Bay.

some of the most important of his numerous works. These he produced with a rapidity unparalleled in modern generations, at least in this one respect, that the quality was not always in the inverse ratio of the quantity. The act of indulgence in 1672 permitted him to return to London, where he divided his time between preaching and writing. At length, in 1685, he fell into the brutal clutches of judge Jefferies, who condemned him, for alleged "sedition" in his Paraphrase of the New Testament, to pay a fine of 500 marks, and in default, to lie in the king's bench prison till it was paid. The circumstances of the trial are graphically described by Macaulay in the second volume of his history. After a confinement of nearly 18 months, B. was released and pardoned, on the mediation of lord Powis. He lived after this to see better times, and died on the 8th Dec., 1691, in the 75th year of his age.

B. is said to have preached more sermons, engaged in more controversies, and written more books than any other nonconformist of his age; and Dr. Isaac Barrow has said of him, that "his practical writings were never mended, and his controversial seldom confuted." The total number of his publications exceeded 160. Of these, by far the most popular and celebrated are his Saints' Rest, Dying Thoughts, and Call to the Uncon verted-20,000 copies of which last were sold in a twelvemonth, and it was translated into all European languages. More important, however, in a theological point of view, are his Methodus Theologia and Catholic Theology, in which his peculiar system-a compromise between Arminius and Calvin-is embodied. His autobiographical narrative is historically valuable; the review of his religious opinions is spoken of by Coleridge as one of the most remarkable pieces of writing in religious literature. A complete edition of his works, in 25 vols., with a life by Orme, was published in 1830. His practical works, in 4 vols., were published in 1847.

BAXTERIANS is the term that was formerly applied to those who adhered to Baxter's theological system, the peculiar doctrines of which were: 1st, That though Christ died in a special sense for the elect, yet he also died in a general sense for all; 2d, The rejection of the dogma of reprobation; 3d, That it is possible even for saints to fall away from saving grace. The tendency of Baxter's views was towards a more liberal theology, but they are deficient in logical consistency. Nevertheless, they have been, and still are, embraced by many pious people—especially among the dissenters-who shrink from accepting what they consider the hard conclusions of Calvinism, or the latitudinarian views of Arminianism. The two most eminent B. are Dr. Isaac Watts and Dr. Philip Doddridge.

BAY (from a Saxon root, "to bend ") is properly applied to an indentation of the sea into the land, with an opening wider than the depth. A gulf is understood to be deeper than a bay. and has often a narrow opening. These terms are often loosely applied; Baffin's bay, e.g., is really a gulf. When the body of water is large, and the entrance narrow, it becomes a shut sea, as the Baltic, the Red sea, etc. Hudson's bay, the Persian gulf, and the gulf of Mexico might with propriety be termed seas.

BAY, a name given to a number of trees and shrubs more or less resembling the laurel or victor's laurel (laurus nobilis), which is also called SWEET BAY (see LAUREL); the name baye, which was once exclusively applied to the fruit, having been extended to the whole plant. The common laurel or cherry laurel (prunus laurocerasus) is sometimes called BAY LAUREL. See LAUREL.-The RED BAY of the Southern states of America is laurus caroliniensis. See LAUREL.-The WHITE BAY of America is magnolia glauca (see MAGNOLIA), and the LOBLOLLY BAY of the same country is gordonia lasianthus. See GORDONIA.

From early times, bay-leaves have been associated with popular superstitions and usages. Along with other evergreens, they have adorned houses and churches at Christmas; and in token of rejoicing or of some meritorious deed, sprigs of bay, as well as of laurel, have been worn in the hat, or wreathed around the head. There appears to have been a notion that the B. was an antidote against the effects of thunder. In an old play, The White Devil, Cornelia says:

According to Shakespeare, the withering of bay-trees was reckoned an omen of death.
Thus Richard says:

""Tis thought the king is dead; we will not stay.
The bay trees in our country all are withered."

