BELLE ISLE, STRAIT OF, the northern entrance to the gulf of St. Lawrence, running about 80 m. s. w. between Newfoundland and Labrador. Its width is about 12 m., but the navigation is difficult. On the n.w. side are several small bays.

BELLEISLE-EN-MER, an island belonging to France in the department Morbihan, in the Atlantic, 8 m. s. of Quiberon point. Its length is 11 m., and its greatest breadth 7. Pop. '81, 9900, chiefly engaged in pilchard-fishing. Salt is made on the island. B. is a place of considerable antiquity. The chief town is Palais (pop. 2260), a seaport and fortified place. In the 9th c., B. came into the possession of the count of Cornouailles, who bestowed it on the abbey of Redon, afterwards on the abbey of Quimperlé. In the 16th c., the monks of Quimperlé ceded the island to Charles IX., who gave it as a marquisate to the marshal de Retz, who fortified it. His successor sold the island in 1658 to Fouquet, intendant of finance, who further improved and strengthened it. His grandson, the celebrated marshal Belleisle, ceded the island to Louis XV. in exchange for the comté Gisors, 1718. In 1761, it was captured by the English fleet under Keppel, and restored in 1763.

BELLEL, JEAN JOSEPH. See page 888.

BELLENDEN (BALLANTYNE), JOHN, archdeacon of Moray, a Scottish writer in the reigns of James V. and queen Mary, was born towards the close of the 15th c., somewhere in the e. of Scotland, for in the records of the university of St. Andrews he is entered thus; "1508, Jo. Ballentyn nac. Laudonia." He completed his education at the univer sity of Paris, where he took the degree of D.D. Bellenden is best remembered by his translation of Boece's Scotorum Historia (done in 1533), and of the first five books of Livy (also done in 1533), interesting as specimens of the Scottish prose of that period, and remarkable for the ease and vigor of their style. To both of these works are prefixed poetical prohemes or prologues. Bellenden's Cronikiis of Scotland professes to be a transla tion of Boece, but it is a very free one, and contains numerous passages not to be found in the original, so that it is in some respects to be considered almost an original work. The author enjoyed great favor for a long time at the court of James, at whose request he executed the translations. As the reward of his performances, he received grants of considerable value from the treasury, and afterwards was made archdeacon of Moray and canon of Ross. Becoming involved, however, in ecclesiastical controversy, he left his country, and, according to Bale and Dempster, went to Rome, where he died about 1550. The translation or “traductioun" of Livy was first published in 1822 by Mr. Thomas Maitland (afterwards lord Dundrennan), uniform with his edition of the Croniklis.

BELLENDEN, WILLIAM, a Scottish author in the time of queen Mary and James VI. His personal history is meager and obscure; all that we know being the testimony of Dempster (Hist. Eccl.) that he was a professor in the university, and an advocate in the parliament of Paris, and that he was employed in that city in a diplomatic capacity by queen Mary, and also by her son, who conferred on him the appointment of master of requests. His first work, entitled Ciceronis Princeps, etc., was published at Paris in 1608; his next, Ciceronis Consul, Senator, Populusque, Romanus, in 1612. Both these works are compilations from the writings of Cicero. His next work, De Statu Prisci Orbis, appeared in 1615, and consists of a condensed sketch of the history and progress of religion, government, and philosophy in ancient times. These three works he republished in a collected form the year after, under the title De Statu, Libri tres. His crowning labor, De Tribus Luminibus Romanorum, was published after his death. "three luminaries" were Cicero, Seneca, and Pliny, out of whose works he intended to compile, on the same plan as his previous works, a comprehensive digest of the civil and religious history, and the moral and physical science of the Romans. The first of these only was completed, and forms a remarkable monument of B.'s industry and ability. "B.," says Mr. Hallam, seems to have taken a more comprehensive view of history, and to have reflected more philosophically on it than perhaps any one had done before." B.'s works furnished the materials for Dr. Middleton's Life of Cicero, though that learned divine abstains from any allusion to the forgotten Scot from whom he plundered wholesale. Warton first denounced the theft, which was afterwards made clear by Dr. Parr in his edition of De Statu, Libri tres, published in 1787.

