and fought under gen. Miranda in several successful engagements. The Spaniards having again obtained possession of Venezuela, B. had to flee to Curaçoa. He did not, however, remain long inactive. Sympathized with by the republican president of New Granada, he raised a force of volunteers; defeated the Spaniards several times, his army increasing with each victory; and on Aug. 4, 1813, entered Caracas as a conqueror, was hailed as the liberator of Venezuela, and made absolute dictator in all civil and military affairs. After defeating the Spaniards in several engagements, he was himself worsted at the battle of La Puerta, and again in Aug. at San Mateo, where he had a narrow escape. He now went to Carthagena, and afterwards to Kingston, in Jamaica, where an assassin, hired by the Spaniards, tracked his steps, but, by mistake, murdered his secretary. Having visited Hayti, and assembled there the insurgent refugees, he landed with them on the island of Margarita, Dec., 1816, where he convoked a congress, instituted a government, proclaimed the abolition of slavery, and immediately manumitted his own slaves. The following two years were marked by successes over Morillo. In Feb., 1819, a congress was opened at Angostura, and B., chosen president, was armed with the power of dictator. Having conducted his forces over the almost impassable Cordilleras to New Granada, he achieved the victories of Tunja and Bojaca, and soon afterwards declared New Granada united with Venezuela as a republic, under the name of Colombia. The office of president was conferred upon him. 1822 saw the new republic completely cleared of royalist troops, and B. was summoned the same year to help the Peruvians, and was named dictator of Peru. After two years' fighting, the Spaniards were driven from Peru also.

B. now made a tour through the southern provinces of Peru, where he was hailed with every demonstration of rejoicing. The name of the country was changed in his honor to Bolivia (q.v.), and a million of dollars was given him, which he devoted to the liberation of 1000 slaves. The Bolivian code was adopted by Bolivia in Dec., 1826, and in the following year by the congress of Lima, where B. was made president for life. In the meantime, dissatisfaction prevailed in Colombia, to which he returned, and, notwithstanding some dissent, was confirmed in the presidency in 1826, and again in 1828. About this time a conspiracy threatened his life, but was suppressed by the execution of the leaders and the banishment of seventy accomplices. Meanwhile, his famous code was renounced in Peru, and B. was ejected from the presidency. In 1829, Venezuela separated itself from the republic of Colombia, which was generally disturbed by faction, and B.'s ambition was loudly denounced. B. accordingly laid down his authority in Jan., 1830, notwithstanding earnest entreaties to retain it, and retired, in failing health, to Carthagena. The congress of Bogota voted him a pension of 30,000 piastres, and awarded him the thanks of the Colombian people. He died at San Pedro, Dec., 1830, having, shortly before his death, written a farewell address to the people of Colombia, in which he vindicated his character from the aspersions that had been cast on it, and complained bitterly of ingratitude. The war of liberation, and the peculiar elements with which he had to deal, compelled him to assume dictatorial power; but there is no proof that he was ever insincere in his devotion to liberty. His property was mainly devoted to the service of his country. He has been described as the Washington of South America. Like other great men, he was rightly estimated after his death. By a resolution of congress, New Granada, 1842, his ashes were removed with great pomp from Santa Marta to Caracas, where a triumphal arch was erected to his memory.

BOLIVIA, or UPPER PERU, a republican state on the w. side of South America, deriving the former name from Bolivar (q. v.), and the latter from the fact that it had originally been subject to the Incas. It extends between lat. 9° and 23° 15′ s., and long. 58° and 69° w., touching Peru and Chili on the w., Brazil on the n. and e., Paraguay, the Plate Provinces, and Chili on the s.; its area, reduced by treaties made with Chili and Brazil in 1866 and 1867, and with Chili in 1884, being about 700,000 sq. miles. In 1861, the pop. of European origin was estimated to be 1,742,352; in '83, returns give 2,324,000. The aboriginal element is by far the most important. B. is divided Into the departments of La Paz, Potosi, Oruro, Chuquisaca or Sucre, Cochabamba, Beni, Santa Cruz, and Tarija. Hydrographically, the country may be regarded as unique. Its maritime territory, known, in fact, as the Desert of Atacama, is a sandy waste, which, with the inconsiderable exception of the Loa, does not send a single stream that is worthy of notice into the Pacific. Again, the plateau, chiefly Bolivian, of Titicaca, shut out alike from either ocean, loses its entire drainage in the lake of Paria. Lastly, the region to the e. of the Andes is a cradle at once of the Plata and the Amazon, gathering for the former the Pilcomayo and the Paraguay, and for the latter the Beni, the Mamore, and the Guapai. In each section of B., the hydrography may be said to be a clue to the rainfall. On the almost riverless shore of the Pacific, the air is nearly as dry as the earth; to the e. of the mountains, the trade wind vapors from the Atlantic are copious enough not only to feed, but to flood the parent streams of the mightiest rivers on the globe; and within the valley of Titicaca, which has a minimum height of 12,441 ft., the clouds barely supply the comparatively scanty evaporation of so lofty a surface. With regard to temperature, B., almost entirely a tropical region, may claim to embrace all the zones in the world. Each locality, excepting, of course, the sandy, wastes on the Pacific, has its own peculiar

