are, besides the Iller, already mentioned, the Lech, the Isar, and the Inn; and on the left, the Wörnitz, the Altmühl, the Kocher, the Naab, the Regen, and the Ilz. The n. part of B. is in the basin of the Main, which, rising in the north, flows with many windings through the kingdom in a s. w. direction to the Rhine, with which it unites at Mayence. Its most important tributaries are the Regnitz, the Rodach, the Tauber, and the Saale. B. has several lakes, the principal of which are the Chiem, which has a circumference of 35 m.; the Wurm, with a length of 14 m., and a breadth of 4 m.; and the Ammer, with a circuit of 27 miles. These lakes are situated in the south, at the foot of the northern slope of the Noric Alps. A corner of lake Constance also belongs to Bavaria. The lakes and rivers abound in fish. There are a few canals in the country, the most important of which is the Ludwigs-Kanal, which, taking advantage of the rivers Main, Regnitz, and Altmühl, unites the Rhine and Danube, and, through them, the German ocean with the Black sea. This canal was executed by government at a cost of upwards of £800,000. B. has altogether about 1700 m. of railway in operation. One of the chief is that between Augsburg and Lindau on lake Constance, a distance of 80 miles. These lines join Munich with Augsburg, Donauwörth, Nürnberg, Bamberg, Ulm, Kufstein, etc. B. has about 9000 m. of public roads, and over 1500 of telegraphs. Climate, Soil, Products, etc.—The temperature of B. varies considerabiy, being cold and bleak in the mountainous regions, and very hot in summer in the plains and valleys. The climate may be described generally, however, as mild and salubrious. The soil, particularly in the valleys of the upper and lower Danube, is very fertile, second to none in central Germany; but its capabilities as yet have not been fully developed, although even now the wealth of the country consists almost wholly of its agricultural produce. The plain s. of Munich has been described as the granary of Germany, in consequence of its great productiveness, while the circles of upper and middle Franconia are styled the hop-garden of Bavaria. Wheat, rye, oats, and barley are the chief articles of produce, but buckwheat, maize, and rice are also grown to a small extent The vine, as well as the hop-plant, is cultivated extensively in Franconia, and the wine is held in great esteem. Rhenish B. also produces good wine. The quantity annually produced in B. is estimated at upwards of 16,000,000 gallons. Fruit, tobacco, flax, hemp, linseed, licorice, and beet-root are cultivated. Cattle-rearing forms the exclusive occupation of the inhabitants on the slopes and at the foot of the Alps, pasturage being found at an elevation of 8500 feet. Sheep, goats, and pigs are reared in middle and upper Franconia, and horses chiefly in upper B. and Swabia, but the live-stock is far from being adequate to the extent and capacity of the country. The forests of B. annually furnish large quantities of timber. The soil is rich in mineral wealth, which as yet has not been drawn upon to anything like its full extent. The chief minerals are salt-which is a government monopoly, and obtained by evaporation, principally from the rich mines in the s.e. corner of the Alps-coal and iron, which is worked almost everywhere throughout the territory. In Rhenish B., copper, manganese, mercury, and cobalt are found; quicksilver and black-lead are obtained in some places; marble in great variety is common, so also are gypsum, alabaster, and some of the finest porcelain clay in Europe.

Manufactures, etc.—The manufacturing industry of B., like its agriculture, is generally in an undeveloped state, and not centered in the hands of capitalists, who can largely take advantage of new inventions to prosecute it with energy and success, but distributed among numerous small manufacturers.

This is not the case with beer, the manufacture of which is carried to great perfection in B., and to an extent, if we take population into account, quite unparalleled in Europe. There are upwards of 5000 breweries in B., making about 110,000,000 gallons of beer annually, which are mainly consumed in the country, the quantity of beer that a Bavarian can imbibe being quite marvelous. Nearly two thirds of the revenue of the state is said to be derived from this source alone. Next to beer, coarse linen is the most important product of manufacturing industry, and of late years some considerable cotton-factories have been erected; but the supply of cotton, woolen, and worsted goods is not equal to the home consumption. Leather is pretty extensively manufactured, so also are paper, articles of straw and wood, porcelain, glass, nails, needles, jewelry, beet-root sugar, and tobacco. The mathematical and optical instruments of Munich are held in high repute. The exports consist of timber, grain, wine, cattle, wool, salt, hops, fruits, beer, leather, glass, jewelry, optical and mathematical instruments, butter, cheese, etc. The annual value of these is estimated at about £1,500,000. The principal imports are sugar, coffee, woolens, silks, stuffs, drugs, hemp, and flax. The position of B. gives it the transit trade between n. Germany and Austria, Switzerland and Italy.

