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A line drawn along the course of the walls from the Jaffa to the Damascus Gate, down the Street of St Stephen to the South end of the Bazaar, and up the Street of David to the Jaffa Gate, would describe the Christian quarter3. The parallelogram formed by the Streets of the Patriarch and St Stephen, West and East, and the Streets of David and the Holy Sepulchre, South and North, is divided into almost equal parts by Palm Street, forming a communication between the two former. The Northern part is occupied by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the Southern by the ruins of the Hospital of the Knights of St John. This will be enough for our present purpose. The question is, Was this space included in the second wall of the City, as described by Josephus, or was it not? If it was, the tradition of the site of the Holy Sepulchre falls to the ground, for obvious reasons; if it was not, then the tradition must be allowed to stand until some valid objection be shewn against it.

Having thus broadly stated the question, I may refer to a former chapter for a description of Jerusalem, as it existed in our Saviour's time, before the erection of the third wall by King Agrippa. It will be sufficient here to state, that Acra was the hill sustaining the Lower City, separated from Sion, the much higher hill on which the Upper City was built, by the broad valley of the Tyropeon; that the Gate Gennath was a place in the North wall of Sion, near which the wall encompassing Acra had its beginning; and that

* William of Tyre, Hist. Orient. Lab. IX. xvII. p. 773, of Bongar's d. thus describes it.

Vol. 1. p. 146, &c. : the original is

given in the Appendix to this Volume, so that I need not swell the foot-notes by citations.

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this North wall of Sion commenced at the H Tower, from whence it ran Eastward to the T

area.

The points to be determined then, are, 1, th of the Hippic Tower; 2, the position of the Gate nath, and the line of the Second Wall; 3, the sit of Acra; and 4, the course of the Tyropœon at present, I must assume Mount Sion and the T Mount to occupy the positions which the almos versal consent of the learned has assigned the already described.

I. I do not assume that the site of the 1 Tower corresponded with that of the Tower of at the N. E. of the present citadel, because I question whether this can be clearly established'. that I can for a moment admit the new and s hypothesis that would remove it to the N.W. of the present City, and find traces of it in the of Tancred's Tower, called by the natives Ka lûd-the Tower of Goliath. I hope to be al adduce proof that it occupied a space on the pl of the modern citadel, only at its N.W. instead N. E. angle. That it is to be sought for in th of Mount Sion, is clear from Josephus's descript Jerusalem just referred to; where the Hippicus sumed as the starting point of two of the City i. e. of the wall that encompassed the Upper Cit of Agrippa's wall, which enclosed the New Cit was a square tower, twenty-five cubits on a side

I assumed this from Dr Robinson (Bib. Res. Tome 1. pp. 453-457) in my first edition. D'Anville held it to occupy the site of the Tower Psephi

nus. Châteaubriand's Itinéra 11. pp. 45 and 262.

This is Mr Fergusson's sis, which will be noticed else

to the height of thirty cubits; and near it, on the same North wall, were the towers of Phasaëlus and Mariamne: the former a square of forty cubits, solid to the same height; the latter also a square of twenty cubits, and solid to that height. Their total altitude was eighty, ninety, and fifty-five cubits respectively; but this altitude was much increased, in appearance, by their position; for the part of the old wall which they occupied was built on a lofty hill, and a kind of loftier crest of this hill rose to a height of thirty cubits more3, on which crest the towers were built, and so received much additional height.

Now the Northern wall of the modern citadel rises from a deep fosse, having towers at either angle, the bases of which are protected on the outside by massive masonry sloping upward from the fosse. The N.W. tower, divided only by the trench from the Jaffa Gate, is a square of forty-five feet: the N.E. or Tower of David is seventy feet three inches long, by fifty-six feet four inches broad. The sloping bulwark is forty feet high, from the bottom of the trench; but this is much choked up with rubbish. "To the lower part there is no known nor visible entrance, either from

* Dr Robinson (Bib. Res. Vol. I. p. 457) writes, "above the valley of the Tyropcon;" but without any warrant from Josephus, who says not a word of a valley, and never hints at the Tyropeon being near the Hippicus. His words are: “ Τηλικοῦτοι δὲ ὄντες οἱ τρεῖς [πύργοι] τὸ μέγεθος, πολὺ μείζονες εφαίνοντο διὰ τὸν τόπον. αυτό τε γὰρ τὸ ἀρχαῖον τεῖχος, ἐν ὦ ἦσαν, ἐφ' ὑψηλῷ λόφῳ δεδόμητο,

καὶ τοῦ λόφου καθάπερ κορυφή τις ὑψηλοτέρα προάνειχεν εἰς τριάκοντα πήχεις, ὑπὲρ ἣν οἱ πύργοι κείμενοι πολὺ δή τι τοῦ μετεώρου προσελάμBavov." J. W. v. iv. 4. Dr Robinson, T. R. 111. p. 442, n. 4, remarks, that "this thirty cubits is not assigned by Josephus as the elevation of the hill, but as the height of the wall above the hill." He was misled by Whiston's Translation.

above or below; and no one knows of any room or space in it." The reason of this I am now able to explain. The lower part of this platform is solid rock, merely cut into shape, and faced with solid masonry; and a section through the rampart, just North of the Tower of David, shews a basement of rock forty-two feet high, surmounted by a rampart of fifteen feet, including the battlement1. Who can doubt that this rock is part of the crest of the hill described by Josephus as thirty cubits, or forty-five feet high, still standing firm against the shock of time, which has brought down to the dust the proud towers of Herod, notwithstanding the forbearance of the Romans and Saracens2? And now, if we compare the dimensions of the two towers, Hippicus and Phasaëlus, with the modern towers in the North side of the citadel, I apprehend we shall have no difficulty in assigning the Hippic Tower to the N.W. angle; for the square of twentyfive cubits, assigned by Josephus to this tower, does so nearly correspond with the dimensions of the modern tower, as measured by our officers, that the sites must, I think, be identical; and this supposition is much confirmed by observing, that three sides of this cornertower are determined by the form of the scarped rock on which it is based. I would further suggest, whether the Tower of David may not occupy the larger base of Phasaëlus? Its breadth, as determined by the cut rock, would nearly correspond with a side of its square, and the length may have been extended along the wall

1 The plan and section of Majors Aldrich and Symonds, have revealed these important facts: the measures of the Tower of David are given by Dr Ro

binson, and agree with the officers' plan.

See Vol. 1. pp. 189, 421, 423, 424, for the history of this Tower. B. R. I. 457, 459.

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