Bologna.

vegetation. Even the arid brows of the Andes yield a coarse grass, which forms the favorite food of the guanaca, llama, alpaca, and vicunha—animals almost as independent of water as the camel. The table-land of Titicaca produces abundantly maize, rye, barley, and wheat. Hitherto, however, B. has been remarkable mainly for its mineral productions. The silver mines of Potosi, after having, on a well-founded estimate, completed the full tale of 2000 millions of dollars, are believed to be inexhaustible; while gold, lead, tin, salt, sulphur, niter, and copper are abundant. The foreign trade labors under heavy disadvantages. In the days of Spanish connection, it was almost exclusively carried on-though quite as much by land as by water-along the line of the Plata; but since then, it has found its most convenient channel through the Peruvian marts of Ariça and Tacua. With the aid of steam, however, the external traffic might make for itself great highways of the Plata and the Amazon. The imports, confined to articles of the highest value or of the first necessity, are principally iron, hardware, and silks; and the exports, besides the precious metals, are copper, guano, niter, cacao. Jesuits' bark, skins, tobacco, and native manufactures. The total imports in 1884 were valued at £2,440,000; the exports at £6,600,000. In 1874, B. exported to Great Britain, copper valued at £104,638; silver, at £103,806; niter, at £116,195. The constitution of the republic, as founded by Bolivar, has suffered important modifications. According to the constitution, the executive is vested in a president, elected for four years, while the legislature consists of a congress of two chambers, called the senate and the house of representatives, both elected by universal suffrage; but in reality, the fundamental law of the republic requiring the election of the president every four years has fallen into disuse; and since the presidency of Marshal Santa Cruz (from May, 1828, to Jan., 1839), the history of B. is a history of military insurrections, the supreme power having been almost invariably seized by successful commanders. In 1880-81, the estimated revenue was £693,158, and the expenditure £959,849. The republic had in 1880 a debt of £6,000,000, including a foreign debt, consisting of a six per cent. loan of £1,700,000 nominal capital -issued at the price of 68-contracted in England in 1872, "to subsidize the National Bolivian Navigation Company." The army consists of about 2000 men. The seat of the executive government, formerly La Paz, was transferred in 1869 to Oruro. 1879-83 a war between Chili and B., allied with Peru, ended in the cession of the coast provinces of B. to Chili, the port of Antofagasta excepted. There are three short railways in B. For types of people, see illus., PERU, ETC., vol. XI., p. 560.

BOLKHOV', an ancient t. of Russia, in the government of Orel, about 30 m. n. of the city of the same name. B. is situated on the Nougra. Its manufactures consist of gloves, hats, hosiery, etc., and it has a trade in tallow, hemp, etc. Pop. '80, 19,224.

BOLL, an old dry measure in Scotland, varying in quantity according to locality and the article measured. It is sufficient to say that a B. of oats is equal to six bushels, or six-eighths of an imperial quarter. Although superseded by imperial measures, the B. is still very commonly in use; but, as in the case of all old weights and measures, bargains by it cannot be legally enforced. See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

BOLLAN, WILLIAM, d. 1776; an English lawyer, son-in-law of gov. Shirley of the colony of Massachusetts, and the agent to obtain from England the money advanced by the colony for the expedition against cape Breton. He favored conciliation toward the colonies, and wrote on American affairs; among other works, Freedom of Speech, and Writing upon Public Affairs Considered, and Ancient Rights to the American Fishery Examined and Stated.

