Cambridge'. As he arrived at the Holy City only two years after the Crusaders' conquest of Jerusalem, he saw and described the spot before the operations of enlargement and restoration, which they undertook so magnificently. It will be necessary, therefore, to give a translation of his entire description. I have constructed the plan, Fig. 3, by comparing this description with the buildings that exist; from which, as I have already shewn, there is little or no difficulty in picking out the portions that were standing before the Crusaders' works were added.

"The entrance of the city of Jerusalem is to the West, under the tower of David the king, by a gate which is called David's Gate. The first place to visit is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, not only on account of the arrangement of the streets, but also because of its great renown above all other churches......In the midst of this Church is the Lord's Sepulchre, girt about with a very strong wall, and covered over to prevent the rain from falling upon the sacred Sepulchre, because the church overhead is left open......In the court of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre several holy places are to be seen, to wit, the Prison (V), in which, according to the Assyrian tradition, our Lord was incarcerated after he was delivered up. A little above this is the place (X) where the Holy Cross, with the other crosses, was found, and where, subsequently, a large Church (W) was

1 MSS. Corpus Christi Coll. Camb. No. III. 8. Nasmith's Catalogue, pp. 119, 120. This narrative was printed by Michel from Mr. Wright's transcript in the fourth Volume of the Recueil de Voyages par la Société de Geographie,

Paris, 1839; but this transcript appear to have been hastily made, and although generally correct, has some omissions. I have collated and corrected the portion relating to this church with the original.

built in honour of Queen Helena, but afterwards utterly destroyed by the Pagans; below this, and not far from the prison, is seen a marble Column, to which our Lord was bound in the pretorium, and sorely scourged. Close to this is the place where He was stripped of His clothing by the soldiers; and next, the place where He was clad in a purple robe and crowned with thorns, and they divided His garments and cast lots.

"After this Mount Calvary (N) is ascended, where Abraham the Patriarch, having made an altar (g), would have sacrificed his only son in obedience to the Divine command; and where, afterwards, the Son of God, whom he prefigured, was sacrificed for the redemption of the world. The rock itself of the mountain bears witness to the Passion, being much split close to the pit in which the Cross was planted, as it is written, 'the rocks were rent.' Below is the place which is called Golgotha (N), where Adam is said to have been raised from the dead...... Close to Calvary, the Church of S. Mary (M) stands in the place where the Lord's Body, taken down from the Cross, was wrapped in linen with spices before it was buried.

"At the head of the Church of the Sepulchre, in the outer wall, not far from Calvary, is the place called Compas (a), where the Lord indicated with his own hand the centre of the world, as the Psalmist witnesses, For God is my King of old, working salvation in the midst of the earth3.' But some say that it was here that He appeared to Mary Magdalen when she took Him to be the gardener.

2 See Sect. VIII. above.

3 Ps. lxxiii. 12. Vide Sect. VIII. above.

"These most holy oratories are situated in the court of the Sepulchre on the eastern part. But two Chapels (I, C), in honour of S. Mary and S. John, adhere to the very sides of the Church, one on each hand, even as these witnesses of the Passion stood one on each side of the Cross. On the western wall of the Chapel of S. Mary is to be seen painted on the outside a figure of the Virgin, by which Mary of Egypt......was marvellously consoled, as her life relates.

"On the other side of the Church of S. John is the beautiful Church of the Holy Trinity (B), in which is the place of baptism: to this adheres the Chapel of S. James (A), the apostle who first obtained the pontifical chair of Jerusalem. And these are so arranged, that any one standing in the last Church can see all the five churches from door to door.

66

Beyond the gate of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to the South, is the Church of S. Mary, which is called Latina, because there Monks perform the Latin service, and the Syrians say that the Virgin stood during the Crucifixion on the very spot where the altar of that Church is fixed.

"To this Church adheres the Church of S. Mary the Less, where nuns serve the Virgin and her Son; and close to this stands the Hospital where the celebrated Church or Monastery is dedicated in honour of S. John Baptist '."

' Relatio de Peregrinatione Sawulfi ad Hierosolymam et Terram Sanctam. Annis Dominicæ Incarnationis 1102 et 1103. p. 83.

"Introitus civitatis Jerosolimam est ad Occidentem, sub arce David regis

per portam quæ vocatur porta David. Primum eundem est ad Ecclesiam Sancti Sepulcri quæ Martyrium vocatur, non solum pro conditione platearum, sed quià celebrior est omnibus aliis ecclesiis.........In medio autem

The most curious part of this description is that which relates to the series of chapels annexed to the Round Church, and which I have already explained in Section VIII. I shall therefore merely refer to the Plan, Fig. 3, and to that explanation. These were apparently

istius Ecclesiæ est Dominicum Sepulchrum muro fortissimo circumcinctum et opertum, ne dùm pluit, pluvia cadere possit super Sanctum Sepulchrum, quià Ecclesia desuper patet discooperta. Ista Ecclesia sita est in declivio montis Syon sicut civitas.........

