father ordered that a ring should be put on his finger. As to the workmanship and materials of ancient rings, see RING, SIGNET, etc. Of badges assumed for the purpose of distinction, none are more famous than the white and red roses of York and Lancaster. Henry VII. combined these two emblems, first carrying a rose per pale, white and red, and afterwards placing the white rose within the red one. One of queen Elizabeth's badges was a golden falcon perched on the stump of a tree between two growing branches of white and red roses, a B. which is said to have been given to her mother, Anne Boleyn, by Henry VIII. The bear and ragged staff, which still exists as a sign in London, was the B. of the great earl of Warwick. The white hart and silver swan, which are frequently met with as signs to inns, have a similar origin, the first having been the B. of Richard II., and the second having belonged to the house of Lancaster. The garb and sickle, the B. of the Hungerfords, is another very beautiful and less common example of the same class of badges. Different countries have also distinctive badges, generally connected with the history either of the actual ruling or of some former dynasty. Of these, the fleur de lis of France, and the other badges, for which it from time to time makes way-viz., the cap of liberty and other emblems of republicanism, the eagles of the empire, borrowed from Rome, and the bees and other insignia which the Bonaparte family have assumed, may all be taken as examples.

B. of England.-The present B. of England is a rose white and red, ensigned with the royal crown. The initials V. R., ensigned with a crown, which are used on military accouterments, is also a species of national badge.

B. of Scotland is a thistle ensigned with a royal crown.

B. of Ireland.-Ireland has two national badges-the golden harp and the trefoil, both of which are carried ensigned with the royal crown.

The three badges of England, Scotland, and Ireland, carried conjoined, may be seen under any representation of the royal arms.

B. of Wales is a dragon passant, wings elevated, gules, on a mount vert.

B. of Ulster is on a shield or canton, or, a sinister hand erect and apaumée, gu. This B., which is popularly known as "the bloody hand," is borne in the paternal coats of English baronets.

B. of Nova Scotia, which is borne by the Nova Scotia baronets, is, or, a saltire azure, thereon an escutcheon of the arms of Scotland, and ensigned with an imperial crown, the motto being, Fax mentis honestæ gloria.

One of the oldest and most celebrated badges in existence is the so-called jewel of king Alfred. For the badges of the different orders of knighthood, see their respective titles.

BADGER, Meles, a genus of quadrupeds of the bear family or ursida (see BEAR), and included by Linnæus in the genus ursus or bear, but forming a sort of connecting-link between this family and the mustelida or weasel and otter family. To the skunks (q.v.), which are ranked in that family, the badgers have a particularly strong resemblance, and their dentition and habits are almost the same. The dentition of badgers differs from that of bears chiefly in the large size of the tuberculous molar teeth at the bottom of each jaw, showing a still greater adaptation to vegetable food. Badgers, like the rest of the family to which they belong, are plantigrade, i.e., they walk on the whole sole of the foot, and not merely on the fore part of it. The body is thus brought nearer to the ground than it otherwise would be from their length of limb. The head is long, with a pointed muzzle, the tail short, the skin very thick and tough, the hair long. The gait is slow, the habits nocturnal and solitary. There are five toes on each, both of the fore and hind feet, and the feet are peculiarly adapted for digging and burrowing. A peculiar characteristic of the badgers, not found in any other quadrupeds of the same family, is the possession of a bag, beneath the tail, for the secretion of a peculiar substance, of a disagreeable odor, which is supposed to be of use in directing the sexes to each other in their solitary wanderings.-The common B. (M. taxus or M. vulgaris) is the only quadruped of the bear family now found in the British islands. It is widely diffused over Europe and the middle parts of Asia. It is grayish brown above and black beneath; the head white, with a longitudinal black band on each side; the body long but robust, in size about equal to that of a small fox, the hair coarse and reaching to the ground as the animal walks. The average length is 2 ft. 6 in., and the height at the shoulder 11 inches. It haunts the gloomy recesses of woods, or thick coppices on the sides of hills, and digs for itself a deep and well-formed domicile, consisting of more than one apartment, the single entrance to which is by a deep, oblique, and even tortuous excavation.' In this, or similar excavation, the B. sleeps through the winter. The B. makes use of its nose in digging, scrapes with the fore-paws, flinging the earth as far back by them as possible, and, when the accumulation is considerable, pushes it away by means of the hind-feet. The B. is extremely cleanly in its habits. It is one of the most perfectly omnivorous of animals, in a wild state as well as in confinement; fruits, roots, beech-mast, eggs, young birds, small quadrupeds, frogs, snails, worms, and insects, equally constitute its natural food. It has been known to visit a garden for strawberries. It is also fond of honey, and of the larvæ of wasps and wild bees, for the sake of which it digs up their nests, its hide being impervious to their stings. It is often caught by placing a sack in the mouth of its hole, when it is out at