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The

BELLER'OPHON, a genus of univalve shells, known only as a fossil. Montfort, who established the genus, placed it among the chambered cephalopoda. It was subsequently associated with the living argonaut, but is now generally considered as a genus of De Blainville's nucleobranchiata (q.v.), having as its nearest ally the genus Atlanta; from which, however, it differs in having a strong shell. The shell of the B. is symmetrically convolute, with few and occasionally sculptured whorls, globular or discoidal, and having a dorsal keel, which terminates in a deep notch in the sinuous aperture. It is a paleozoic organism, extending from the lower Silurian to the carboniferous series. Seventy species have been described. See illus., SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN FOSSILS, vol. XIII., p. 504, fig. 18.

BELLER'OPHON (originally called HIPPONOUS) was the son of the Corinthian king Glaucus, and Eurymede, daughter of Sisyphus. Other accounts make Neptune his father. Having accidentally killed his brother, B. fled to his relative Prœtus, king of Argos, by whom he was hospitably received and protected; but Anteia, the spouse of Prœtus, having become enamored of him, and he, like Joseph, having declined her over

Bellini.

tures, she revenged herself after the manner of Potiphar's wife. This induced Prœtus to send his guest away to Iobates, king of Lycia, to whom B. carried a sealed message. After being entertained nine days at the court of Lycia, B. delivered the letter, which contained a request that Iobates would cause the youth to be slain. This, however, Iobates was reluctant to do in a direct way, as B. was his guest. He consequently imposed upon B. the seemingly impossible task of slaying the formidable Chimæra (q.v.). B., mounted on the winged steed Pegasus (given to him by Pallas), ascended into the air, and succeeded in slaying the monster with his arrows. Afterwards, he was sent by king Iobates against the Amazons, whom he defeated. On his way home he destroyed an ambuscade of Lycians, which Iobates had set for his destruction. That monarch now thought it useless to attempt his death, and as a sort of recompense, gave the hero in marriage his daughter Philonoë, by whom he had three children-Isander, Hippolochus, and Laodameia; such at least is the story as told by Apollodorus, who here concludes. Homer relates that he at last drew on himself the hatred of the gods, and wandered about in a desolate condition through the Aleïan field. Pindar relates that B. on Pegasus endeavored to mount to Olympus, when the steed, maddened by Jove through the agency of a gadfly, threw his rider, who was stricken with blindness. B.'s adventures were a favorite subject of the ancient artists. Sculptures have recently been discovered in Lycia which represent him vanquishing the Chimæra.

BELLES-LETTRES, a term adopted from the French into the English and various other languages. It is generally used in a vague way to designate the more refined departments of literature, but has in fact no precise limits. In English usage it is synonymous with another vague expression, polite literature, including history, poetry, and the drama, fiction, essay, and criticism.

BELLEVILLE, a t. of France, in the department of the Seine, forming a suburb of Paris, and inclosed by the new fortifications. It has manufactories of cashmeres, varnished leather, articles of polished steel, chemical stuffs, etc. There are springs at B. which have supplied Paris with water from a very early date, and it has tea-gardens and other places of amusement much resorted to by the Parisians. Population over 70,000.

BELLEVILLE, chief t. of the co. of Hastings, Ontario, Canada, situated on the bay of Quinté, lake Ontario, and on the Grand Trunk railway of Canada, 48 m. w. from Kingston. It is a very thriving town. Here are several iron-foundries, manufactories, and saw-mills. Pop. '71, 7305; '81, 9516.

BELLEVILLE, a city in St. Clair co., Ill., 14 m. e. of St. Louis, Mo., on the St. Louis, Belleville and Southern, and Illinois and St. Louis railroads; pop. '80, 10,683. It is in a productive region, on high ground; has a Roman Catholic academy; there are coal-mines in the vicinity. A large proportion of the population are Germans.

BELLEW, FRANCIS HENRY TEMPLE. See page 888.

BELLEY, a t. of France in the department of Ain, is a place of great antiquity, and was at one time strongly fortified. The finest lithographing stones in France are procured here. Pop. '76, 4105.

BELL-FLOWER. See CAMPANULA.