The following passage occurs in Parkinson's Garden of Flowers, 1629, p. 598: "The bayleaves are necessary both for evil uses and for physic, both for the sick and for the sound, both for the living and the dead. It serveth to adorn the house of God, as well as man; to crowne or enriche, as with a garland, the heads of the living; and to strike and decke forth the bodies of the dead; so that from the cradle to the grave, we have still use of it, we have still need of it." For other notices of this kind respecting the B., we refer to Brand's Popular Antiquities, also to Hone's Year Book. Bay-leaves are sometimes used in cookery for the sake of flavoring.

Bayer.

BAY, a co. in n.e. Michigan, on Saginaw bay; intersected by Saginaw river and a branch of the Michigan Central railroad; 750 sq.m.; pop. '80, 38,081. There is little of agriculture, lumber being the main article of trade. Co. scat, Bay City.

BA'YA, Ploceus Philippinus, a small East Indian bird, of the great family of the fringillida (q.v.), and of a genus to some of which, from their remarkable manner of constructing their nests, the name weaver bird (q.v.) is often given. It is described by the older ornithologists under the name of the Philippine grossbeak, or loria Philippina. It is yellow, spotted with brown, the throat black, the beak conical and large. Its nest is very curious. Suspended from a slender twig of a lofty branch, so that monkeys, squirrels, and serpents may not reach it, it is rendered still more secure by its form, which is very like that of a common Florence flask, the entrance, however, being from beneath, and not from above, with lateral openings to separate chambers, in one of which the female sits upon the eggs, whilst another is occupied by the male, who there pours forth his song. It is composed of fine fibers of leaves and grass. The B. is very easily tamed, will perch on the hand, and can be trained to fetch and carry at command.

BAYADE RES (from the Portuguese bailadeira, that is, dancing-girl) is the name given by Europeans to the dancing-girls and singers in India, who are divided into two great classes, each comprising many subdivisions. The first of these classes, who are called Devadasi-that is, slaves to the gods-are divided into two distinct grades, according to the rank of the families whence they have sprung, the dignity of the idol to which they are devoted, and the authority and riches of the temple to which they belong. Those of the first rank are chosen from the most influential families of the Vaisya caste, to which the rich landed proprietors and merchants belong. Those of the second class are chosen from the chief Sudra families, who correspond to our mechanics. No girls can be admitted among the Devadasis but such as are still in childhood, and free from any bodily defect. The parents of the girl must renounce by a solemn agreement all right to their child, who then receives the necessary instruction. The employment of the Devadasis is to sing the praises of their god at festivals and solemn processions, to celebrate his victories and great deeds, and to dance before him, to weave the wreaths with which the images are adorned, and in general to perform subordinate offices in the temple and for the priests. On the other hand, they are excluded from the celebration of such rites and ceremonies as are accounted peculiarly sacred, as, for example, at sacrifices for the dead, suttis, etc. The Devadasis of the first rank live within the inclosure of the temple, which they are not permitted to leave without the special permission of the high priest. They must remain unmarried for life, but are, notwithstanding, permitted to choose a lover, either in or out of the temple, provided he belongs to one of the high castes. A connection with a man of low rank would be punished with the utmost severity. If they have children, the girls are brought up to their mother's profession, and the boys are educated for musicians. The Devadasis of the second rank differ but little from those of the first, but they have more freedom, as they live without the temple. A certain number of them must attend daily at the temple service, but at public processions they are all obliged to appear. They not only dance and sing before the images for which they receive a fixed allowance of rice-money-but when summoned by the nobles, they perform at marriages, banquets, etc. All the Devadasis reverence, as their special patroness and protectress, the goddess Rambha, one of the most beautiful dancers in the paradise of Indra. They bring a yearly offering in spring to her and to the god of love. The singing-girls who travel about the country are of an essentially different class from the Devadasis. They perform only at private feasts, entertain strangers in the tschultris, or public inns, and get different names according to the special arts in which they excel. Some of them live independently in bands, consisting of from 10 to 12 persons. They travel about the country, and divide their gains with the musicians who accompany them. Others are under the authority of dayas, or old dancing-women, who receive all the money they gain, and give the girls only enough for food and clothing. Some are really the slaves of such old women. Their dances do not resemble what we are accustomed to call dancing, but are rather a species of pantomime, which is explained by the songs recited by the accompanying musicians.