night; dogs are then sent into the wood to alarm it, upon which it flees to its hole. Dogs sent into the hole are often foiled by earth which the B. throws back upon them to block up their way; nor is it easy for a dog to contend with it, owing to its great strength, and particularly the strength of its jaws. A barbarous sport was formerly, and to some extent still is practised, called B.-baiting, or drawing the badger. A B. kept in a barrel was assailed by dogs, and at last, yielding to superior numbers, was dragged out, upon which it was released and allowed to go back to its den, to recover itself, and be baited again, which happened several times daily, when the B. was kept as an attraction to a public-house of the lowest sort. The verb to badger, expressive of persevering annoyance by numerous assailants, was originally employed with reference to the practice of B.-baiting. The flesh of the B. is said to be very agreeable, particularly when cured in the form of hams. It is much used in China. The B. is easily domesticated when taken young, and becomes very familiar. In Scotland and the north of England, a B. is still called a brock, its Anglo-Saxon name; and in some parts of England it is termed a gray, from which some derive grayhound. See illus., BATS, ETC., p. 292, fig. 5.-The balysaur of India, also called the sand bear and Indian B. (M. collaris), very much resembles the common B., but is taller, and has a more hog-like muzzle, and a longer tail. Its habits and its food are similar to those of the common B., and, when attacked, it defends itself with great vigor. It is chiefly found in hilly districts.-The American B. (M. Labradorica) was at first supposed to be a mere variety of the European B., but has proved to be very distinct. so that it has been regarded by some naturalists as worthy of a separate genus (taxidea), and is sometimes called taxel. Its teeth are more adapted than those of the B. for carnivorous subsistence, and it chiefly preys on small animals, such as marmots. which it pursues into their holes in the sandy plains near the Missouri and the Rocky mountains. It is in that region that it abounds, over a considerable range of latitude, but it is not known to exist in Labrador, so that its specific name is perhaps the perpetuation of an error. its pursuit of the smaller quadrupeds upon which it preys, it enlarges their burrows, and renders some parts of the plains dangerous to persons on horseback. Its prevailing color is hoary gray in winter, yellowish brown in summer, the under parts generally yellowish white: a white stripe runs from the nose over the forehead to the neck. The hair becomes not only very long but woolly in winter.-The burrowing powers of this animal are extraordinary. It sometimes makes burrows 6 or 7 ft. deep, and 30 ft. long.

In

BADGER, MILTON, D.D., 1800-73; a native of Connecticut, a graduate of Yale, and in theology at Andover; pastor of a Congregational church there; officially connected as secretary with the American home missionary society for 38 years, in which responsible relation he was noted for wise and faithful service.

