BICE (Ger. beis, Ital. biadetto), the name of two pigments of a blue and green color respectively, known to artists from the earliest times-blue B. as mountain blue, ongaro, azzuro di terra, etc.; and green B. as chrysocolla, Hungarian green, verde de Miniera, verde de Spagna, verdetto, etc. Green B. is now usually called malachite green and mountain green. Both are native carbonates of copper, but are also prepared artificially. In its native state, however, B. is more durable, and in the case of mountain green especially, much more brilliant. Artificial blue B. is known as Hambro' blue, mineral blue, etc.; artificial green B., as mountain green, Paul Veronese green, and emerald green.

BICEPS (double-headed) is the muscle which gives a full appearance to the front of the arm. Above, it consists of two portions or heads-whence its name-one being attached to the coracoid process of the scapula, the other to the margin of the depression on that bone which lodges the head of the humerus. The former is the short, the latter the long head of the biceps. They unite to form a fleshy belly, which terminates in a rounded tendon.

The B. tendon is inserted into the tubercle of the radius (see ARM). Before passing to this insertion, it gives off an expansion, which separates the median basilic vein from the brachial artery in the situation generally selected for venesection. The action of the B. is rapidly to bend the fore-arm, and also to supinate the hand.

BICÊTRE, originally the name of a very old castle, situated on a little eminence in the neighborhood of Paris, and commanding one of the finest views of the city, the Seine, and the environs. In 1632, it was destroyed, because it had become a hidingplace of thieves. Afterwards, it was rebuilt by Louis XIII., and made a hospital for old soldiers. When Louis XIV. had built the Hôtel Royal des Invalides, the B. was made a civil hospital for septuagenarians. It was for a long time used also as a prison for criminals, mostly those condemned to the galleys, but is now entirely occupied as a hospital for indigent old people and for incurable lunatics. There is a well sunk in the rock to the depth of 183 feet.

BICHAT, MARIE FRANC. XAVIER, one of the most famous anatomists and physiologists, whose discoveries make an epoch in biology, was b. at Thoirette, in the department of Ain, France, Nov. 11, 1771. He studied chiefly in Paris under Desault, who adopted him as his son, and whose surgical works he edited. In 1797, he began giving lectures on anatomy, along with experimental physiology and surgery, and in 1800 was appointed physician in the Hôtel dieu. Two years after, July 22, 1802, he fell a victim to intense and unremitting labor, before he had completed his 31st year. He was the first to simplify anatomy and physiology by reducing the complex structures of the organs to the simple or elementary tissues (q.v.) that enter into them in common. This he has done in his Anatomie Générale (2 vols., Par. 1801, often reprinted). In his Recherches Physiologiques sur la Vie et la Mort (Par. 1800), he develops another luminous idea-the distinction between the organic and the animal life.

BICKERSTAFF, ISAAC, author of numerous comedies and light musical pieces produced under Garrick's management, which had at one time a great popularity, was b. in Ireland about the year 1735, and became page to lord Chesterfield, who was made lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1746. B. afterwards became an officer of marines, but was dismissed the service for some discreditable offense. Nothing is certainly known regarding his after-life, nor the time of his death, which would seem to have taken place on the continent. His best known pieces are The Maid of the Mill; The Padlock; He would if he could; Love in a Village, The Hypocrite; and The Captive.

BICKERSTETH, Rev. EDWARD, an influential clergyman of the church of England, was b. at Kirkby Lonsdale, in Westmoreland, Mar. 19, 1786. He commenced life as a post-office clerk; and afterwards, having served an apprenticeship to a London attorney, established a lucrative solicitor's business in Norwich. Here, he took great interest in all meetings of a religious nature, and soon became so deeply impressed with the importance of religious truth, that he resolved to devote himself to the ministry. Being admitted to orders, he was sent by the church missionary society to reorganize their mission stations in Africa. Having most satisfactorily accomplished his mission, B. was, on his return, appointed secretary to the church missionary society, and continued to dis charge the duties of the office with unwearied energy and devotion that won for himself a high reputation and extensive influence, as well as great prosperity for the institution he represented, until 1830, when he resigned on acceptance of the rectory of Watton, in Hertfordshire. Here, until his death, which took place Feb. 24, 1850, he took an active part in promoting, both by tongue and pen, almost every work having for its object the spread of religious truth whether at home or abroad. B. belonged to what is known as the evangelical section of the church of England, and took a decided part against the endowment of Maynooth, and in opposition to the spread of tractarianism in his own church. He was also one of the founders of the evangelical alliance. Of his religious writings which have been collected in 16 vols. (Lond., 1853)—the most popular are, A Help to the Study of the Scriptures (written before he was ordained), The Christian Student, and A Treatise on the Lord's Supper. B. also edited The Christian Family Library, a work consisting of 40 vols.