BELLING, WILHELM SEBASTIAN VON, 1719-79; a Prussian soldier, who, with a small force, coped with the whole Swedish army. He was a maj. gen. in 1762, and lieut. gen. in 1776. He was one of the bravest of hussars, and a favorite of Frederick the great. BELLINGHAM, RICHARD, 1592-1672; b. England, governor of Massachusetts, elected in 1641 by six majority over John Winthrop. He was chosen twice afterwards, 1654 and 1666, and held the office until his death. When quite old he married a second wife, performing the service himself, but, as the publication of the bans was irregular, he was prosecuted for violating the law, was tried before himself as judge, and by himself acquitted. His sister Anne was a victim to the Salem persecution of witches. BELLINI, the name of a Venetian family which produced several remarkable painters. The earliest was JACOPO B., who d. in 1470. He was a pupil of the celebrated Gentile da Fabriano, and one of the first who painted in oil. His eldest son, GENTILE B., b. 1421, d. 1501, was distinguished as a portrait-painter, and also as a medailleur. Along with his brother, he was commissioned to decorate the council-chamber of the Venetian senate. Mohammed II., having by accident seen some of his works, invited Gentile to Constantinople, employed him to execute various historical works, and dismissed him laden with presents. The "Preaching of St. Mark" is his most famous achievement. His more celebrated brother, GIOVANNI B., b. 1422, d. 1512, was the founder of the older Venetian school of painting, and contributed greatly to its progress. His works are marked by naïveté, warmth, and intensity of coloring. His best works are altar-pieces. His picture of the "Infant Jesus" slumbering in the lap of the Madonna, and attended by angels, is full of beauty and lively expression. His "Holy Virgin,' "Baptism of the Lord," and "Christ and the Woman of Samaria," are also much admired. Among his numerous pupils the most distinguished were Giorgione and Titian. BELLINI, LORENZO, 1643-1703; a Florentine anatomist and physician, who studied medicine under Redi. He was professor of anatomy at Pisa, and in Florence was

physician to the grand duke Cosmo, and also senior consulting physician to pope Clement XI.

BELLI'NI, VINCENZO, one of the most popular modern opera composers, was b. at Catania, in Sicily, Nov. 1, 1802, and d. at Puteaux, near Paris, Sept. 24, 1835. He received his early education at the conservatory of Naples, and was subsequently instructed in composition by Tritto and Zingarelli. After making some attempts, without much suc cess, in instrumental and sacred music, he brought forward, in 1825, the opera Andelson e Salvina, which was played in the small theater of the royal college of music (Naples). Another opera, Bianco e Gernando, was given in the theater St. Carlo (1826) with such success that, in 1827, B. was commissioned to write a piece for La Scala at Milan. This opera, Il Pirata, was the first which carried the composer's name beyond Italy. It was followed with equal success by La Straniera, 1829, and by I Capuletti ed i Montecchi, written for the theater of Venice, 1830, which was the culmination of the fame of B., though it by no means exhausted his productive powers. La Sonnambula and Norma appeared in 1831, and Beatrice di Tenda in 1833. In the same year the composer went to Paris, where he became acquainted with other forms of music beside the Italian. He was received with great applause in London, and after his return to Paris, wrote his opera I Puritani, which shows the influence of the French school of music, but without servile imitation. At an early age the career of B. was interrupted by death, before the composer had fully developed his powers. He was the most genial and original of all the followers of Rossini, and though inferior to his master in exuberance of fancy, is superior in carefulness and finish, especially in the due subordination of instrumental decorations to vocal melody. In private he was highly esteemed for the purity and affectionateness of his character. See Pougin's B. sa Vie, ses Euvres (Par. 1868).

BELLINZO'NA, or BELLENZ, a t. of Switzerland, in the canton of Tessin or Ticino, on the left bank of the river of that name, and the seat of the provincial government, alternately with Lugano and Locarno. It is guarded by three old castles, and completely commands the passage of the valley in which it is situated. In former times, it was considered a place of great military importance, and was the scene of frequent conflicts between the Italians and Swiss; the latter of whom finally made themselves masters of it about the beginning of the 16th century. As an entrepôt for the merchandise of Germany and Italy, it is now a place of considerable commercial importance, though the population is but small-(1870) 2501.

BELLIS. See DAISY.