He

BADI'A-Y-LEBLICH, DOMINGO, known also by the name Ali-Bei-el-Abbassi, one of the most enterprising of modern travelers, was b. at Barcelona, April 1, 1767. studied the Arabic language, and also physical science and mathematics at Valentia. Possessed of a lively and restless spirit, he formed the project of visiting Africa and Asia, under the disguise of a Mussulman, both for the purpose of avoiding the suspicions of the natives when visiting those places forbidden to Christians, and also for giving greater éclat to his adventures. In pursuance of this scheme, therefore, he resigned an office under government in the year 1797, and went to Madrid, to make proposals of a scientific and mercantile tour of exploration in Africa. Having gained promises of support from Don Godoï, the prince of peace, he betook himself for a short time to London, to study commerce and politics. He also spared no labor to make himself familiar with the manners and customs of the people he was about to visit; and in his anxiety to escape detection, he even ventured to undergo the severe ordeal of circumcision. In 1803, he sailed for Africa, where he represented himself, under the name of Ali-Bei, as a descendant from the Abbasides. His tact and talents gained for him such esteem that he was invited to the court of the Emperor of Fez and Morocco. After a two years' residence in Morocco, he set out on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1805, and after sojourning some time in Tripoli, Cyprus, and Egypt, arrived at the holy place in 1807, being the first Christian that had visited it since the institution of Islam. Subsequently, he visited Jerusalem and the chief places in Palestine and Syria, and in the autumn of 1807 arrived at Constantinople, whence he had soon to flee, the reality of his Mohammedanism being suspected. After his return to Spain, he was made intendant of Segovia and prefect of Cordova; but the easy way in which he shelved his patriotism, and submitted to the French conquerors, was fatal to his prospects, for, on the expulsion of the latter, he was compelled to leave the country. He went to Paris, where, in 1814, he published an account of his travels under the title Voyages d'Ali-Bei en Afrique et en Asie pendant les Années 1803 à 1807. His work was translated into most of the European languages. Four years after the publication, B. set off on another journey to the east, but died suddenly at Aleppo on 30th Aug., 1818.

BADIUS, JODOcus, or Josse, 1462-1535; an eminent painter in Paris, who previously studied at Brussels and Ferrara, and for several years taught Greek at Lyons. He illus trated and printed several of the classics, and produced a life of Thomas à Kempis, and a satire on the follies of women, called Novicula Stultarum Mulierum.

BAD LANDS. See page 880.

BADMINTON, a popular game closely resembling lawn tennis, is played with battledore and shuttlecock on a rectangular portion of a lawn. The ground is divided crosswise by a strip of net, not less than 3 in. wide, suspended from poles at a height of 5 feet. As in lawn tennis, the ground on either side of the net is divided lengthwise into right and left courts. The first player standing on a specified part of his right court, must strike the shuttlecock so as to fall across the net into the back section of the right court opposite. The opponent strikes it back, then it is returned by the first player, and so on till the first player misses the shuttlecock. After the first stroke it suffices that the shuttlecock be sent across the net, if it does not fly beyond the boundaries. See BHADRINATH,

BADRINATH.

BAEL, or BHEL. See AEGLE.

BAË'NA, a t. in the province of Cordova, Spain, of about 13,000 inhabitants. It is situated about 24 m. s.s.e. from Cordova, on the river Marbella, and carries on a considerable export and inland trade, chiefly in grain and oil. B. was a Roman town; and a Roman sepulchre was discovered here in 1833.

BAER, KARL ERNST VON, a distinguished Russian naturalist, was b. Feb. 29, 1792, in Esthonia. During 1810-14, he studied medicine at the university of Dorpat, but convinced that Russia as it then was presented very few advantages for the acquisition of scientific knowledge, he went to Germany in 1814, where he studied comparative anatomy under Döllinger in Würzburg. He also made the acquaintance of prof. Nees of Esenbeck, who exercised a considerable influence over him. In 1817, he went to Königsberg, where, two years after, he was appointed professor of zoology, and charged with the organization of the zoological museum. In 1834, he was called to St. Petersburg, and was soon known as one of the most active members of the academy (of which he became an honorary member in 1862). As a naturalist, he has specially occupied himself with the difficult subject of embryology; and to his laborious investigations we owe several most valuable discoveries in regard to the development of organic bodies, Beginning with his Epistola de Ovi Mammalium et Hominis Genesi (Leip. 1827), he still further elucidated this subject in his History of Animal Development (Königsberg, 1828–37) and History of the Development of Fishes (Leip. 1835). After his return to St. Petersburg, he made the polar regions the objects of his study. He examined carefully the northern shores of Russia, and published a minute description of their fauna and flora. He suggested valuable improvements in the Russian fisheries. In 1864, the 50th year of his doctorate was celebrated by the Esthonian nobility, at whose expense a splendid volume was published, containing B.'s autobiography. He d. Nov. 29, 1876. His Reden and Kleine Aufsätze appeared in 1864-75; the Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Russichen Reichs (26 vols.) in 1864–75.

