slightly to the West, narrowing into a deep gorge between the ridge of Ophel and the Mount of Offence, which is that continuation of Mount Olivet in whose rocky side is excavated the village of Siloam. South of this, the contracted valley again opens into a small plain, formed by the concurrence of two other valleys, which we must next trace up to their commencement. The more marked and better known of these is the Valley Ben-Hinnom, which following a serpentine course from this quarter, encircles the City on the South and West, where it expands into a plain around the Birket Mamilla. The third Valley between the two just described, (it must at present be anonymous) runs in a northerly direction through the City, and opens into a small plain without the Damascus Gate. In the mouth of this valley the Pool of Siloam is situated.

The southern part of the ridge between the Valley of Jehoshaphat and the intermediate valley, is universally allowed to be the Temple Mount, and the southern part of the broader ridge, between the latter valley and that of Hinnom, is generally conceded to be the Hill of Sion.

To proceed now with the walls. From the N. E. angle of the City, nearly to the Damascus Gate (2200 feet) the course of the northern wall is almost due West; then verging some points to the South, over a high rocky ridge, it reaches the brow of the Valley BenHinnom, at the N.W. angle of the City, 1990 feet from the Damascus Gate. Hence, taking a south-easterly direction from the Valley Ben-Hinnom, 878 feet to the Jaffa Gate; then due South to the S.W. angle, (1400 feet) it bisects Mount Sion from West to East, and continues in an irregular line, with the same general

bearing to the S. E. angle; the measure of this 3720 feet making the whole circuit of the walls 12,978 feet, or 4326 yards, nearly two miles half. The walls may be said broadly to face t cardinal points; and the situation of the fou towards the same quarters will much simplify scription of the City.

The western gate named of Jaffa, and the n of Damascus, have been already mentioned southern gate, 600 feet from the S.W. angle of t is appropriately named of Sion; the eastern, 2 north of the Haram wall, is called by the nativ Gate of St Mary." They have all of them ot signations, but with these we need not at concern ourselves.

Two minute descriptions of the Holy C earlier by a French, the later by an Arabic wri furnish as complete a directory as can be desir will enable me to assign names to the principal of the City, which will be extremely serviceable progress of the inquiry: the more so as the inhabitants have, for the most part, dispensed w convenient practice'.

From the Jaffa Gate a street leads due Eas Haram, cutting the three lines of bazaars angles, in their southern extremity. The whole is called "the Street of David," though the pa

1 Dr Robinson, Bib. Res. 1. 394,❘ note 1. "Châteaubriand, in his Itinéraire, professes to give the names of all the chief streets; but our friends, who had resided several years in the city, and made frequent inquiries, had never

been able to hear of any one or two instances." Cha names do not agree with th Arabic author; but were. those used in his time by th

of the bazaar is elsewhere designated by the distinct appellation of "the Street of the Temple :" a distinction which I shall find it convenient to adopt. Another street, commencing at the Damascus Gate, traverses the whole length of the City from North to South, passing through the bazaars, and terminating near the Sion Gate. It cuts the Street of David at the South end of the bazaars, North of which it is called "the Street of St Stephen," South, "the Street of Mount Sion."

These two main streets divide Jerusalem into four quarters, exclusive of the Haram. They are, first, the Christian quarter (Hâret en-Nasâra), on the N.W.; the Mohammedan quarter (Hâret el-Muslimîn), on the N.E.; the Armenian quarter (Hâret el-Armân), on the S.W.; and the Jews' quarter (Hâret el-Yehûd), on the S.E.: the two latter being situated on Mount Sion. The subdivisions of the streets and quarters are numerous, but unimportant, not needing separate notice. The Christian quarter will claim our first attention, when I have noticed one or two other features, and named a few more streets, in order to complete the vocabulary.

Immediately within the Jaffa Gate, on the right hand side at entering, in the North-West angle therefore of the Armenian quarter, is the Citadel (El-Kal'ah) commonly called by Christians the "Castle of David." The open space about it, on the North and East, was formerly "the Corn-Market." Leaving this on the right, and proceeding a short way down the Street of David, we arrive at the end of "the Street of the Patriarch," running through the Christian quarter from South to North, parallel to the Bazaars. Following this for nearly 800 feet, we find another street running at right-angles to it, parallel to the Street of David,

continued with one or two angles to the Gate of St Mary, Eastward; and Westward, past the Franciscan Convent, to the North-West corner of the City. The Western part of this, as far as St Stephen's Street, is 'the Street of the Holy Sepulchre;" the Eastern is now "the Via Dolorosa1." From the Damascus Gate

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another main street diverges from St Stephen's Street, until it meets the Via Dolorosa at a large ruined Bath, then, running parallel to the Western wall of the Haram, traverses the whole length of the valley, which has been noticed as intersecting the City, as far as the Street of the Temple. It here meets with an obstruction, the cause of which will be presently explained, but is thence continued, in the same Southerly course, to the small closed gate, marked in modern plans as the Dung Gate. This is "the Street of the Valley of the Mills;" but it will be more convenient to designate it "the Valley Street," and the Valley, "the Mill Valley."

With these data, we shall be in some measure prepared to enter upon the disquisition of the topography of the ancient City; but as I am first to address myself to that part of the subject which affects the authority of the Holy Sepulchre, a somewhat more minute description of its site, and of the Christian quarter in which it is situated, will be desirable.

It may be well to state that the Via Dolorosa is called by the French writer, la rue de Josaphat, and the Eastern gate la porte de Josaphat. This gate is commonly known to travellers as St Stephen's gate, but I call it by its native name, St Mary's Gate, to prevent confusion, as I have to speak of a street of St Stephen, which is in

no way connected with this gate, but with the old St Stephen's, now the Damascus Gate,

2 "La posterne de la Tanerie" of the French description. The Arabic alone names the street, but carries it only to the Street of the Temple: the French description reckons it all one street to the gate, as indeed it is.