BELLMAN, KARL MIKAEL, 1740-95; the great lyric poet of Sweden. Like Pope, he was a precocious rhymer, and at 17 published a book, a translation from the German. In 1760, appeared The Moon, a satirical poem, and from 1765 to 1780 he was writing his Fredman's Epistles and Fredman's Songs. The mode of composition of these works was surprising. In the presence of none but confidential friends, B. would take a zither, shut his eyes, announce that the god was about to visit him, and go on improvising an ode in praise of love or wine, singing it to a tune of his own construction. While the verses which he wrote in the usual way are tame and without character, the composi tions made in this state of ecstasy glow with color, ring with melody, and bear the impress of individual genius. The odes of B. breathe a passionate love of life; he is amorous of existence, and keen after pleasure; but after all the frenzy there is a pathos, a yearning that is sadder than tears. He is sometimes frantic, sometimes gross, but always ready at his wildest moments to melt into tears. B. had a grand manner, a fine voice, and a great gift of mimicry. He was a favorite companion of king Gustavus III. Several statues of B. are in existence, the best being a colossal bust in the public gardens at Stockholm, erected by the Swedish academy.

BELL OF A CAPITAL is the capital of a pillar denuded of the foliage, in which case it resembles the form of a bell reversed.

BELLO'NA, the goddess of war among the Romans, was described by the poets as the companion, sister, wife, or daughter of Mars; she was also represented as armed with a bloody scourge, and as inspiring her votaries with a resistless enthusiasm in battle. In the war with the Samnites, the consul Appius Claudius vowed a temple to B., which was erected afterwards on the field of Mars. In this temple the senate gave audience to embassies from foreign powers, and also to consuls who had claims to a triumph which would have been nullified by entrance into the city. The priests of the goddess were styled Bellonarii, and practiced sanguinary rites; such as cutting their own arms or feet, and offering (or even drinking) the blood in sacrifice. This was especially done on the dies sanguinis (day of blood) Mar. 24.

BELLOT, JOSEPH RENÉ, a lieut. in the French navy, who perished in the arctic regions, in search of sir John Franklin, was b. in Paris, 18th Mar., 1826, and educated at Rochefort, in the naval school. In the French expedition against Tamatave, in 1845, he gave proof of so much courage and presence of mind, that the cross of the legion of honor was conferred on him before he had attained his twentieth year. In May, 1851, he joined the expedition then preparing in England for the polar regions, in search of sir John Franklin, and sailed in the Prince Albert, Kennedy commander, sent out by lady Franklin. Distinguished by his noble daring and spirit of enterprise, he took part

in several explorations. In one of these he made an important geographical discovery, to which his name was given-Bellot strait (q.v.). On his return, he was promoted to the rank of navy lieutenant. In the expedition fitted out by the British admiralty, under capt. Inglefield, he sailed as a volunteer, in H.M.S. Phoenix; but never returned, having been carried by a violent gust of wind, 21st Mar., 1853, into a deep crack in the ice on which he was traveling. A considerable sum was subscribed in England for a monument to his memory. His Journal of a Voyage to the Polar Seas made in Search of Sir John Franklin in 1851-52, edited, with a notice of his life, by M. Julien Lemer, 2 vols., was published at Paris in 1854. English translation, Lond., 1855.

BELLOT STRAIT, the passage which separates North Somerset from Boothia Felix, and connects Prince Regent's inlet with Peel strait or sound, or, in M'Clintock's new nomenclature, Franklin channel. Its e. entrance was discovered by Kennedy during his search for Franklin, and he, assuming the continuity of the opening, classified it accordingly, naming it after his lamented companion Bellot. After four unsuccessful attempts, it was explored for the first and perhaps last time by M'Clintock on his crowning voyage. It is about 20 m. long, and, at its narrowest part, about 1 m. wide, running pretty nearly on the parallel of 72°, between granite shores which, everywhere high, rise here and there to 1500 or 1600 feet. Through this funnel both the winds and the waters have full play; the latter, permanent currents and flood-tides alike, coming from the west. To the most northerly point on the s. shore, M'Clintock has given the name of Murchison promontory, which, at least unless other straits like B. S. be found towards the isthmus of Boothia, must be also the most northerly point of the new continent. See BARROW, POINT.