Population. Religion, Education.-The growth of the population of B. is much checked by the regulations which relate to marriages. No marriage can take place until the authorities who superintend the relief of the poor are fully satisfied that the persons wishing to marry have adequate means to support a wife and family; and certain military obligations have also to be fulfilled before a man can enter into wedlock. These restrictive laws have another consequence besides that of preventing a rapid increase of the population; they have tended to increase inordinately the number of illegitimate children. B. has a very bad pre-eminence in this respect on the continent. In the capital, the illegitimate births about equal the legitimate; and over the whole

kingdom the proportion ranges from 1 in 4.5 to 1 in 5 of the total births, equal to a percentage of from 224 to 20 illegitimate births. In 1817, the population was 3,564,757; in 1833, 4,187,390; and in 1855, it had only increased to 4,541,556. During recent years, however, the increase has been more rapid, the population in 1864 amounting to 4,807,440; and in 1881, to 5,284,778. The Bavarians, notwithstanding their beer-bibbing propensity, are essentially a sober and industrious people. Though all of German origin, they differ materially in character. The Franconians are intelligent, diligent, and steady; the Swabians, good-naturedly indolent; and the inhabitants of the Pala tinate, lively and enterprising; while the Bavarians proper are dull and superstitious. As to religion, in 1880, the Roman Catholics numbered 3,748,253; Protestants, 1,477,952; Jews, 53,526; and other minor sects, 5017. The state allows perfect toleration, guaranteeing the same civil rights to Catholic and Protestant alike. Individuals of every sect have the privilege of worshiping privately without fear of molestation; and on application to the king by a sufficient number of families, the right of public worship can be secured. A concordat with Rome divides the state into 2 archbishoprics and 6 bishop rics. The consistories of Anspach, Baireuth, and Speyer, under the superior consistory of Munich, govern the Lutheran church, the Munich consistory being in some degree subject to a section in the home department, which manages the temporal concerns of all the churches. The president of the Munich consistory has a seat and vote in the council of the state. The revenues of the church of Rome are derived from lands and endowments, the Protestant church is supported by the state. Of late, the Bavarian government has become conspicuous by opposing the Ultramontanes, and encouraging the "Old Catholics."

B. has a good system of education, under the supreme direction of a minister of public instruction, to whom certain members of the provincial governments, specially instructed to watch the educational interests of the communities, are subordinate. They, again, have numerous inspectors under them, who make systematic reports. Nevertheless, in upper and lower B., about one fifth of the children are yet without a school education. Besides elementary schools, there are about 30 gymnasia, and numerous Realschulen and technical schools of various kinds. The three Bavarian universities are at Munich, Würzburg, and Erlangen, the latter being Protestant. There are several extensive libraries in B., that of Munich being the largest in Germany. Art has been zealously cultivated in B., and since the days of king Louis I. has been peculiarly fostered by the state. There are numerous institutions for the furtherance of painting, sculpture, and music.

Government, Revenue, etc.-B. is a constitutional monarchy, the throne hereditary in the male line. Its constitution dates no further back than 1818, when it was declared a part of confederated Germany. The king is the executive. The legislature consists of a chamber of senators, and one of deputies. The senators are hereditary, the king, however, having the power, within certain limits, to nominate members for life. The chamber of deputies consists of five different classes-one eighth of the whole members being chosen from landed proprietors, who exercise judicial powers in right of their property, and have no seat in the upper house; another eighth from ecclesiastics of the Protestant and Roman Catholic churches; a fourth from the inhabitants of cities and market towns; and a half from landed proprietors who neither possess judicial rights, nor a seat in the other chamber. There are, besides, three members from the universities-one from each. There is one member in the chamber of deputies for every 7000 families, or 35,000 inhabitants. In the event of there not being a dissolution, the chamber lasts for six years. The usual length of the annual session is two months. The chambers, in ordinary circumstances, meet once a year for the dispatch of business, and it is compulsory on the king to summon them once in three years. No deliberation can take place unless two thirds of the deputies are present. All matters relating to public burdens, etc., come first under the consideration of the chamber of deputies; with reference to other questions, the king exercises his own discretion as to which chamber shall first discuss them. No alteration in taxation, and no new law, can be promulgated without the consent of the legislature; but the royal prerogative is loosely defined.

The cabinet consists of seven members, chiefs of the departments of foreign affairs, justice, home affairs, public worship and instruction, finance, commerce, and public works and war. They are not necessarily members of the chambers, though they are privileged to be present at the deliberations. The privy council is composed of the king, certain royal princes, the ministers of state, and six councilors nominated by the king.

The revenue of B. for the year 1884-85 amounted to 234,462,573 marks, of which 25,607,510 marks were to be raised by direct taxation, 47,241,400 marks by indirect taxation, the rest chiefly from domains and state monopolies. The expenditure for the same year was estimated at 92,563,550 marks. Interest on the national debt swallows up about 15 per cent. of the whole expenditure, the army, 18 per cent.; and worship and education about 11 per cent. In 1876, the public debt amounted to 1,108,954,854 marks (£55,447,742), 398,345,143 marks being contracted for railways. In 1884, the general debt was 236,751,118 marks, and the debt on railways amounted to 946,460,400 marks. The raising of the army of B. was in 1871 adapted to the Prussian method of con