II.-17a.

BICKERSTETH, EDWARD HENRY, b. England, 1825; son of Edward; educated at Cambridge; curate in 1848 in Birmingham, and since then in several places; rector, and latterly private chaplain to the bishop of Ripon. Among his works are The Rock of Ages, or Scripture Testimony to the One Eternal Godhead of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, The Blessed Dead, The Risen Saints, Hades and Heaven, The Spirit Life, The Shadowed Home and the Light Beyond, and several long and short poems. He is best known in this country by his long poem Yesterday, To-day, and Forever, which has won great admiration, with some adverse criticisms. He was appointed Bp. of Exeter 1885.

BICYCLE, a form of velocipede or lightly-built wheeled vehicle propelled by the person who occupies it. The bicycle, as its name (from Gr. bis, twice, and kyklos, wheel) imports, has but two wheels; and as these are placed in line one behind the other, the machine acquires and retains its stability in the erect position only in motion. The front wheel of the bicycle is generally about twice as high as that behind, and may be as much as 60 in. in diameter. The two wheels are connected by a "backbone" which rests in front on a forked bar rising perpendicularly from the axle of the front wheel. The rider, sitting on a saddle fixed to the backbone, moves the bicycle with his feet by means of cranks attached to the axle of the front or driving wheel, and steers by help of a crosshandle affixed to the erect bar. The bicyclist may without undue exertion attain a pace of 9, 10, or more m. an hour, and can sustain this pace for many hours. As much as 106 m. have been accomplished in less than eight hours. The whole machine, though now made almost wholly of steel and iron, need not weigh more than 50 pounds. The earliest form of bicycle, introduced from France about 1820, had two heavy wooden wheels of the same size, and was driven by the rider striking his feet on the ground.

BICYCLE (ante), a machine for human locomotion, consisting of two wheels connected by a single bar; the forward wheel having a diameter of 30 to 60 in., the rear wheel, directly behind the other, being about one third as high. At first these machines were made with wheels of the same size, or nearly so; but no satisfactory speed was obtained until Parisian builders hit upon the device of a small hind wheel. That which was little better than a child's velocipede was by this improvement raised to the respectability of an important means of locomotion, and the speed already attained is wonderful. On fairly level roads that are in good repair, an expert rider can outdo a fast horse within an hour or so. In England some remarkable performances are recorded. A hundred miles a day for several successive days have been traversed; the space between Tunbridge and Liverpool, 234 m., in 18 h. 35 min.; the journey from London to John o' Groat's, more than 800 m., over hilly and often bad roads, in 14 days. The bicycle for fast travel has a large forward or driving wheel, which the rider can fit his legs to. The larger the wheel, the greater the speed to be obtained. The rider's feet, that give the motive power, rest on stout cranks placed at right angles, so that in working the machine his legs nearly imitate the act of rapid walking or running. He is seated on a little saddle just behind the large wheel, and guides his course by a bar with double handles. By this crank he swerves the forward wheel at will, and the expert can make sharp curves, and perform many surprising feats of gyration. The first thing to be learned is balancing, and that is best achieved by trying short trips down a slight incline. When balancing is accomplished and steering mastered, practice will soon make a rapid rider. In the bicycle for service there is or should be a rest for the feet, since in going down hill there is little work for the cranks or treadles. The B. is not only a pleasant and cheap means of travel, but it adds the zest of good exercise, and is therefore growing in favor in this country. A good bicycle ought to have india rubber tires, to prevent jolting, to be made of the strongest material, and to weigh only about 50 lbs. For speed, the forward wheel, made as large as the rider can manage, is usually from 48 to 60 in. in height. Of this machine there are two general styles: the " 'racer," built very light for speed, and the “roadster," heavier for steady service. See CYCLING.