BELLOY, PIERRE LAURENT BUIRETTE, one of the first French dramatists who ventured to introduce on the stage native, instead of Greek, Roman, or other outlandish heroes. He was b. at St. Flour, in Auvergne, 17th Nov., 1727, and d. 5th Mar., 1775. His father having died while B. was young, his uncle took him under his protection, and educated him for the law; but the seductions of the drama proved irresistible, and the opposition which he encountered in the cultivation of his theatrical talent ultimately determined him to leave his adopted home. Under the name of Dormont de B., he performed on various northern boards, and was much esteemed for his private worth. For some years he resided at St. Petersburg, where the empress Elizabeth interested herself in him. In 1758, he returned to France, to superintend the "bringing out" of his tragedy Titus, trusting that its success would reconcile his family to him. In this, however, he was disappointed, for the piece proved a failure, being only a feeble imitation of Metastasio, and he returned to St. Petersburg. After the death of his uncle, he again visited France, and obtained a decided success by his tragedy of Zelmire. In 1765 appeared Le Siége de Calais, which was immensely popular, and is even yet held in estimation; and in 1771, Gaston and Bayard, which secured for him an entrance to the French academy. But of all his productions, the one which has longest retained a place in the répertoire of the stage, though it was far from popular at first, is Pierre le Cruel. B.'s dramas are not by any means wanting in theatrical effectiveness, but are marred by great incorrectness. They have been collected and edited by Gaillard (6 vols., Par., 1779). BELLOWS. See BLOWING-MACHINES.

BELLOWS, ALBERT F. See page 888.

BELLOWS, HENRY WHITNEY, S.T.D., LL.D., b. Mass., 1814; a graduate of Harvard, and of Cambridge divinity school; in 1838, pastor of the first Congregational (Unitarian) church of New York, where he was very highly esteemed. Dr. B. was instrumental in establishing the Christian Enquirer in 1846. He also published a number of lectures and pamphlets, among the more notable his Phi Beta Kappa Oration, a Defense of the Drama, Treatment of Social Diseases, Christian Doctrine, The Old World in its New Face, etc. With an excellent literary taste and skill he combined practical and administrative ability. He did excellent service as presiding officer of the sanitary commission during the war of the rebellion. He d. 1882.

BELLOWS FALLS, a village in Vermont, on the Central Vermont and Cheshire railroads, and on the Connecticut river, 52 m. s. s.e. of Rutland. There is a bridge across the river, and the village is noted for manufactures. The water-power is supplied by the falls, which with several rapids have & descent of 44 feet. These falls were the subject of absurd exaggeration by Samuel Andrew Peters, the tory clergyman of the church of England who wrote the notorious history of Connecticut. Pop. '80, 2228.

BELLOWS FISH, or TRUMPET FISH, Centriscus scolopax, found in the Mediterrancan; it is spiny-rayed, of the tufted-gilled order, with a tubular snout and small mouth without teeth at the end; body oval; spinous dorsal fins; ventrals united. It feeds by suction on minute crustacea. Its flesh is considered palatable.

BELL ROCK, or INCH CAPE, a reef of old red sandstone rocks in the German ocean, 12 m. s.e. of Arbroath, and nearly opposite the mouth of the Tay. The reef is 2000 ft. long; at spring-tides, part of it is uncovered to the height of 4 ft.; and for 100 yards around, the sea is only 3 fathoms deep. It was formerly a fruitful cause of shipwreck, and, according to tradition, the abbot of Aberbrothwick (Arbroath) placed a bell on it, "fixed upon a tree or timber, which rang continually, being moved by the sea, giving notice to the saylers of the danger.' This tradition has been embodied by Southey in

his well-known ballad of The Inchcape Rock. A light-house, designed by Robert Stevenson, engineer to the commissioners of northern light-houses, was commenced in 1807, and completed on the reef in 1811, and a revolving red and white light exhibited. The structure is 115 ft. high, is 42 ft. in diameter at base, and 15 at top, is solid for the first 30 ft. upwards, 15 ft. of which is under water at high tide, and cost upwards of £60,000.