BAEZ, BUENAVENTURA, b. 1820; president of the republic of San Domingo and thrice re-chosen. He was the son of a mulatto, inherited a large fortune, and was prominent in securing Dominican independence. In 1853, he was driven from the country by Santana; returned in 1856; was again driven out in Jan., 1858; again returned in 1865, and was elected for the third time. The next year an insurrection drove him into exile; and in the following year he was again restored. B. endeavored to secure the annexation of Dominica to the United States, but the U. S. senate declined the offer. Finally defeated in the insurrection, 1878, he evacuated San Domingo.

BAE'ZA, a handsome old t. of Spain, in the province of Jaen, from the capital city of which it is about 22 m. distant in the n.e. direction. Pop. about 14,000. It was here that the younger Scipio routed Asdrubal with immense loss, taking 10,000 Spaniards prisoners. It was a flourishing city under the Moors, several of whose caliphs and kings resided here, but it never fairly recovered its sack by St. Ferdinand in the 13th century. Gaspar Becerra, the celebrated sculptor, was b. here in 1720; but B. is chiefly proud of being the birthplace of the 11,000 virgins, usually named of Cologne. Its principal buildings are the university, the old monastery of St. Philip de Neri, the cathedral, and the Jesuits' college. B. has manufactures of leather.

BAFFA, the Paphos of ancient times, a seaport t. on the s.w. coast of the island of Cyprus. It has now fallen much into decay, and has but a small population, who trade in cotton, silk, and grain; but under the Venetian rule, it was a place of considerable importance. The present t. occupies the site of New Paphos, which, under the Romans, was a beautiful city, full of fine temples and other public buildings. The Old Paphos, famous as the place where Venus landed immediately after her birth from the foam, and as her favorite residence, stood a little to the south-east. A hundred altars were here erected to her name, to which numerous worshipers, male and female, from New Paphos, trooped annually to pay their devotions. An earthquake in the time of Augustus destroyed the Roman Paphos, but it was rebuilt soon afterwards. The Roman deputygovernor, Sergius Paulus, was here converted by St. Paul.

BAFFIN. WILLIAM, 1584-1622; an English navigator of whose early life nothing is known. In 1612, he accompanied James Hall in his search for a north-western passage, and in 1613, commanded the English whaling fleet in the Arctic seas. In 1615, he went north in the Discovery under Bylot, and explored the inlet now known as Baffin's bay.

Baggage.

In 1621, he was killed while trying, in conjunction with a Persian force, to expel the Portuguese from Ormuz.

BAFFIN'S BAY, a gulf, or rather sea, on the n.e. coast of North America, extending between that continent and Greenland; lat. 68° to 78° n., and long. 51° to 80° east. It is about 800 m. long, with an average breadth of 280. Its greatest depth is 6890 feet. The tides do not rise more than 10 feet. The currents are generally towards the s., though recent investigations would seem to show that on the e. side of Davis' strait and B. B. a current from Spitzbergen flows northwards round cape Farewell. The shores are for the most part lofty and precipitous, backed by ranges of snow-clad mountains. The prevailing rocks are granite and gneiss. The principal animals inhabiting the coasts are, on land, bears, black foxes, and hares; in the sea, the black whale, walrus, and seal, gulls, ducks, and other sea-fowls. The s. shore of Whale sound on the e. coast, in lat. 77° 20' n. was found by capt. Inglefield in 1852 to be inhabited. There are Danish settlements on Disco and Whale islands. B. B. communicates with the Atlantic ocean by Davis' strait; and with the Arctic ocean by Smith sound on the n., and Lancaster sound on the west. Wellington strait, which forms the n. w. outlet of Lancaster sound, was entered in 1852 by Sir E. Belcher. B. B. was first explored in 1616 by William Baffin, after whom it was called, and who was pilot of the expedition, which was commanded by Bylot. Baffin's title to this honor seems to have been most faithfully earned; and the accuracy of his observations and descriptions has been confirmed by subsequent navigators. Whale and seal fishing are prosecuted to a large extent in B. B., which, on account of ice, is only navigable for some two months in summer.

BAFFO, a Venetian lady of singular beauty and talent, called "the pure." She was captured by pirates in 1580, and made a slave in Constantinople, afterwards becoming the sultana of Amurath III., over whom she had great influence. After his death she

was the counselor of her son Mohammed III., who drowned all his father's wives except her. She died during the rule of her grandson.