BOL LANDISTS, an association or succession of Jesuits by whom the Acta Sanctorum (q.v.), or Lives of the Saints of the Christian Church, were collected and published (1643-1794). They received their name from JOHN BOLLAND, b. in the Netherlands 1596, d. 1665, who, with the help of Gottfried Henschen, edited the first 5 vols., containing the month of Jan., in two vols., published in 1643, and the month of Feb., in 3 vols., published in 1658. The project had been undertaken by a Flemish Jesuit, Herbert of Rosweyd, and on his death, in 1629, his collections were intrusted to Bolland, who established himself in Antwerp, opened a correspondence all over Europe, and asso ciated young men of his order with himself in the work. Several distinguished names are ranked among the B., as Gottfried Henschen (died 1681), Daniel Papebroek (1714), Conrad Janning (1723), Peter Bosch (1736), Suyskens (1771), Hubens (1782), Dom Anselmo Berthod (1788), and Jos. Ghesquière (1802). The abolition of the order of Jesuits in 1773 caused the removal of the Bollandist society to the monastery of Candenbeg, in Brussels, till the persecutions under Joseph II. brought about its dissolution. In 1789, the abbey of Tongerloo, in Brabant, took up the colossal task of carrying on the Acta Sanctorum; but scarcely had the 53d vol. appeared, in May, 1794, when the French occupation put an end to the work. It was not till 1837 that a new Bollandist association of Jesuits was formed, under the patronage of the Belgian government, which set aside a yearly sum of 6000 francs for this object. In 1845, this new society published in two parts, the 54th vol. of the work, containing, among others, the life of St. Theresa, extending to 671 folio pages. Other volumes have since appeared, and more are in preparation, so that there is room to hope that at least the next generation may see the completion of this vast work, of which Gibbon has truly said, that "through the medium

Bologna.

of fable and superstition it communicates much historical and philosophical instruction." M. Guizot, having ascertained that the 3 vols. for April contain 1472 lives, estimates that the 53 vols., published before the French revolution suspended the progress of the undertaking, contain more than 25,000 lives of saints.

BOLLINGER, a co. in s.e. Missouri on Little river; intersected by the St. Louis and Iron mountain railroad; 450 sq.m.; pop. '80, 11,130. It is level with fertile soil; productions chiefly agricultural. Co. seat, Dallas.

BOLOGNA, a province of the kingdom of Italy, formerly one of the delegations of the papal states. It is bounded n. and e. by the provinces of Ferrara and Ravenna, and w. and s. by those of Modena and Florence. The area of the province is 1374 sq.m.; pop. in '81, 457,506. Sloping gradually up from the plains of Lombardy in the n., its surface becomes mountainous in the s., which is traversed by offsets from the Apennines. B. is well watered, and the streams are extensively used in the irrigation of ricefields. It is very productive, yielding corn, wine of middling quality, olive-oil, fruit, vegetables of all kinds, hemp, flax, and saffron. Silk-worms are reared in great numbers. Marble, chalk, and gypsum are the mineral products; hemp, rice, and silk the principal articles of trade.