BIDA, ALEXANDRE. See page 890.

BIDA, a large inland t. in Africa, 9° 5' n., 6° 5' e., 16 m. n. of the Niger; the capital of the kingdom of Nufe.

BIDASSO'A, a river which, rising in Spain, forms the boundary between that country and France, and falls into the bay of Biscay at Fuenterabia. The treaty of the Pyrénées was concluded on an island in its mouth in 1659. The B. was the scene of several conflicts during the Spanish campaign. In April, May, and June, 1793, the Spanish crossed the river, and defeated the French, who occupied a line extending from St. Jean Piedde-Port to the mouth of the B., in three successive encounters, capturing a considerable quantity of ammunition and several pieces of cannon. In July of the following year, however, the French captured the intrenched camp and all the fortified posts of the Spaniards-defended by 200 pieces of cannon-on the river. Napoleon, in June, 1811, had a tête-du-pont constructed on the B. at Irun. In Aug., 1813, the French under Soult were defeated at San Marcial on the B. by the allies; and in the Oct. of the same year, Wellington surprised and drove the French from their strongly fortified positions on its northern side.

BID'DEFORD, a city in Maine on the Saco, 9 m. from its mouth, and 15 m. s. w. of Portland, on the Boston and Maine, and the Portsmouth, Saco, and Maine railroads;

pop. '80, 12,651. B. was settled in 1616-17, by Richard Vines, when York county comprised the whole province of Maine. The main business is manufacturing, and the exportation of a superior quality of granite.

BIDDING PRAYER is a form of exhortation, always concluding with the Lord's prayer, enjoined by the 55th canon of the Anglican church, in 1603, to be used before all sermons and homilies. Except in cathedrals and the university churches, it is now but seldom used. The term "B." is from the Saxon "Bede," signifying a prayer. The form is of extreme antiquity, and we have a similar one in the apostolical constitutions (q.v.), the original of which was probably that used in the church of Antioch. It was anciently used for the communicants or believers after the dismissal of the catechumens, and was pronounced by the deacon, each petition beginning with the words, Let us pray for -," and the people responding at the end of each with "Kyrie

Elecison," or some such words.

There is another very ancient example in the Ambrosian liturgy; and St. Chrysostom alludes to such a form in one of his sermons. It must have been, and even now in its abridged shape still is, very impressive, allowing each individual to supply from his own thoughts special cases of necessity under the different heads. There is some resemblance between these B. prayers and the Litany, and prayer for the church militant, now used in the Anglican church.

BIDDLE, CLEMENT, 1740–1814; b. Philadelphia; a Quaker, but a soldier, who raised a corps for the protection of friendly Indians against the outlaws known as Paxter boys." In the beginning of the revolution he was an officer in the Quaker volunteers, and was made deputy quartermaster-general. He took part in the fight at Trenton, where he secured the resigned swords of the Hessian officers. He was also at Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown, and rendered valuable service in the terrible winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge. In 1794, he went against the whisky insurrection. Washington thought highly of B., and made him U. S. marshal for Pennsylvania.

BIDDLE, CLEMENT CORNELL, son of Clement, 1784-1855. He was in the navy when young, but left it for the law. In the second war with England he was capt. of dragoons and col. of volunteers. He is best known by his notes and additions to the translations of Say's Treatise on Political Economy, He was prominent in the national freetrade convention of 1831.

BIDDLE, JAMES, b. Philadelphia, 1783-1848; an American naval capt.; served as midshipman in the war with Tripoli, where he was made prisoner and kept until the peace. He was lieut. on the Wasp, which captured the British Frolic early in the war of 1812, and was put in command of the prize, but both were captured by the Poictiers and taken to Bermuda. Exchanged in 1813, he served on the Hornet, in command of which he sailed for the East Indies, captured the Penguin, and was wounded in action. Congress gave him a gold medal and the rank of captain. In later years he was a commissioner to make a treaty with Turkey.

