1619. 4. De Suprema Potestate Regia, contra Bellarminum et Suarez, Lon., 1619. 5. A very complete Commentary on the Romans, in MS., now in the Bodleian Library.-Rose's Biog. Diet.

Abbot, Robert, 1585-1653, was originally of the University of Cambridge; incorporated Master of Arts of Oxford, July 14, 1607. Works: 1. Serm. on Psalm xxxi. 21, Lon., 1626. 2. Four Serms. on Judges, Matthew, and 1 Timothy, Lon., 1639. 3. Trial of our Church Forsakers against Brownists, Lon., 1639. 4. Milk for Babes: a Catechism, with three Serms., Lon., 1646. 5. Serms., entitled The Young Man's Warning Piece, Prov. iv, 19, 1662. Abbot, Robert, of Huntfield.

"There was about the same time a Robert Abbot of Huntfield, mentioned by Dr. Pulteney as a learned preacher and an excellent and diligent herbalist, who assisted the celebrated Johnson in his works."-Chalmers's Biog. Dict.

Probably the author of A Christian Family, builded by God, or Directions for Governors of Families, on Psalm Cxxvi. 1, Lon., 1653.

Abbot, T. Eastoc. Peace; a Lyric Poem, Lon., 1814. Abbot. Designs for Coaches, &c., Lon., 1763.

Abbott, Benj. V., b. 1830, Boston; Austin, b. 1831, Boston; and Lyman, b. 1835, Roxbury, Mass. These three brothers, sons of Jacob Abbott, are engaged in the practice of law in New York City. They are authors of several legal works published under their copartnershipname, "Abbott Brothers." Admiralty Reports, 1 vol.; N. York Practice Reports, 6 vols., (still continued;) Forms also published an edition of Sedgwick on Damages, with of Pleading under the New York Code, 1 vol. They have Notes; and have contributed numerous legal articles to Livingston's Law Mag., Hunt's Merchant's Mag., The Young Men's Mag., and other periodicals. The novel Conecut Corners, written in support of the policy of prohibitory temperance-laws, and published under their nom de plume, "Benanly," (under which they have made many contributions to current literature,) is also the joint production of these brothers.

Abbott, Rev. Jacob, b. 1803, at Hallowell, Maine, graduated at Bowdoin College, 1820. Mr. Abbott's principal works are The Young Christian, The Corner-Stone, Way to do Good, The Teacher, Hoary Head and McDonner, Summer in Scotland, A Series of Histories of Celebrated Sovereigns, and a large number of juvenile works, such as The Rollo Books, 28 vols.; The Franconia Stories, 10 vols.; Marco Paul's Adventures, 6 vols.; Harper's Story-Books, 36 vols.; The Little Learner Series, 5 vols., &c. These works have had an extensive circulation in this country, and have nearly all been republished repeatedly, and in many different into various foreign languages both in Europe and Asia. forms, in England. Many of them have been translated

Sir John Williams remarks of "The Young Christian," "I have seldom seen a religious publication so striking and sc adapted for usefulness."

"Jacob Abbott's last work, The Way to do Good,' will, I think, please you very much. It is delightful to read a book so good and

so sensible.-so zealous for what is valuable, so fair about what is

indifferent."-The late Dr. Arnold, in a letter to Sir Thomas Parley. "THE LIFE OF MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND.-This is the first of a series, and promises well for the whole."-Lon. Ahen.

THE LIFE OF HANNIBAL THE CARTHAGENIAN is written in the same easy style that characterizes the author's other compilations." -Lon. Athenæum.

2. Nar

Abbott, Major James, of the Bengal Artillery. 1. T'Hakoorine; a Tale of Maandoo, Lon., 12mo. rative of a Journey from Heraut to Khiva, Moscow, and St. Petersburg; 2d ed., 2 vols. 8vo. See Lon. Obs., Dec. 9, 1855, and Lon. Econ., Nov. 17, for commendatory notices.