BAYA MO, or SAN SALVADOR, a t. in the eastern part of the island of Cuba, 60 m. n.w. from Santiago. It is situated in an unhealthy plain, near the left bank of the Canto, a small river which falls into an arm of the sea called the canal of Bayamo. The town carries on a considerable trade. Pop. about 7500.

BAYARD, JAMES ASHETON, 1767-1815; b. Philadelphia; a descendant of Nicholas B., a French Huguenot; educated at Princeton; began law practice in Delaware; was elected to congress; declined the mission to France; was chosen U. S. senator in 1804; was one of the commissioners of the United States at Ghent to negotiate for peace with Great Britain in 1814; afterwards offered the mission to Russia, but refused it.

BAYARD, JAMES ASHETON, son of the first James Asheton; U. S. senator from. Delaware for two terms, resigning in 1869. He was an eminent lawyer, and for years

chairman of the senate judiciary committee. He d. 1880.

BAYARD, JEAN FRANÇOIS ALFRED, 1796-1853; a French dramatist, working with Dumanoir, Scribe, and others, and husband of Scribe's niece. He was the author of more than 200 plays.

Baye.

BAYARD, PIERRE DU TERRAIL, Chevalier, the knight sans peur et sans reproche, b. 1476, at Castle Bayard, near Grenoble, was perhaps the only hero of the middle ages who deserved the unmingled praise and admiration bestowed upon him. Simple, modest, a sterling friend and tender lover, pious, humane, and magnanimous, he held together in rare symmetrical union the whole circle of the virtues. After acting as page to the duke of Savoy, Bayard entered the service of Charles VIII., whom he accompanied to Italy, and gained renown in the battle of Verona, where he took a standard from the enemy. At the beginning of the reign of Louis XII., Bayard was engaged in a battle near Milan, where he followed the defeated and retreating forces with such impetuosity that he entered the city with them, and was made a prisoner, but the duke Ludovico Sforza released him without ransom. At Barletta, in 1502, Bayard, with ten other French cavaliers, fought a tournament with an equal number of Spaniards, in order to decide their respective claims to superiority; and although seven Frenchmen were overthrown in the first charge, the result, chiefly through Bayard's bravery, after a six hours' combat, was declared equal. Next, we find him fighting bravely in Spain, and against the Genoese and Venetians. When pope Julius II. declared war against France, Bayard hastened to support the duke of Ferrara; but failed in his scheme for making the pope a prisoner. Subsequently, he won fresh laurels in Spain. In the war with Henry VIII. of England-who had threatened Picardy, and besieged Terouane, in 1513-when the French, on one occasion, were about to lay down their arms, Bayard made a sudden attack on an English officer, and, pointing his sword at his breast, said: "surrender, or I take your life." The Englishman gave his sword to Bayard, who returned his own, saying: "I am Bayard, your prisoner; and you are mine." The emperor and the king of England exchanged their prisoners without any demand of ransom for Bayard. When Francis I. had ascended the throne, Bayard was sent into Dauphiné to make a way for the army over the Alps and through Piedmont. In this expedition, he made Prosper Colonna a prisoner. Next, Bayard gained, at Marignano, a victory for the king, who, in consequence, submitted to receive the honor of knighthood from Bayard. When Charles V. broke into Champagne, at the head of a large army, Bayard defended Mezieres against all assaults, and on his entry into Paris, he was hailed as the saviour of his country, was made knight of the order of St. Michael, and appointed over a company of 100 men, led in his own name, an honor which until then had been confined to princes of the blood-royal. He was slain by an arrow from an arbalest, while crossing the Sesia, April 30, 1524. So highly was he esteemed for all noble qualities, that his death was lamented not only by the French king and nation, but also by his enemies. His love of virtue, especially of that kingliest of virtues, justice, was so passionate, that he was wont to declare that all empires, kingdoms, and provinces where justice did not rule, were mere forests filled with brigands. His body was taken by the enemy, but was restored to France, and interred in the church of the Minorites' monastery, near Grenoble.

BAYARD, RICHARD BASSETT, 1796-1868, b. Del.; son of the first James Asheton. He was U. S. senator from Delaware from 1836-39, and from 1841-45.