BIDDLE, JOHN, the founder of English Unitarianism, was b. in 1615, at Wotton-underEdge, in Gloucestershire, and in 1632 entered Magdalen college, Oxford, where he took his degree of M.A. In 1641, he was elected master of the free school in the town of Gloucester, the duties of which function he discharged with such zeal, that the character of the institution was greatly improved; but having embraced certain opinions-which he printed for private circulation-in regard to the personality of the Holy Spirit, at variance with those held by the majority of Christians, he was thrown into jail, Dec., 1645. Being at length summoned before the parliament at Westminster, on account of his heresy, he was formally tried, and condemned to imprisonment for 5 years. The famous Westminster assembly of divines undertook to "settle" B.'s case, but unfortunately their arguments-as is usual in disputation-had only the effect of strengthening his previous convictions. In 1648, while still in prison, he published a Confession of Faith concerning the Holy Trinity, etc., which was followed by another tract containing the opinions of the church fathers on the same question. In consequence of this attempt to combat the orthodox doctrine, the Westminster divines called upon the parliament to pass an act declaring the denial of the Trinity a crime punishable by death. The army, however, strange to say, proved on this occasion less cruel than the church, for it manifested such strong opposition that the act remained a dead-letter. Under the liberal rule of

Cromwell, B. was released. He now commenced to gather a congregation of those whom he had converted to his opinions-namely, that there was but one person, as there was but one nature, in the Godhead. The members were first called Bidellians, then Socinians, and finally assumed for themselves the name of Unitarians. Twice, however, after this, during the commonwealth, B. suffered severely for his creed, and even the ironwilled protector himself, in order to save his life, was compelled to banish him to one of the Scilly isles. Three years of imprisonment having elapsed, he was permitted to return, and continued to preach in London till the death of Cromwell, and also after the restoration, until June, 1662, when he was again apprehended and fined in £100, and being unable to pay, was committed to jail, where he died in Sept. of the same year. His personal character was highly esteemed by those who knew him.

BIDDLE, NICHOLAS, b. Philadelphia, 1750; killed by an explosion at sea, 1778, When but 15 years of age he was left on an uninhabited island of the West Indies, where he remained two months. In 1770, he entered the English navy, and served as a seaman on Nelson's vessel in capt. Phipps's exploring expedition. In the revolution he joined the Americans and commanded a small brig in the attack on New Providence; in 1776, captured two British transports with valuable cargoes and a battalion of Highlanders; as commander of the Randolph he took four prizes, and received command of a fleet to cruise in the West Indies, where he was wounded in an engagement with the Yar mouth. While he was in the hands of the surgeon the magazine blew up, and of 315 men all but four were killed.

BIDDLE, NICHOLAS, an American financier, b. at Philadelphia in 1786, graduated at Princeton college, and became an energetic member of the legislature of Pennsylvania. In 1823, he was appointed president of the U. S. bank, and held that post till 1839. He conducted its affairs at first with great skill, integrity, and prudence; but in 1838, the bank became insolvent, and in Oct. of that year suspended cash payments. The commercial panic and distress which at that time prevailed in the United States, spread dismay far and wide, and involved multitudes in ruin. In Dec., 1841, the grand jury for the county of Philadelphia made a presentment against B. and some others for entering into a conspiracy to defraud the stockholders of the bank of $400,000 in 1836, and endeavoring to conceal the same by a fraudulent and illegal entry in 1841; the presentment, however, was never followed up. B. had considerable literary taste, and for some time edited the Philadelphia Portfolio, contributing many articles to its pages. By request of the president of the United States, he compiled from the original papers a History of Lewis and Clarke's Expedition to the Pacific Ocean; also The Commercial Digest, a volume put forth by congress. A number of his essays, speeches, etc., were published. He died in Jan., 1844.

BIDDLE, RICHARD, 1796–1847; brother of the president of the U. S. bank, a lawyer and leader of the Pittsburgh bar. He published a Review of Capt. Basi! Hall's Travels in North America, and a Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, with a Review of the History of Maritime Discovery. In 1837-40, he was a member of congress.