Abbott, Rev. John S. C., brother of Rev. Jacob Abbott, b. 1805, at Brunswick, Maine, graduated at Bowdoin College, 1825, and at the Theological Seminary in Andover, Mass., 1829. His principal works are The Mother at Home, first pub. 1833; The Child at Home; Kings and Queens; the Histories of Marie Antoinette, Josephine, Mad. Roland, Cortez, Henry IV. of France, King Philip, Sovereign Chief of the Wampanoags: these six vols. constitute Abbott's Historical Series. The History of Napoleon Bonaparte, 2 vols. r. 8vo, profusely illustrated. This work has been very severely criticized,-with what justice must be referred to the judgment of the intelligent reader. All of these works have had a very extensive sale. The Mother at Home has been translated into nearly all the languages of modern Europe, and has been republished in Asia and Africa. It is considered one of the best expositions of the important responsibilities of which it treats. Napoleon at St. Helena, 8vo; Confidential Correspondence of Napoleon and Josephine; History of the French Revolution.

who differed from him had too much the effect of rendering his hearers any thing but humble-minded in their judgment of others. In his writings, as in his lectures, his style is clear, simple, and concise.-Rose's New Biog. Dict. His great success in life must be, in a great measure, attributed to his having directed the attention of the public to the influence of derangement of the organs of digestion on all the diseases to which flesh is heir. This view of the subject was not altogether novel, but the profession had not paid sufficient attention to it. Abernethy always opposed, with great zeal, the artificial line of demarcation drawn between surgery and medicine; he considering the two sciences as "one and indivisible." Let the reader imagine a snug, elderly, sleek, and venerable-looking man, proaching seventy years of age, rather below than above the middle height, somewhat inclined to corpulency, and still upright in his carriage, with his hair most primly powdered, and nicely curled round his brow and temples. Let them imagine such a person habited in sober black, with his feet thrust carelessly in a pair of unlaced halfboots, and his hands deposited in the pockets of his "peculiars," and they have the "glorious John" of the profession before their eyes.-Physic and Physicians. Abernethy's rudeness of manner is well known, and was a great blemish in the character of one who really possessed a most benevolent heart. We subjoin some anecdotes of this eminent physician, collected from various sources.

His eccentricities disgusted so many patients, that Sir Astley Cooper used to say, "Abernethy's manner was worth a thousand a year to him."

Some of his patients he would cut short with-"Sir, I have heard enough! You have heard of my book?" "Yes." "Then go home and read it." To a lady complaining of low spirits, he would say, "Don't come to me! Go and buy a skipping-rope!" Sometimes, however, he met with his match:-Cutting a gentleman, one day, short, the patient suddenly locked the door, slipped the key into his pocket, and protested he would be heard; which so pleased Abernethy, that he not only complied with the patient's wishes, but complimented him on the resolute manner be adopted.

He was a great enemy to prolix explanations on the part of his patients. People come here," he would often say, "to consult me, and they will torture me with their long, foolish, fiddle-de-dee stories; so we quarrel; and then they blackguard me all about this busy town; but I can't help that." A lady, determined to treat him after his own fashion, having in some way injured her thumb, on entering his room, merely thrust it out towards him, with "My thumb, sir!" "You, madam," said he, "are the only sensible woman I ever had for a patient."

The Duke of W, having insisted on seeing him out of his usual hours, abruptly entered his parlour one day; he asked him how he got into the room. "By the door,' was the reply. "Then," said Abernethy, "I recommend you to make your exit by the same way." He refused to attend George the Fourth until he had delivered his lecture at the hospital; in consequence of which he lost a royal appointment.

On Abernethy's receiving the appointment of Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to the Royal College of Physieians, a professional friend observed to him that they should have something new. "What do you mean?" asked Abernethy. "Why," said the other, "of course you will brush up the lectures which you have been so long delivering at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and let us have them in an improved form." "Do you take me for a fool or a knave?" rejoined Abernethy. "I have always given the students at the hospital that to which they were entitled--the best produce of my mind. If I could have made my lectures to them better, I would certainly have made them so. I will give the College of Surgeons precisely the same lectures, down to the smallest details; nay, I will tell the old fellows how to make a poultice." Soon after, when he was lecturing to the students at St. Bartholomew's, and adverting to the College of Surgeons, he chucklingly exclaimed, "I told the big wigs how to make a poultice." It is said, by those who have seen it, that Dr. Abernethy's explanation of the art of making a poultice was irresistibly entertaining. His hobby retained full possession of his mind to the end of his life. He attributed, as we have seen, his disease in a great measure to the stomach. He said, "It is all stomach: we use our stomach ill when we are young, and it uses us ill when we are old."

