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intellect is felt. We yield to a spell of moral authority.The large and arched front sublime" is a very different spectacle when exhibited by a Lavater and by a Gall. In the one, what magnificent mood; in the other, what artificial detail! The one is a field left rich and luxuriant in its own growth; the other the same field staked into building lots. The one is a noble palace; the other the same palace leased by sundry agents, and broken into divers offices. The claims of Craniology, be they true or false, must be viewed quite apart from Physiognomy: upon the latter, this system cannot, in legal phrase, found.-Nor will I now speak of those scientific deductions which it pretends to have infallibly established. I leave to others whether the white or medullary matter be strictly and uniformly fibrous: whether it originate in the grey or cineritious matter as its matrix, and be supported by it as its pabulum: whether the first be nervous, and the latter a surrounding ganglion, which connects these fibrils: whether these filaments be all excurrent and diverging or recurrent and converging whether the spinal marrow be their universal source or their termination: whether it can dignify the thinking faculties to unite them with that cord which is common to all vertebrated animals. I leave to others whether we should begin with the surface of the brain, or unwind it from what this system considers its origin; whether we ought to content ourselves with horizontal sections, as we slice a Dutch cheese; or commence with the root, as we eat our Celery with it.

Gall maintains that the substance we call brain is not, as some have thought, the one organ of thought, but a concatenation of organs that these are the seats and mediums of all our faculties and affections: that their strength rests principally in their size, though partly in their activity, which again is determined by temperament: that the bony case or shell we call the head, has protuberances and depressions corresponding to the organs, whether fully or feebly developed, on the brain and that these indications will readily confess themselves to the experienced eye and hand. Thus, like the skilful rhabdomantist, he has placed his divining rod on the surface of the skull; it has

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given signs that precious ores of cogitation and passion are buried within it; if we cannot find this to be the case, his crucible proves it true; and so accurate have his observations become, that, resigning the wand of the enchanter for the humble task of the surveyor, he can at once decide from the soil, the nature, bed, and dip of the intellectual strata, where the truest level can be driven, or the most eligible shaft be sunk. And, therefore, though man has nominally but one head, it is so happily multiplied into itself, that he may claim the virtual possession of many. He is eleven times richer than Cerberus. And, as new organs discover themselves, he may hereafter acquire the faculty of Hydra itself. His head is a Divan and Senate: there are various parties and differ ent tribunes: oftentimes there are opinions without votes: a standing order defeats a session: and a subsequent motion, instead of being taken on its merits, frequently goes off on a previous question :

"The genius, and the mortal instruments,

Are then in council; and the state of man,
Like to a little kingdom, suffers then
The nature of an insurrection."

Let us not suppose, however, that the brain has yet done its best, that it will not, at any future time, work up new elevations, that man has reached his last eminence! The acmè is not attained. It is to be hoped, from a recollection of the past, that the cranium will soon be more fully studded, that it will tower high, and that some great tunnel-undertaking will facilitate the intercourse between the external and subterraneous region of the skull. The Projector set up with only twentysix organs, they now bear a premium of seven. The head has still much vacant space and terra incognita: and if, at any distant period, it should be quite built up, no one can believe that the author of this improvement-act has obtained a clause to prevent another architect raising an additional and equally well-propped-story!

Gall's first division of these organs embraced those which enable man to enter into the external world; his second, those

by which we acquire a more familiar knowledge of objects that are known to us by means of the external senses; his third, those that are strictly intellectual. Spurzheim divides them into two genera,-feelings and intellect: the feelings into the species of propensities and sentiments; the intellect into the species of knowing and reflecting faculties.

"This fellow 's of exceeding honesty,

And knows all qualities, with a learned spirit,

Of human dealings."

Had I ventured on this discussion a little time ago, there would have been an awkward necessity of laying out of this classification two important organs,-the one was admitted to belong to the family, but was treated as a non-descript,-the second was confessedly posthumous, but has of late been very cordially recognised. The powers and dispositions are feeble at first: their nidi are consequently small. For, by a singular law, this callow brood must shape their several tenements, as well as break their own eggs. The mind is oviparous, but having buried its deposits, it leaves them to be hatched as they can, without the trouble and weariness of incubation.