BOLOGNA, one of the most ancient cities of Italy, is beautifully situated on a fertile plain at the foot of the lower slopes of the Apennine mountains, in lat. 44° 30′ n., long. 11° 21' e. It is inclosed by a high brick-wall, some 5 or 6 m. in extent, but without fortifications; the canal of Reno intersects it, and, on either side, the rivers Reno and Savena sweep past its walls. B. was, next to Rome, the most important city of the papal states. The streets in the newer parts of the city are spacious and well paved, with rich and varied colonnades, affording shelter alike from sun and rain; în the older portion, the streets are narrow, crooked, and dirty, and the arcades correspondingly low and gloomy. The city is adorned with many fine palaces of the nobility, which are rich in fresco-paintings by the great masters. Pre-eminently worthy of notice is the Piazzo Maggiore, "the Forum of B. in the middle ages," which includes, among other fine buildings, the Palazzo Maggiore del Pubblico, and the Palazzo del Podestà. Among the fine frescoed rooms and galleries of the former, that of the Sala Farnese is the most imposing; the latter is interesting as having been the prison and deathscene, in 1272, of Enzius, the son of the emperor Frederick II., and also as containing the archives of the city. The great feature of B., however, is its religious edifices, which are remarkable both for the beauty of their architecture, and the abundance and splendor of the art-treasures they contain. It has more than 70 churches, the most remarkable of which are San Stefano, which is rich in relics, ancient tombs, and Madonnas, Lombard architecture, and Greek frescoes of the 11th and 12th centuries; San Petronio-which, though unfinished, is the largest church in B.-a noble specimen of Italian Gothic, with a meridian traced on the floor by the astronomer Cassini, and numerous splendid bass-reliefs by Jacopo della Quercia and Tribolo, as well as masterpieces by other artists both in sculpture and in painting; San Domenico, with works by Michael Angelo and Niccolò di Pisa, and many other eminent sculptors, and paintings and frescoes by Guido, Francia, Lodovico Caracci, Marchesi, Simone da Bologna, Colonna, and others; and the cathedral dedicated to St. Peter, also rich in works of art, and interesting historical associations, which, indeed, cluster around all the structures mentioned. In the center of the city are two remarkable leaning towers, constructed about the beginning of the 12th c.; the tallest, called the Asinella, has a height of 256 ft., with, in 1706, an inclination of 3 ft. 2 inches. In 1813, a careful measurement showed that this inclination had slightly increased. The other tower, the Garisenda-which is alluded to in the 31st canto of Dante's Inferno-has an elevation of 130 ft., with a lean of 8 feet. The university of B. is said to date its origin from the 5th c., when it was founded by Theodosius II., and to have been afterwards restored by Charlemagne. It was not, however, until the 12th c., when it was founded anew by Irnerius or Wernerus, that it attained celebrity. Its reputation during that century was so great, chiefly on account of its school of jurisprudence that students from all parts of Europe were attracted to it. In 1262, the number receiving instruction is stated to have been 10,000, and it was found necessary to appoint professors specially for the students from each country. The university is also celebrated as the first school for the practice of dissection of the human body, as well as for the fact that, for centuries learned female professors have prelected within its walls. The famous linguist, cardinal Mezzofanti, was a professor here. Though the number of students is now comparatively small, the university of B. still holds a first place among Italian educational institutions. Medicine is now the principal study. The university library contains 200,000 vols., and 6000 MSS., 20,000 vols. having been presented by Benedict XIV. Many of the books are very rare and valuable. In the church of San Domenico there is a public library of 90,000 vols., accessible on holidays, when all others are closed. The Accademia delle Belle Arte is particularly rich in the works of those native artists who founded the far-famed Bolognese school of painting, and it has also some fine specimens of other schools. Besides being the birthplace of those painters that have made its name illustrious, B. gave to the pontifical chair Honorius II., Lucius II., Gregory XIII., Innocent IX., Gregory XV., and Benedict XIV.

B. has some important manufactures, including silk goods, velvet, crape, wax-candles, musical instruments, chemical products, paper, and sausages almost as celebrated as its paintings. Pop. '71, 89,104; '81, 103,998.

B. owes its origin, which is said to be much more remote than that of Rome, to the Etruscans, by whom it was called Felsina. It afterwards fell into the hands of the Boii, from whom it passed to the Romans, who made it a colony, under the name of Bononia (189 B. C.). In 53 A.D., it was nearly destroyed by fire, but was restored by Claudius. After the fall of the Roman empire, it passed into the hands of the Longobards, from whom it was taken by the Franks. Charlemagne made it a free city, and its independence was confirmed by a charter from Henry V., in 1112, which also invested the citizens with the choice of their own judges, consuls, and magistrates. The feuds of the Guelph and Ghibeline factions led to the downfall of the republic, and the supremacy of the papal see, B. being made a delegation in 1513. In 1796, B. was taken by the French, and was constituted the chief town of the Cispadane republic; and afterwards, when the kingdom of Italy was established, capital of the department Del Reno. It reverted to the pope in 1815. After that time, B. made several efforts to throw off the authority of the pope. One, in 1831, was successful, but the papal authority was restored in the following year. In 1848, the Austrians attempted to obtain possession of B., but were repulsed. In the following year, however, they succeeded in capturing the city after a siege of ten days. B. was then, like the rest of the Romagna, declared to be in a state of siege, and was made the head-quarters of the Austrian second Italian corps. From the commencement of the Italian campaign of 1859, the Bolognese gave an active sympathy to the national cause; and long before the peace-negotiations at Zurich had been brought to a close, they had intimated their intention of placing themselves under the rule of Victor Emmanuel, as a part of the new kingdom of Italy. Notwithstanding the menaces of the Vatican, they persisted in their resolve; and when the question of "annexation to Piedmont, or separate government," was submitted to the universal vote of the people, in Mar., 1860, the votes for annexation exceeded those for separate government in the proportion of 1000 to 1.

BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA, 1524-1608; an Italian sculptor and architect, whose only superior was Michael Angelo. He designed the fountain in Bologna and its celebrated figure of Neptune. At Florence may be seen his "Rape of the Sabine Women," and a bronze statue of Mercury. He was extensively employed in important public works.

BOLOGNA PHIAL, or PHILOSOPHICAL PHIAL, is a short, thick, narrow glass vessel, close at one end, and open at the other, which the glass-blower prepares from each pot of metal before employing it in the fashioning of tumblers, glasses, bottles, etc. See GLASS. It serves the purpose of enabling the glass manufacturer to judge of the color and other conditions of the fused glass or metal; and as the jar is not subjected to annealing, it is very friable, and a small angular fragment of any mineral allowed to drop into it, at once causes it to fly in pieces. It is curious to notice, however, that a B. P. will bear a very heavy blow on the outside without being fractured.

BOLOGNA STONE, an old popular name of a radiated variety of heavy spar or sulphate of barytes (see BARYTES), found near Bologna, which is phosphorescent in the dark. It has been also called Bologna phosphorus; but this name more strictly belongs to it when calcined, pulverized, and made into little cakes with gum-water. These, after being exposed to a vivid sunlight, are very phosphorescent, either in the air or under water.

BOLOGNESE SCHOOL OF PAINTING. Franco, who was commended by Dante for superiority in missal-painting, and who has been called the Giotto of his school, is the supposed/founder of the style of the Bolognese painters of the 14th century. Many of their now fading works exist in the church di Mezzaratta, a gallery, as it were, of ancient specimens, which is to this era of the Bolognese school what the Campo Santo at Pisa is to that of the Florentines. About 1500, the most prominent name is Lippo Dalmasio, some of whose works remain. Malvasia relates, with reference to one in the church of S. Procolo, that he heard Guido extol its purity and grandeur of expression, and assert that no modern painter could infuse so holy a feeling into similar subjects. Francesco Francia, who was contemporary with Raphael, and survived him some years, is celebrated as a painter who succeeded beyond most others in giving an expression of sanctity and purity to his madonnas, and a letter of Raphael's is extant in which this merit is particularly alluded to. His eulogists, however, have vainly endeavored to exalt him to a level with Raphael or Titian. Niccolo dell' Abate is associated with the Bolognese painters by some works at Bologna, by his joint labors with Primaticcio at Fontainebleau, and by the extravagant compliment paid to him in a sonnet by Agostino Caracci as uniting in himself all the excellences of all the great masters. Pelligrino Tibaldi, a pupil of Michael Angelo, is another celebrated name. The Caracci, of whom we shall soon speak, honored him with the appellation of "the reformed Michael Angelo." Baroccio led the way, about 1565, in including Correggio among the great models to be imitated, and we find that Ludovico Caracci, and his younger cousins Agostino and Annibale Caracci united their efforts to introduce a new style patterned in some respects after that great master. They founded a school of instruction which exerted a great influence. The fame of the Caracci was soon estab

lished by their works; but the opposition of the abettors of the old school was not silenced until the frescos in the Palazzo Magnani were executed. The constant reference of these masters to nature was the point of objection on the part of the old school. Annibale Caracci painted in various churches in Rome; but his great work, the monument of his powers and the specimen of the school most frequently quoted, and in which Agostino assisted, is the series of frescos in the Farnese palace. The followers of Ludovico at Bologna were true to the founder of the school, and posterity seems to have decided that he was more original than Annibale. Sir Joshua Reynolds praised "his unaffected breadth of light and shadow, the simplicity of the coloring," and the solemn twilight” diffused over his pictures, as corresponding better with grave and dignified subjects "than the more artificial brilliancy of sunshine which enlightens the pictures of Titian." Indeed, the principles and practice of these Bolognese masters and their scholars superseded for a time every other style in Italy. Among the numerous scholars of the Caracci, Domenichino holds the first rank. He was declared by Poussin to be the greatest painter after Raphael, and by some modern critics he has been preferred to the Caracci themselves. Among the other eminent painters of the Bolognese school are Guercino, Lanfranco, Tiarrini, Lionello Spada, Cavedone, and Carlo Cignani. During the present century the school has lost something of its former high rank. The British national gallery contains more than twenty pictures by artists of this school.