He wrote for Dr. Rees's Cyclopædia the anatomical and physiological articles, from the letter A to the word Canal; et which that on Artery is considered the most important. -Georgian Era; "Physic and Physicians."

The following is a list of his works:-1. Surgical and Physiological Essays, London, 1793-97, three parts. 2 Surgical Observations, containing a Classification of Tumours, with cases to illustrate the History of each Species. An account of Diseases which strikingly resemble the Venereal Disease, and various Cases illustrative of different Surgical Subjects, London, 1804. 3. Surgical Observations, Part Second, containing an Account of the Disorders of the Health in general, and of the Digestive Organs in particular, which accompany Local Diseases, and obstruct their cure. Observations on the diseases of the Urethra, particularly of that part which is surrounded by the Prostate Gland: and observations relative to the Treatment of one species of the Nævi Maternæ, London, 1806, 1816. The four following articles may be considered as an enlarged edition of this and the preceding: 4. Surgical Observations on the Constitutional Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases, and on Aneurisms, London, 1809; third edition, 1813. 5. Surgical Observations, Part Second, containing Observations on the Origin and Treatment of Pseudo-syphilitic Diseases, and on Diseases of the Urethra, London, 1810. 6. Surgical Observations on Injuries of the Head, and other Miscellaneous Subjects, London, 1810. 7. Surgical Observations on Tumours, and on Lumbar Abscess, London, 1811. This and the preceding are intended to form two volumes. 8. An Inquiry into the Probability and Rationality of Mr. Hunter's Theory of Life, being the subject of the first two Anatomical Lectures before the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1814. 9. The Introductory Lecture for the year 1815, exhibiting some of Mr. Hunter's Opinions respecting Diseases; delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1815. 10. Physiological Lectures, 1817. Surgical Works, a new edition, 1815. 11. An Account of a singular Disease in the Upper Maxillary Sinus. Trans. Med. et Chir. 2p. 309, 1800. 12. Account of Two Instances of Uncommon Formations in the Viscera of the Human Body. Phil. Trans., 1793, Abr. 18p. 295. 13. Observations on the Foramen Thebesii of the Heart. Phil. Trans., 1798, Abr. 18p. 287. 14. Some Particulars in the Anatomy of the Whale. Phil. Trans. IV. 1796, Abr. 18p. 675. The celebrated "My Book," to which he was so fond of referring his patients, was the "Surgical Observations, &c." (See Nos. 2 and 3 above.) He thus addresses a patient, "Well, sir, as to the question of diet, I must refer you to my book. There are only about a dozen pages, in which you will find (beginning at page 73) all that is necessary for you to know. I am christened 'Doctor My-Book,' and satirized under that name all over England; but who would sit and listen to a long lecture of twelve pages, or remember one-half of it when it is done? So I have reduced my directions into writing, and there they are, for anybody to follow, if they please."

The reader should procure Mr. George Macilwain's Memoirs of John Abernethy, with a view of his Writings, Lectures, and Character, London, 2 vols., p. 8vo. 1853.

"Abernethy's memory is worthy of a good biographer, and hap pily it has found one. Mr. Macilwain writes well; and, evidently, in giving the history of his deceased friend he executed a labour of love."-London Standard.

Abingdon, Earl of. See BERTIE, WILLOUGHBY.

Abingdon, or Abington, or Habington, Thomas. Antiquities of the Cathedral Churches of Chichester and Litchfield, London, 1717. Reprinted under the title of Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Worcester, to which are added the Antiquities of the Cathedrals of Chichester and Litchfield, London, 1723.

Abington, William. See HABINGTON.

Able or Abel, Thomas, an English divine, executed at Smithfield, temp. Henry VIII., 1540. The title which follows sufficiently explains the offence given to the king; to which Able added the still further provocation of denying the king's supremacy in matters ecclesiastical: 1. Tractatus de non dissolvendo Henrici et Catherina matrimonio, Invicta Veritas. An Answer that by no manner of means it may be lawful for the King to be divorced from the Queen's Grace, his lawful Wife. The king did not, as in the case of Luther, attempt to confute Dr. Able by polemical arguments, but this being a question where the sword was likely to be more powerful than the pen, his majesty brought into requisition a logic which has never failed to silence-if not convince. Dr. Able's reasoning may have been perfect, but he argued at a disadvantage. Between a syllogism and an axe the contest is unequal. The king gained his point, for he was divorced, and remarried; while good Dr. Able sealed his testimony at Smithfield.