BELLS, on shipboard, is a term having a peculiar meaning, not exactly equivalent to, but serving as a substitute for "time" or "o'clock" in ordinary land-life. The day, or rather the night, is divided into watches or periods, usually of four hours' duration each; and each half-hour is marked by striking on a bell. The number of strokes depends, not on the hour, according to ordinary reckoning, but on the number of halfhours which have elapsed in that particular watch. Thus, "three bells" is a phrase denoting that three half-hours have elapsed, but it does not in itself show to which particular watch it refers. Capt. Basil Hall, in his Fragments of Voyages and Travels, while treating of Sunday usages on board ships of the royal navy, mentions one or two phrases illustrative of this mode of time-reckoning. While the sailors are at breakfast on Sunday morning, "the word is passed to clean for muster,' and the dress is specified according to the season of the year and climate. Thus, at different seasons is heard: 'Do you hear there, fore and aft! clean for muster at five bells! duck-frocks and white trousers!-or, 'Do you hear there, clean shirt and a shave for muster at five bells!'" A ship's bell is usually hung to the beam of the forecastle, but occasionally to a beam near the mizzen-mast. Sometimes, in foggy weather, as a warning to other ships, the bell is struck to denote that the ship is on a starboard-tack; leaving the port-tack to be denoted by the beat of a drum. See WATCH ON SHIPBOARD.

BELLUNO (the ancient Bellunum), a city of Venetia, northern Italy, on the right bank of the Piave, and 51 m. n. of the city of Venice. It is walled, is the seat of a bishop, has a handsome cathedral, hospital, public library, fine aqueduct, etc. It has a trade in timber, and manufactories of silks, hats, leather, and earthenware. Pop. 7000.

BELLUR', a large t. in the territory of Mysore, India, 40 m. n. from Seringapatam, with a fort, which has a strong mud rampart and ditch. The town itself was formerly protected by a similar rampart, which is now ruinous.-Another town of the same name, also in Mysore, is situated 60 m. w.n. w. from this, a mile from the w. bank of the river Yagachi, or Bhadri, one of the head-waters of the Cavery. BEL-MERODACH. See MERODACH.

BELLY, LÉON AUGUSTE ADOLPHE. See page 888
BELMONT, AUGUST and PERRY. See page 888.

BELMONT, a co. in e. Ohio, on the West Virginia border; intersected by a branch of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh, and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads; 525 sq.m.; pop. '70, 39,714; in '80, 50,014. The surface is hilly; soil good, producing grain, tobacco, potatoes, sorghum, dairy products, and wool. Bituminous coal is found. Co. seat, St. Clairsville.

BELMONT, a village in Missouri, on the Mississippi river, opposite Columbus, Ky. Here, Nov., 1861, a sharp conflict for possession of the place occurred between the union forces under gen. Grant, and the confederates under gen. Pillow. As B. was commanded by the guns of gen. Polk at Columbus, gen. Grant could not hold it, and fell back on his boats. Eighty-four union men and about as many confederates were killed.

BELOIT, a city of Wisconsin, U. S., on Rock river, on the Southern State railway, 75 m. s. w. of Milwaukee, built on two plains, one 70 ft. above the other, with broad shaded streets, groves, and handsome residences. It has a college, 9 fine churches, several flour and paper mills, foundries, and manufactories of agricultural implements, etc. Pop. '70, 4396; '80, 4790.

BELOIT COLLEGE, at Beloit, Wis.; was organized in 1847, under Congregational and Presbyterian patronage. It has an endowment of $140,000, and an annual income of $15,000. The buildings are six in number, including chapel, memorial hall, and gymnasium, standing within a campus of 24 acres, on the Rock river. The laboratory and apparatus are valued at $3000; the geological and mineral cabinet at $2500. The library contains about 12,000 volumes. The number of professors (1885) is 9; other instructors, 2; students, 199; alumni, 327. Connected with the college and under the care of the faculty are collegiate, classical, philosophical, scientific, preparatory, and miscellaneous departments. Gymnastic exercises are maintained daily. The president is Aaron L. Chapin, D.D.

BEL'OMANCY (Gr. belos, an arrow: manteia, prophecy), a mode of divination by arrows, practiced among the Arabs and other nations of the cast. A number of arrows being shot off with sentences written on labels attached to them, an indication of futurity is sought from the inscription on the first arrow found. This is only one of many ways of divining by arrows. See AXINOMANCY, DIVINING-ROD.

BELON, PIERRE, a celebrated French naturalist, was b. in 1517 at Soulletière, in the department of Sarthe. He studied medicine at Paris, and subsequently traveled through Germany. In 1546, he left France, and visited Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Arabia. He returned in 1549, and in 1553 published the results of his travels, in a work entitled Observations on several Singular and Memorable Things discovered in Greece, Asia, Judea,