"In atrio Ecclesiæ Dominici Sepulchri loca visuntur sanctissima, scilicet carcer ubi Dominus noster Jesus Christus post traditionem incarceratus fuit, testantibus Assiriis; deinde paulo superiùs locus apparet ubi sancta Crux cum aliis crucibus inventa est, ubi posteà in honore reginæ Helenæ magna constructa fuit ecclesia, sed postmodum a paganis funditùs est detrusa; inferius vero non longè a carcere columpna marmorea conspicitur ad quam Jesus Christus Dominus noster in pretorio ligatus flagris affligebatur durissimis ; juxta est locus ubi Dominus Noster a militibus exuebatur ab indumentis ; deinde | est locus ubi induebatur veste purpureâ a militibus et coronabatur spineâ coronâ, et diviserunt vestimenta sua sortem mittentes.

"Postea ascenditur in montem Calvarium, ubi Abraham patriarcha, facto altari, prius filium suum jubente Deo sibi immolare voluit, ibidem posteà Filius Dei, quem ipse prefiguravit, pro redemptione mundi Deo Patri immolatus est hostia; scopulus autem ejusdem montis Passionis Dominicæ testis juxtà fossam in quâ Dominica Crux fuit affixa multùm scissus, quià sinè VOL. II.

scissura necem Fabricatoris sufferre nequivit sicut in Passione legitur, 'et petræ scissæ sunt.' Subtùs est locus qui Golgotha vocatur, ubi Adam a torrente Dominici cruoris super eum delapso dicitur esse a mortuis resuscitatus, sicut in Domini Passione legitur, 'et multa corpora sanctorum qui dormierant surrexerunt.' Sed in sententiis beati Augustini legitur eum sepultum fuisse in Hebron, ubi etiam postmodum tres patriarchæ sepulti sunt cum uxoribus suis, Abraham cum Sarâ, Isaac cum Rebeccâ, Jacob cum Liâ; et ossa Joseph, quæ filii Israel adportaverunt secum de Egypto. Juxtà locum Calvariæ, Ecclesia sanctæ Mariæ in loco ubi Corpus Dominicum, avulsum a cruce antequam sepeliretur, fuit aromatisatum et linteo sive sudario involutum.

"Ad caput autem Ecclesiæ Sancti Sepulchri, in muro forinsecùs non longè a loco Calvariæ, est locus qui Compas vocatur, ubi ipse Dominus noster Jesus Christus medium mundi propriâ manu, esse signavit atque mensuravit, psalmistâ testante, "Dominus autem Rex noster antè secula; operatus est salutem in medio terræ;" sed quidam in illo loco Dominum Jesum Christum dicunt apparuisse primo Mariæ Magdalenæ, dùm ipsa flendo eum quæsivit et putavit eum hortulanum fuisse, sicut Evangelista narrat.

"Ista oratoria sanctissima continentur in atrio Dominici Sepulchri ad Orien18

the buildings upon which the Greek Emperors expended their pains and funds. For the other holy places appear to have been merely protected by small oratories, according to the description of William of Tyre already quoted. The Prison was probably then in the same state as it is now, a dry vaulted cistern in the rock.

Of the place where the Cross was found, the same may be said. The Church or Chapel of S. Helena seems to have been in ruins, for Sawulf speaks of it as in this state; and the anonymous historian, whose Tract is printed in the "Gesta Dei," and who also writes at the same period, says of this spot, “Near the Sepulchre, a little on one side, there rises a rock, split and gaping open, as it is written "that the rocks were rent," and beneath it is Golgotha.........A little further

talem plagam. In lateribus vero ipsius | pontificalem Jerosolimis obtinuit; ita ecclesiæ duæ capellæ sibi adherent præclarissimæ hinc inde, Sea. Marie scilicet Scique Johannis in honore", sicut ipsi participes Dominicæ Passionis sibi in lateribus constiterunt hinc inde.

compositæ et ordinatæ omnes, ut quilibet in ultimâ stans ecclesiâ omnes quinque ecclesias perspicere potest clarissimè per ostium ad ostium.

"Extrâ portam Ecclesiæ Sancti Sepulchri ad Meridiem est Ecclesia Sanctæ Mariæ, quæ Latina vocatur, eò quod Latinè ibi Domino a monachis semper ministrabatur, et Assirii dicunt ipsam beatam Dei genitricem in crucifixione Filii sui Domini nostri stare in eodem loco ubi altare est ejusdem ecclesiæ. Cui ecclesiæ alia adheret Ecclesia Sanctæ Mariæ, quæ vocatur Parva, ubi monacha conversantur sibi Filioque suo servientes devotissimè. Juxta quam est hospitale ubi monasterium habetur præclarum in honore Sancti Johannis Baptista dedicatum."

* The passages in Italics are omitted in the French transcript.