BAGA RIA, or BAGHERIA, a t. of Sicily, in the province of Palermo, 9 m. e. by s. from Palermo, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. about 12,000. It is beautifully situated at the base of the isthmus which separates the Bay of Palermo from that of Termini, and is surrounded by groups of palatial villas of the Sicilian nobility, abandoned after the proprietors had ruined themselves by the festivals here celebrated in honor of queen Caroline, at the commencement of the present century.

BAGASSE, CANE-STRAW, or CANE-TRASH, is the refuse matter obtained during the expression of the saccharine juice from the sugar-cane. In the manufacture of sugar (q.v.), the sugar-canes, in lengths of 3 to 4 ft., are passed between heavy rollers, which only partly squeeze out the juice, and yield the bruised canes, or B., still retaining a large percentage (usually about 18) of sugar.—The only use to which the B. is put is as fuel in the heating of the boilers and pans in the sugar manufactory. The improved apparatus introduced of late years has done much to save the large amount of sugar wasted in the B. and in other parts of the process, which at one time amounted to not less than one half of the entire quantity of the sugar in the sugar-cane.

BAGATELLE (Fr. signifying primarily any trifle), the name of a game somewhat resembling billiards. A bagatelle-table is usually about 7 ft. long and 21 in. broad; it is lined with cloth, and a game is performed on, it with balls and a cue or mace. The balls are small ivory spheres, and the sport consists in striking one or more into the holes at one end of the board. To perform this and other feats, some skill and experience are required, and the sport is far from unamusing in a cheerful parlor circle. Of late years bagatelle-tables have become very common in the houses of the middle classes of society; they possess the recommendation of being purchasable at a small expense.

BAGAUDÆ, or BAGAUDI, peasants of Gaul who resisted Roman oppression about 270 A.D., capturing and destroying Augustodunum (now Autun). Claudius temporarily repressed them, but Aurelian made concessions to them, and proclaimed general amnesty. They rose again in 294, and Maximian was sent against them. Their first leader was Victoria; subsequently there were two, Elianus and Amandus, the latter calling himself emperor. Extant coins show that they had more than one emperor. The two last named fell in battle, and Maximian utterly defeated their forces; but they were troublesome to Rome until the end of the western empire.

BAGBY, JOHN C. See page 880.

BAGDAD, the name of a t. and pashalic in the s.e. of Asiatic Turkey. The pashalic extends from lat. 30° to 38° n.. and from long. 40° to 48° e.; and is bounded on the n. by the pashalics of Diarbekir and Van; on the w. and s., by Syria and Arabia; and on the e. by Persia; while at its s.e. extremity lies the Persian gulf. Extreme length, 550 m.; breadth, 350. Pop. 2,000,000. It is watered by the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, which unite their streams at the town of Korna, in lat. 31° n., and long. 47° east. The pashalic of B. is usually divided into three parts. 1. That e. of the Tigris, comprehending the districts of Khuzistan (anciently, Susiana) and Kurdistan (part of ancient Assyria), the former of which is rich in grain and fruit. 2. That w. of the Euphrates, a sterile waste, losing itself at last in the great Syro-Arabian desert. 3. That between the two rivers, the northern portion of which is known under the name of Algesirah, or "the island

Baggage.

(anciently, Mesopotamia), and the southern under that of Irak-Arabi (anciently Babylonia and Chaldea) The last of these divisions, though now a barren wilderness, was in ancient times luxuriantly fertile, the seat of mighty empires, and inhabited by industrious populations. The barbarous misgovernment and wretched incapacity of the Turks have reduced it to its present condition. The pashalic produces, in the better-cultivated districts, crops of rice, wheat, maize, barley, with some hemp, flax, tobacco, etc., while dates are brought to great perfection. The chief wild animals are lions-not numerous -hyenas, jackals, wolves, gazelles, ostriches; the chief domestic ones are horses, asses, mules, buffaloes, camels, and dromedaries. The inhabitants are composed of Turkomans, Armenians, Turks, Jews, Arabs, and Kurds; the last two of which races are notorious for their open and audacious depredations, their mutual wars, and their utter contempt for the authority attempted to be exercised over them. Principal cities-Bagdad, Bassora, and Mosul. For a description of the cities which in ancient times adorned this region, see AsSYRIA, BABYLON, NINEVEH, CTESIPHON, SELEUCIA, etc.