Abrabanel, Solomon. Complaints of the Children of Israel, &c., London, 1736. This refers to the Test Act

Abraham, J. H.. Juvenile Essays, &c., London, 1806. Acca, died 740. In the course of his numerous writings, Bede introduces the names of several of his literary friends, most of whom, as we learn from other sources, were eminently distinguished for their learning and virtues. Many of the most important of his commentaries on the Scriptures were composed at the desire of Acca, Bishop of Hexham, and dedicated to that prelate. Acca was a man of considerable learning, and great piety; he had received his first instructions among the congregation of scholars assembled around Bishop Bosa, and he quitted their society to place himself under Wilfred, who ordained him a presbyter. He continued to be one of Wilfred's most faithful followers until his death, accompanied him on his last journey to Rome, (where he finished his studies,) and was chosen to succeed him in the see of Hexham. Bede describes the zeal with which he laboured to adorn and enlarge his church, and to enrich it with "a most ample and noble library." In 731, when Bede completed his history, Acca is mentioned as still holding the bishopric of Hexham; but soon afterwards, in 732 or 733, he was driven from it for some cause now unknown. He seems to have retired to Whitern, (Candida Casa,) where he remained a few years. The date of his death is uncertain; but the best authorities place it on the twentieth of October, 740, when his body was carried to Hexham, to be buried in the church which owed to him so much of its beauty. Bale and Pits have so far misunderstood the words of Bede, as to attribute to Acca a collection of lives of the saints whose relics were deposited in the church of Hexham, and a treatise, "De ecclesiasticis sui chori officiis." On the same authority also, Leyser places the name of Acca in the list of medieval Latin poets. Leland speaks as having seen a collection of his letters, one of which, addressed to Bede, is still preserved, in which he urges that scholar to devote his learning to the illustration of the Scriptures.-Abbreviated from Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit. Accum, Frederick, 1769-1838, born at Westphalia, teacher of practical chemistry, pharmacy, and mineralogy, London. 1. System of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry, plates, 2 vols., 1803. 2. A Practical Essay on the Analysis of Minerals, exemplifying the best methods of analyzing ores, earths, stones, inflammable fossils, and mineral substances in general, 1804. 3. A Manual of Analytical Mineralogy, intended to facilitate the Practical Analysis of minerals, 2 vols., 1808. 4. A Practical Treatise on Gas-lights, exhibiting a summary Description of the Apparatus and Machinery best calculated for illuminating streets, houses, and manufactories, illustrated with seven coloured plates, 1815. 5. Chemical Recreations. 6. A Practical Essay, or Chemical Re-agents, or Tests, illustrated by a series of experiments, 1816. 7. Chemical Amusements, comprising a series of curious and instructive Experiments in Chemistry, 1817. In addition to these works, Mr. Accum was the author of many contributions to Nicholson's Journal.

Achard. Remarks on Swallows, &c., Phil. Trans. Achard. Treatises on Chemistry, 1784. Achard, F. C. Cultivation of the Beet; Phil. Trans. Acherley, Roger. 1. Britannic Constitution; or, The Fundamental Form of Government in Britain, demonstrating the original contract entered into by the King and People, Lon., 1727. 2. The Free Parliament, 1731, 8vo. 3. Reasons for Uniformity in the State: being a Supplement to the Britannic Constitution, 1780, 8vo.

Achesone, James. Military Garden, Edin., 1629. Ackin, Joseph. Mysteries of Counterfeiting, 1696. Ackland, J. True Patriotism, 1818.

Ackland, J., a political economist. An Answer to a Pamphlet published by Edward King, Esq., in which he attempts to prove the Public Utility of the National Debt; a confutation of that pernicious doctrine, and a true statement of the real cause of the present high price of provisions, 1796.

Ackland, Thomas Gilbank, of St. John's College, Cambridge, author of Miscellaneous Poems, 1812. Two Sermons, published 1789, 1813.

Ackworth, George, LL.D, an English divine and civilian, temp. Queen Mary. He assisted Archbishop Parker in his Antiquitates Britannica, and wrote against the Roman Catholic Church. His works were published, 1562, 1573, 1577.

Acland, Hugh Dyke. A Brief sketch of the History and Present Situation of the Vaudois, 1825. Acres, Joseph. Author of sundry sermons, London, 1714-28.