A brief enumeration of these organic developments may be expected, a nice analysis it would be foreign to my purpose to attempt. Perhaps, indeed, my purpose is favourable to my reputation,-as, when Cromwell found that there was not a loaf among his army, he most prudently issued orders from his head-quarters for a solemn fast. I pass over the first two with the remark, that were their names unknown, or their sites undiscovered, the winged boy would probably have taken as sure an aim, and our offspring would have been as dear to our hearts. Still, should we find a Romeo, we might entertain hope of relieving him, a knowledge of the disease being half the cure,-and Cornelia, by a reduction of her occipital projection, might have been spared her solicitude for the Gracchi.

"Ignis mollibus ardet in medullus."*

Catullus. Carm: xliii.

Inhabitiveness.-Lying just above the affection we have for our offspring, the locality itself impresses the useful moral, that those who have families should keep much at home. It is said to be found in animals of various kinds: and Dr. Spurzheim, in his recent course of lectures, still maintains that, under this influence, English rats live in garrets, while Norwegian ones prefer down-stairs. Mr. Combe thinks it might be called concentrativeness; but it is still the same with the other; only, instead of impelling man simply to obtain a settlement, it equally assists him to connect his arguments, and generalise his ideas. A recent advocate imputes to the fulness of inhabitiveness the extraordinary faculty which Pitt exhibited, of coming to the point! So that inhabitiveness, though always in doors, has no very easy life of it!

Adhesiveness.-This being situated larboard and starboard of inhabitiveness, intimates the propriety of keeping well with our neighbours, and of sometimes visiting them. Under this development lies all the stock of friendship the brain may boast. It gives rise to every penchant and liaison of mankind. It is very boon and social. The Symposian wreath is always tied above it. When it swells up inordinately, it becomes an United Service Club-house. It is necessary to give integrity to firms and companies of trade; and ought always to be well looked to ere articles of partnership are signed. On lending money, we cannot be too scrupulous in inspecting the adhesive organ; and should always require a note of head, in addition to a note of hand!

Combativeness. This organ takes a very good-natured station near to Adhesiveness, probably with a view of resenting any wrong or indignity offered to compact or friendship. It does not equally well support its own credit. Why does it not rush forward to the van? Why does it shrink behind, to borrow the term of fortification, the curtain of the ear? Some men have this pugnacious quality in a very large degree. It forms the school of warriors, and shows that, amongst the benevolent designs of nature, the mortal strife is not to be forgotten. Perhaps Alexander was very Great here; and, in a modern hero,

it is understood that the organ is a high pressure one, and of forty lion power. Surely the torch of Alecto must have struck this part of Turnus, and not have fixed itself in his bosom; for it was then the Combative-organ beat to arms,-though, to be sure, if the organ were not agitated at all, a lighted brand in the breast would somewhat alter the temperament, and powerfully excite, by consequence, the functionary activity! Nor could this disposition be better illustrated and confirmed:

"Arma amens fremit; arma toro tectisque requirit:
Sævit amor ferri, et scelerata insania belli."*

It is supposed that Combativeness reaches an unsightly eminence in some of legal celebrity; but, if so, it is dexterously capuched. The correspondence of Thomas Sudden, Esq., of the Inner Temple, with the Spectator, has probably given rise to the insinuation. His memorial showeth "That he stayed behind in Westminster Hall when the late shake of the roof happened, only because a counsel of the other side asserted it was coming down that he cannot for his life consent to any thing."

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Destructiveness.-This is very properly fixed near the former organ; they "are brethren; instruments of cruelty are in their habitations." It would be very comfortable could we have war without bloodshed and death,—but as we are organised to fight, it was at least honest to post an adjoining notice of what would be the consequence.

"For things like that you know must be
After a famous victory."

No development is more accurately made out by Gall and Spurzheim than this; though here the men of models and craniums, the Castor and Pollux, seem not quite agreed. The latter has so clearly defined it, that mistake is impossible. "It gives the propensity to pinch, scratch, bite, cut, break, pierce, devastate, demolish, ravage, burn, massacre, struggle, butcher, suffocate, drown, kill, poison, murder, and assassinate." This

Virgil. Æneid, lib: vii, lin: 460.

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