BIDEFORD, a seaport t. of Devonshire, on both sides of the Torridge, near its confluence with the estuary of the Taw, 30 m. n. w. of Exeter. A bridge of 24 arches, and 677 ft. long, unites the two divisions of B., which has manufactures of ropes, sails, earthenware, and leather. These it exports, together with oak-bar, corn, flour, linens, woolens, iron, and naval stores. Pop. '81, 6512. In 1875, 103 vessels, of 6776 tons, belonged to the port; and 813 vessels, of 37,620 tons, entered, and 215 vessels, of 10,848 tons, cleared it. Vessels of 500 tons can get up to the quay in the center of the town. Sir R. Granville, the discoverer of Virginia, was born in Bidéford.

BIDPAI, or PILPAI, is the reputed author of a collection of fables and stories which have been widely current both in Asia and Europe for nearly 2000 years, passing as a compendium of practical wisdom. Scarcely any book except the Bible has been translated into so many languages; and its history deserves attention as part of the history of human development. The researches of Colebrooke, Wilson, Sylvestre de Sacy, and Loiseleur des Longchamps (Essai sur les Fables Indiennes, 1838) have successfully traced the origin of the collection, its spread, and the alterations it has undergone among different nations. The ultimate source is the old Indian collection in Sanscrit, with the title Panchatantra (q.v.), i.e., "Five Sections" (edited by Kosegarten, Bonn, 1848). analytical account of the Sanscrit Panchatantra, by H. H. Wilson-who determines the date of its production to be subsequent to the 5th C. A.D.-is printed in the Transactions of the royal Asiatic society, vol. i.; but an abridgment of it, called the Hitopadesa (q.v.), is better known than the original. A critical edition of the Hitopadesa has been published by A. W. von Schlegel and Lassen (Bonn, 1829), and translations have been made into English by Wilkins and Jones, and into German by M. Müller (Leip. 1844).

An

Under the Persian king, Nushirvan (531-79), the Panchatantra was translated into the Pehlvi tongue by his physician Barsuyeh, under the title of Calilah and Dimnah (from two jackals that take a prominent part in the first fable). This Pehlvi version has perished with all the profane literature of ancient Persia; but under the caliph Almansur (754-75), it was translated into Arabic by Abdallah-ibn-Almokaffa (published by De Sacy, Par. 1816). From Almokaffa's Arabic translation-in the introduction to which the author of the collection is called Bidpai, the chief of Indian philosophers-have flowed all the other translations and paraphrases of the east and west. Several Arabic poets worked it up into complete poems; and in the new Persian literature a great variety of versions and paraphrases, some in verse, some in prose, were made. From the Persian of Vaez (about the end of the 15th c.), the work was translated into Turkish about 1540 by Ali Chelebi, under the title of Homayun-námeh, the imperial book. There are also translations into the Malay, Mongol, and Afghan languages.

Towards the end of the 11th c., a translation had appeared, from the Arabic of Almokaffa, into Greek, by Simeon Sethus; and later, a Hebrew translation by Rabbi Joel, which John of Capua, a converted Jew, in the last half of the 13th c., retranslated into Latin with the title of Directorium Humana Vita (published first at Augs. 1480, and

repeatedly since). A version from this was made into German by Eberhard I., duke of Würtemberg (died 1325), which appeared with the title of Examples of the Ancient Sages (Ulm, 1483). Under Alfonso X. of Castile (1252-84), Almokaffa's work was translated into Castilian, and afterwards from that into Latin by Raymond of Veziers, a learned physician. The other European translations follow, some the Latin of John of Capua, some that of Raymond of Veziers; Spanish (Burgos, 1498), Italian (Flor. 1548), English (Lond. 1570), Dutch (Amst. 1623), Danish (Cop. 1618), Swedish (Stock. 1743), German (most recent, Leip. 1802).

BIEFVE, EDOUARD DE, b. 1808; a Belgian painter who studied with David d'Angers. He excels in portraits and historical compositions. By order of the government he produced the "Compromise of the Brussels Nobles of Feb. 16, 1566," which was greatly praised at the Paris exhibition of 1855. Some of his other works are "The Introduction of Rubens to Charles V.," "Massaniello," Ugolino," "Raphael and La Fornarina," and "The Knights of the Teutonic Order recognizing the Elector of Brandenburg as their Grand Commander," done for the king of Prussia.