Acryse, L. Church Catechism explained, Lond., 1702. Acton, E. de. Published sundry novels, 1803-10.

Acton. Fruit from Canaan, London, 1709. Acton, George. Medical writer, published London, 1668-70.

Acton, Henry. Six Lectures on the Dignity, Office, and Work of our Lord Jesus Christ. In explanation of Unitarian views of the Gospel, 12mo., London, 1830. Acton, J. Contributor to Nich. Journal. Acton, S. Published sundry sermons, 1714-17. Acton, T. Herman, of the Middle Temple. Reports of cases argued and determined before the Commissioners of Appeals in prize causes; also, an appeal to the king in Council, concerning the judgments in June, 1809, vol. i., part i., 1809; vol. i., part ii., 1811.

Acton, W. A new Journal of Italy, Lond. 1691,1794. Acton, William, late Surgeon at Islington Dispensary. Diseases of the Urinary and Generative Organs in botb Sexes: Non-Specific Diseases; Syphilis, Lon., 8vo; 2d ed Aculeus. Letters on the Cow-Pox, 1805.

Adair. A Sketch of the Character of the late Duke of Devonshire, London, 1811.

Adair, James, died 1798, Sergeant-at-Law, M.P. 1. Thoughts on the Dismission of Officers for their conduct in Parliament, 1764. 2. Observations on the Power of Alienation in the Crown, 1768. 3. Discussions of the Law of Libels, 1785.

Adair, James, a trader and resident among the North American Indians for 40 years. He published the History of the American Indians, particularly those nations adjoining the Mississippi, East and West Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia, London, 1775. Mr. Adair espouses the opinion that the North American Indians are descended from the Hebrews.

Adair, James Makittrick, M.D., 1728-1802, was born at Inverness. He resided for some time in the West Indies, and took much interest in the exciting question of the Abolition of Slavery. His kindness to the slaves was so marked as to gain their warmest affections. He was a most determined opponent of quackery, and thereby became involved in many controversies. Philip Thicknesse and Adair, either no mean hand at a quarrel, took up the cudgels against each other. He wrote a number of medical and miscellaneous works.

Adair, John. A hydrographer; pub. 1688-1703. Adair, Robert, M.P. A poetical writer, 1796-1802. Adair, W. James. A lawyer and native of London, author of several legal treatises, 1764-1785.

Adair, William. A medical writer, 1793. Adalard is only known as one of the early biographers of Dunstan, who probably brought him over from Ghent, as he states that he was a monk of the same monastery in which Dunstan had found an asylum during his exile. He dedicated his Life of Dunstan to Archbishop Alfheh, at whose desire it was written, and who was raised to the see of Canterbury in 1006. Adalard's Life of Dunstan is called in some manuscripts an "Eulogium;" it is, in fact, rather a commemorative sermon than a history, and is written in a declamatory style.- Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit.

Adam, Alexander, LL.D., 1741-1809, Rector of the High School of Edinburgh. An excellent scholar, as his works on Ancient Geography and on Roman Antiquities sufficiently prove. The Summary of Geography and History was first published, Edinburgh, 1784. Roman Antiquities, Edinburgh, 1791. The latter work is preferred to Dr. Kennet's on the same subject.

Adam, Archibald, M.D. Medical contributor to Phil. Trans.

Adam, Dean. A Funeral Sermon, 1766. Adam, or Adams, James. Practical Essays en Agriculture, London, 1789, 2 vols., and 1794, 2 vols. Adam, John. A writer on Mathematics, Londoa, 1794, &c.

Adam, Robert, 1728-1792, an architect of much note. His father, also an architect, sent him to the University of Edinburgh, where he made the acquaintance of Hume, Robertson, &c. He went to Italy, and profited by his diligent observation. Desirous of obtaining a knowledge of the habitations of the ancients, in 1757 he visited, with M. Clerisseau, the ruins of Dioclesian's palace at Spalatro. The result of this visit was given to the world in 1764, in Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Dioclesian, at Spalatro, in Dalmatia, illustrated with 71 plates. In 1762 he received the appointment of Architect to their Majesties. In conjunction with his brother, Mr. James Adam, he published several numbers of a book entitled The Works in Architecture of R. and J. Adam. These contain descriptions of Sion-house, Caen-Wood, Lecton Park-house, and some edifices at Whitehall, Edic