*BAYARD, THOMAS FRANCIS, b. Dol., 1828; son of the second James Asheton; suc ceeded his father as U. S. senator in 1869. See Supp., page 885.

BAYAZID', or BAYEZEED', a t. of Turkish Armenia, in the pashalic of Erzeroum, from which place it is distant e.s.e. about 150 miles. It is situated about 15 m. to the 8.w. of the foot of Mt. Ararat; is fortified; and has a pop. of about 5000, mostly Kurds. Prior to 1830, its pop. was estimated at upwards of 15,000, and it had a brisk trade; but since that time, on account of Russian interference, its commerce and inhabitants have gradually decreased. B. has repeatedly been the scene of conflict. The Berlin congress of 1878 restored B. to Turkey, though it had been ceded to Russia by the preliminary treaty.

BAYAZID' I. See BAJAZET.

BAY BERRY. See CANDLEBERRY.

BAY CITY, seat of justice of Bay co., Mich.; on the right bank of the Saginaw river, 4 m. from its junction with Saginaw bay, and 108 m. n.n.w. of Detroit, was settled in 1836 and was chartered as a city in 1865. It is the third city in the state in pop., and in 1891 will be increased by the consolidation with it of West B. C., on the opposite side of the river, and the village of Essex, a northern suburb. It is entered by branches of the Michigan Central, and Flint and Père Marquette railroads, and is connected with other ports by several lines of passenger steamers. The city is regularly and substantially built, is traversed by lines of street cars, and the river is crossed by 3 bridges. There are 2 nat. and 3 other banks, 9 newspapers, large hotels, and manufactures of lumber, woodenware, boxes, sashes, etc., iron, plows, carriages, gas and water pipes, brick and tile, and salt. More than 1000 vessels touch here, and the export of fish alone is from 50-60,000 barrels yearly. Pop. 1860, 1583; 1880, 20,693; 1888, 32,000.

BAYER, JOHANN, a German constructor of charts of the stars, was born either at Augsburg or at Rhain, in Bavaria, in the latter part of the 16th c., and fulfilled the

Bayle.

duties of a Protestant pastor in several places. His zeal for the Protestant church was so conspicuous, that he obtained the cognomen Os Protestantium (the Mouth of Protes tants); other accounts state that he was an advocate at Augsburg. It matters little which, as he is now remembered only on account of his Uranometria (1603, and 2d ed. 1639), in which he gave 51 maps of the heavens, constructed from the observations of his predecessors, and followed by explanations in his Explicatio Caracterum Eneis Tabulis Insculptorum (Stras. 1624). Although his maps are not remarkable for accuracy, even for his time, he has the merit of introducing the simple plan of distinguishing the stars of a constellation by means of letters. The largest star of the constellation he named by the first letter of the Greek alphabet (a), and the rest in the order of their apparent brilliancy, by the following letters. This convenient plan is still followed.

BAYEUX, a city of Normandy, in France, dep. Calvados, situated on the Aure, not far from its mouth. Pop. '81, 8357. B. is chiefly built of wood and plaster, is famous for its porcelain, and has also manufactories of lace, linen, calicoes, leather, and hats. It is a town of great antiquity-its cathedral being said to be the oldest in Normandy. In it was preserved for centuries the famous Bayeux tapestry (q.v.), now in the public library of the place. B. is the seat of a bishop, and has a college.