BIEL. See BIENNE.

BIEL, GABRIEL, b. about the middle of the 15th century. He was pastor at Mainz, and on the establishment of the university of Tübingen, in 1477, was appointed professor of theology, and twice afterwards rector. He was a follower of William of Occam. His work Collectorium Super Libros Sententiarum G. Occami, is a clear account of the nominalistic doctrine, and presents a complete system of scholastic thought regarded from that point of view. B. has been erroneously called Ultimus Scholasticorum" (the last of the scholastics). He died in 1495.

BIELA, WILHELM VON, 1782-1856; a German astronomer and soldier, and major in the Austrian army; celebrated as the discoverer of a comet named after him, and for contributions to Schumacher's New Astronomy.

BIELA'S COMET, one of the comets of short period, named from its investigator, Wilhelm von Bicla. Its periodic time is 6617 years. Its orbit was first determined on its appearance in 1826, and it was found to have been seen in 1772 and 1805. On its return in 1846 it was in two parts, separated by about 157,000 m., unequal in size, each having a distinct nucleus and tail. At the return in 1852, the parts were 1,250,000 m. asunder. Since then it has not been seen. It has been suggested that its orbit has crossed that of a meteoric shower, and that it has been broken up and dispersed as material for shooting stars.

BIELAU, a t. in Prussia, called LANGEN BIELAU, being the longest village (4 m.) in the state. It is important for cotton and other manufactures, and boasts of one old castle. Pop. '81, 13,000.

BIELEFELD, a busy t. of Westphalia, in Prussia, picturesquely situated on the Lutter or Lutterbach, at the foot of the Sparrenberg mountain, and about 26 m. s.w. of Minden. The broad ditch, which formerly surrounded B., is now converted into pleasant walks. The old walls of the town have been put to a similar use. The castle of Sparrenberg, erected in 1545 on the site of an old Guelphic fortress, and which now serves as a prison, is in the immediate neighborhood. B., which is the center of the Westphalian linentrade, has extensive bleaching-grounds, manufactures of woolen thread, soap, leather, etc., and its meerschaum pipes are celebrated. Pop. '80, 30,679.

BIËLEV', an ancient t. of European Russia, in the government of Tula, situated on the left bank of the Oka, in lat. 53° 45′ n., and long. 36° 5' east. It has a large trade, and manufactures of soap, hardware, leather, etc. Pop. '77, 8640.

BIELITZ, a t. of Austrian Silesia, on the left bank of the river Biala, about 18 m. n.e. of Teschen. A bridge over the river connects it with the town of Biala, which is situated in Galicia. It has dye-works and priut-fields, and carries on a large trade in woolens and kerseymeres with Russia, Poland, Hungary, and Italy. B. belongs to the princes Sulkowsky, whose castle, now converted into public offices, is situated here. Pop. '69, 10,721; '80, 13,060.

BIËLLA, a t. of n. Italy, in the province of Novara, about 38 m. n.e. of Turin, with which it is connected by railway. It is pleasantly situated on the Cervo, an affluent of the Sesia, and has manufactures of woolens, hats, paper, etc. Pop. with suburbs, '81, 14,717.

BIË'LO-OZ'ERO (the White lake), a lake in the government of Novgorod, Russia, lat. 60° 10' n., long. 37° 30′ east. It is elliptical in shape, its length being about 25 m., and its breadth 20. Its bottom is composed of white clay, which, during stormy weather, gives to the water a milky appearance; hence, doubtless, the name White lake. B. is fed by numerous small streams, is pretty deep, and abounds with fish. Its surplus waters are conveyed by the Sheksna river into the Volga. Canals unite it with the Onega, Sukona, and Dwina.--B. ÖZERSK, an old wooden t. on the s. shore of the lake, formerly capital of an ancient principality of the same name, has a trade in cattle, corn, and pitch, and manufactures of candles. Pop. '80, 6000.