BAGDAD, the capital of the pashalic of the same name, is situated on both banks of the Tigris, in lat. 33° 20′ n., and long. 44° 23' e. Pop. estimated at 60,000. The city is surrounded by a brick wall, 5 m. in circumference; the two parts are connected by a bridge of boats, and the communication is guarded by a citadel. It has an extremely picturesque appearance from the outside, being encircled and interspersed with groves of date-trees, through which one may catch the gleam of domes and minarets; but it does not improve on closer inspection. The streets are narrow, crooked, unpaved, and dirty, full of ruts, and strewed with dead carcasses, which, however, are for the most part removed by dogs, the only public scavengers in the east. The exterior of the individual houses corresponds with the repulsive aspect of the streets. They have, in general, no windows towards the front, and are built of old brick; but their interior is often very gorgeously decorated. The vaulted ceilings, rich moldings, inlaid mirrors, and massive gilding, bring back to the recollection of the traveler "the golden time of good Harun Al-Raschid." B. contains upwards of 100 mosques. These, together with the khans, bazaars, and the palace of the governor, are the only noticeable buildings in the city. The domes and minarets are said to be finer than those of Constantinople, and are beautifully painted. The bazaars exhibit the produce of both Turkish and European markets; but commerce has greatly decreased since Persia began to trade with Europe by way of Trebizonde on the n., and by the Persian gulf on the south. Nevertheless, though no longer the chief emporium of merchandise between east and west Asia, and though robber Kurds and Arabs lurk on all the roads that lead from the city, B. still carries on a considerable traffic with Aleppo and Damascus, and has manufactures of red and yellow leather, silks, and cotton stuffs. The value of goods that pass through the custom-house at B. in one year may be £500,000. Of the 60,000 inhabitants, the greater part are Turks and Arabs; the remainder are Jews, Armenians, Hindus, Afglians, and Persians. In summer, the heat is oppressive; rain does not fall on more than 20 or 30 days throughout the whole year; but when the snows melt on the Armenian hills, the Tigris becomes a majestic, and often a destructive river. In 1831, an inundation destroyed one half of the town, and several thousand lives. The plague visits it periodically-once every 10 years. In 1831, 4000 people perished daily for several days from its ravages! B. is frequently chosen by Mohammedans of the Shiah sect as a permanent place of residence. Several steamers now ply on the Tigris to and from B.; and here is one of the chief stations of the Anglo-Indian telegraph.

B. was founded by the Abbaside caliph Almansur, 762-766 A.D. It was built out of the ruins of Ctesiphon and Seleucia. In the 9th c., it was greatly enlarged by Harun Al-Raschid, who erected numerous edifices on the e. side of the Tigris, and connected its two banks by a bridge of boats. The palace, built for himself, and the tomb of his favorite wife, Zobeide, are said to have been of extraordinary splendor. A hundred years later, B. was ravaged by the Turks. In 1253, the grandson of Genghis Kahn, Huleku, put an end to the old caliphate; but the descendants of this Tartar conqueror were expelled by Timur, who took the city in 1393. After several vicissitudes, it remained in the possession of a Turkoman chief, whose dynasty governed until 1470. In the beginning of the 16th c., Shah Ismail, the founder of the Suffide dynasty in Persia, made himself master of it; since which period it has repeatedly been a bone of contention between Turks and Persians. After a memorably obstinate siege, it was conquered by the sultan, Murad IV., in 1638. Nadir Shah vainly essayed to retake it in the 18th c., and ever since it has been under the sway of the porte.

BAGEHOT, WALTER. See page 880.

BAGGAGE, in the marching arrangements of the British army, is placed under strict rules, in order that accumulation of weight may not impede the movement of the troops; and rules of an analogous kind are enforced in troop-ships, when soldiers are on a voyage. The term itself is made to apply chiefly to articles of clothing, and to small personal effects. A private soldier is allowed to carry nothing except that which his knapsack and other accouterments can hold; but those who are married with their officers' consent-a small number in every regiment-are allowed one small chest each, of definite size, which may be carried on a march, but at the men's own expense. Staff-sergeants and pay-sergeants have similar permission. The baggage-wagons are not expected to receive packages weighing more than 400 lbs. each, or as much as four men can lift.