BAYEUX TAPESTRY, a web of canvas or linen cloth, 214 ft. long by 20 in. wide, preserved in the public library, Bayeux, upon which is embroidered, in woolen thread of various colors, a representation of the invasion and conquest of England by the Normans. Tradition asserts it to be the work of Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, and it is believed that if she did not actually stitch the whole of it with her own hand, she at least took part in it, and directed the execution of it by her maids; and afterwards presented it to the cathedral of Bayeux, as a token of her appreciation of the effective assistance which its bishop, Odo, rendered to her husband at the battle of Hastings. Some antiquaries contend that it was the work not of queen Matilda (the wife of the conqueror), who died in 1083, but of the empress Matilda (the daughter of king Henry I.), who died in 1167. According to Mr. Bruce, the latest authority on the subject, the tapestry contains, besides the figures of 505 quadrupeds, birds, sphinxes, etc., "the figures of 623 men, 202 horses, 55 dogs, 37 buildings, 41 ships and boats, and 49 treesin all, 1512 figures." The tapestry is divided into 72 distinct compartments, each representing one particular historical occurrence, and bearing an explanatory Latin inscription. A tree is usually chosen to divide the principal events from each other. This pictorial history-for so it may be called, and indeed, in several particulars, it is more minute than any written history we have-opens with Harold prior to his departure for Nor mandy, taking leave of Edward the confessor. Harold is next observed, accompanied by his attendants, riding to Bosham with his hawk and hounds; and he is afterwards seen, successively, embarking from the Sussex coast; anchoring in France, and being made prisoner by Guy, earl of Ponthieu; redeemed by William, duke of Normandy, and meeting with him at his court; assisting him against Conan, earl of Bretagne; swearing on the sacred relics never to interfere with William's succession to the Saxon throne, etc.; and finally re-embarking for England. The tapestry then represents Harold narrating the events of his journey to Edward the confessor, whose death and funeral obsequies we next see. Harold then receives the crown from the Saxon people, and ascends the throne; and next we have the news brought to William, who takes counsel with his half-brother, Odo, bishop of Bayeux, as to the invasion of England. Then follow representations of the active war-preparations of the Normans; their embarkation; disembarkation; march to Hastings, and formation of a camp there; the battle and death of Harold, with which the tapestry finishes.

The B. T. gives an exact and minute portraiture of the manners and customs of the times; and it has been remarked that the arms and habits of the Normans are identical with those of the Danes, as they appear in the miniature paintings of a manuscript of the time of king Cnut, preserved in the British museum.

M. Lancelot appears to have been the first to direct attention to the existence of this curious monument, by a description of an illuminated drawing of a portion of it he had discovered, in a paper presented to the academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres, in 1724. This led to the discovery of the tapestry itself, in the Bayeux cathedral, by père Montfaucon, who published_an_engraving of it in 1780, with a commentary on the Latin inscriptions. In 1767, Dr. Ducarel gave an account of it in his Anglo-Norman Antiquities. From that time until 1803, when Napoleon had it conveyed to Paris, the B. T. excited little attention. Its exhibition, however, in the national museum there awakened public curiosity concerning it, and gave rise to various speculations as to its age, intention, etc. The discussion satisfactorily established it to be what tradition asserted it-a contemporary pictorial record of the events of the Norman conquest. The society of antiquaries (London) published an engraving of the whole in the 6th volume of the Vetusta Monumenta. The B. T. would have been destroyed at the revolution, had not a priest fortunately succeeded in concealing it from the mob, who demanded it to cover the guns. It was formerly preserved in the cathedral of Bayeux, where it was wont to be exhibited on certain days every year, in the nave of the church, round which it exactly went. Bruce's Bayeux Tapestry Elucidated (London, 1855); Archæologia, vols. xvii., xviii., xix.: Vetusta Monumenta, vol. vi.; Pictorial History of England.

Bayle.

BAYFIELD (formerly LA POINTE), a co. in n.e. Wisconsin, on lake Superior, includ ing several islands; 1450 sq.m.; pop. '74, 1032; in '80, 680, or, with Indians counted, about 1100. The surface is uneven, and in great part covered with forests. Co. seat, Bayfield.

BAY ISLANDS, a small group in the bay of Honduras, about 150 m. to the s.e. of Balize, embracing only 25' of lat., and 1° 15' of long. The cluster was proclaimed a British colony in 1852. The chief island is Ruatan (q. v.); and the others of any consequence are Bonacca, Utila, Burburet, Helena, and Morat.