BOLOR-TAGH', a supposed lofty mountain-chain of Central Asia, extending from lat. 35° to 45° n., and from long. 70° to 75° e., which was said to divide Turkistan into an eastern and western portion. Conjecture even went so far as to assign to its highest points an elevation of 19,000 feet. It was described as dividing Turkistan (q.v.) into two parts, and being connected with the Thian-shan range and others farther north, as well as with the Hindu Kush on the south. Recent explorations have shown, however, that no such range exists, but that there is a lofty plateau which in part corresponds to its supposed position.

BOLSE'NA, an Italian t., in the province of Rome, about 20 m. n.n.w. of the town of Viterbo. It is situated on the n. shore of the lake of Bolsena (lacus Volsiniensis), on the road from Florence by Siena to Rome. It has now little more than 2000 inhabitants; but in early ages it was a place of great importance, forming one of the twelve Etruscan cities, under the name of Volsinii. When finally subjugated by the Romans (280 B.Q), as many as 2000 statues are said to have been taken from it; but, though this is doubtless an exaggeration, we may gather from it that the Volsinians had achieved a high reputation for wealth and artistic skill. The Romans razed the Etruscan city to the ground, but built another in its place, which, however, is not much celebrated in history, except as the birthplace of Sejanus, the favorite and minister of Tiberius. Pliny records that it was the scene of supernatural occurrences, king Porsenna having here called down fire from heaven to destroy a monster, Volta, that was ravaging the surrounding country. In later ages, according to the traditions of the Roman Catholic church, a doubting Bohemian priest was here convinced of the truth of the doctrine of transubstantiation, by witnessing the flow of blood from the host he was consecrating; and in commemoration of this supernatural occurrence, Urban IV. instituted the festival of the Corpus Domini. Raphael has immortalized the incident. Half a mile from B. are a few traces of the Etruscan city, and many fragments of the Roman one remain. The lake Bolsena is a fine expanse of water about 10 m. long and 8 broad, but its shores are very unhealthy. The Marta river carries its waters into the Mediterranean. It has two islands, Bisentina and Martana, which were favorite autumnal retreats of pope Leo X. Martana is famous as the scene of the exile and murder of the Gothic queen Ama lasontha, by her cousin Theodatus.

BOLSWARD' (Lat. Bolverda), an old t. in the Netherlands, province of Friesland, lie 15 m. s. w. from Leeuwarden. It is surrounded by a high earthen wall and broad canal. The church of St. Martin, in the Gothic style, is the largest and handsomest in Fries There are several benevolent institutions, and a grammar-school. The trade is chiefly in butter, cheese, and cattle. Ship-building, tanning leather, making brick_and coarse pottery, spinning worsted, carding wool, etc., are the principal industries. Pop.

land.

'80, 5613.

BOLTON (-LE-MOO'RS), an important English manufacturing town, in South Lancashire, on the Croal, 11 miles north-west of Manchester. It was celebrated as far back the time of Henry VIII. for its cotton and its woolen manufactures, introduced by Flemish clothiers in the 14th century. Emigrants from France and the palatinate of the Rhine subsequently introduced new branches of manufacture; and the improvements in long retarded the adoption, in their native town, of their inventions-the spinning-frame Though Arkwright and Crompton belonged to B., the opposition of the working classes cotton-spinning of the middle of the 18th c. rapidly increased the trade of the town. and the mule. B., containing more than 70 cotton mills, with 24 million of spindles, is fine calicoes, quiltings, counterpanes, dimities, etc., are manufactured. There are 40 one of the principal seats of the cotton manufacture in Lancashire. Muslins, foundries and iron-works, and numerous dye-works. The lexicographers Ainsworth and garrisoned Bolton. In 1644, it was stormed by the earl of Derby; and after the battle

now

Lem priere

were masters of B. grammar-school. During the civil war, the parliament