BAYLE, PIERRE, one of the most independent thinkers in the 17th c., was b. in 1647 at Carlat, in the old co. of Foix, France, and studied philosophy under the Jesuits at Toulouse. The arguments of his tutors, but especially his friendly intercourse and quiet disputation with a Catholic clergyman who lived in his neighborhood, led him to doubt the orthodoxy of Protestantism, and shortly prevailed so far that he openly renounced his father's creed, and adopted the Catholic one. In the course of about 17 months, however, the conversation of his relatives brought him back to the Protestant profession. To escape ecclesiastical censure, he now went to Geneva, and thence to Coppet, where he studied the philosophy of Descartes. After a few years, he returned to France, and in 1675 was elected to fill the chair of philosophy in the university of Sedan. In this office he remained until 1681, when the university was disfranchised. His next appointment was that of professor of philosophy at Rotterdam. The appearance of a comet in 1680 having given occasion to a widely spread alarm, B., in 1682, published his Pensées Diverses sur la Comète, a work full of learning, and treating, in discursive style, many topics of metaphysics, ethics, theology, history, and politics. This was followed by his Critique Générale de "l'Histoire du Calvinisme de Maimbourg." In 1684, he commenced a periodical, Nouvelles de la République des Lettres. The religious persecutions in France gave B. occasion to write his Commentaire Philosophique sur ces Paroles de l'Evangile: "Contrains les d'entrer," which professed itself to be a translation from the English, and contained a strong defense of the principle of toleration. In consequence of the accusations brought forward by the theologian, Jurieu, who regarded B. as an agent of France, and the enemy of Protestants, B., though he skillfully defended himself, was deprived of his license to teach (in 1693). He now assiduously devoted his leisure to the Dictionnaire Historique et Critique (1st edition, 2 vols., Rotterd. 1696-last edition, 16 vols., Paris, 1820). This was the first work published under his own name. Again Jurieu came forward as B.'s adversary, and induced the consistory of Rotterdam to censure the dictionary, chiefly on account of the supposed irreligious tendency of the article on "David,” and the commendation bestowed on the moral character of certain atheists. B. promised to expunge all the objectionable matter; but afterwards, when he found that the public entertained a different and more favorable opinion of the peculiar passages than the Rotterdam consistory, he judged it best to allow them to remain as they were, or made only slight alterations. New opponents were called into the arena by his Réponse aux Questions d'un Provincial, and the continuation of his Pensées sur la Comète. Jacquelot and Leclerc now attacked his religious opinions, while others persecuted him as the enemy of Protestantism and of his adopted country, Holland. These literary and theological controversies had a bad effect on his failing health, and a disease, for which he refused to employ medical aid, proved fatal. He died Dec. 28, 1706.

B. stands at the head of modern sceptics and logicians. Accustomed to view every question scrupulously on all sides, he was apparently led to doubt on religious matters generally; at least, it is not to be denied that his scepticism carried him the length of doubting the worth or the wisdom of the religious dogmatism that ruled both Catholics and Protestants in his day. B. was thus the antithesis of a bigot, but his hostility to bigotry rather originated in his indifference to the doctrines about which theologians quarreled, than in any clear or high perception of the iniquity of religious persecution. With great eloquence and persistency, he vindicated the doctrine that moral characteristics and convictions may exist and flourish independently of particular religious opinions; and considering the barbarous manner in which the rival churches in B.'s time sought to enforce conformity of sentiment, and crush the liberty of private judgment, it is not to be wondered at that this doctrine, however objectionable abstractly, should have found a wide acceptance in Europe. Voltaire calls him a more admirable logician than a profound philosopher;" and adds that "he knew almost nothing of physics." This probably means no more than that he was ignorant of the then recent discoveries of Newton; for the scientific articles in the dictionary presuppose a knowledge of the theories of Descartes (q.v.), with which he was conversant enough. The style of B. is clear and natural, but diffuse, and often impure. The articles in the dictionary seem to have been chosen merely as vehicles to introduce numerous digressions in notes, many of which are prolix and uninteresting; but the greater number of the articles are characterized by good sense, logic, critical acumen, and great learning. Though it is impossible to detect the presence of a religious or a philosophical system in the work, it everywhere gives indications of the high intelligence, honest principle, and universal knowl edge of the author. It was proscribed both in France and Holland, and was consequently very widely diffused in both countries, and has exercised an immense influence over the literature and philosophy of the continent. It was the dawn of scepticism in the 18th