her husband, whose power, in the latter part of his administration, does not seem to have extended over Upper Egypt.* One of these statues belonging to M. Athanasi, is a very fine and valuable antique, of black granite, in appearance a female, but in the sitting posture, which

* I am not aware that any traces of idolatry are really to be found upon the contemporary monuments from the middle of the reign of Amenoph I. to that of Thothmos III. except such as may have been inscribed by that monarch, who took such liberties with the monuments of his predecessors: thus in the instance of the great obelisk at Karnak, erected by Thothmos I. the lateral lines have manifestly been inscribed by Thothmos III.; and it might have been the policy of a king attempting to revive idolatry, to represent his predecessors engaged in those very acts in which he represented himself. I can regard none of these as conclusive, for if, in the ruins of modern Rome, should be hereafter found the alto relievo of Algardi, representing Pope Leo the Great with the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul arresting the progress of Attila, some future antiquarian might be deceived into the opinion, that that costly work had been erected by Leo, and that he had countenanced the legend.

I believe is common only to men. Unfortunately, the chief signet of the piece is erased, by which we are disabled from ascertaining accurately by whom it was erected.

Having made these observations upon the minister, some observation upon the king himself, who is said to have introduced literature and the arts, will still further tend to confirm the argument. The king, who is said to have instructed the Egyptians in the arts and sciences, to have constructed many of the greatest works in Egypt, and to have dug the celebrated lake Moris, is called by Herodotus, Diodorus, and several others, Moris or Myris. He is placed by Diodorus 7 generations above Sesoosis or Sesostris, the Ramesses the Great of the monuments; and in this position he would coincide with Thothmos III., who is recognized by M. Champollion as

Moris.* Herodotus also places Moris above Sesostris; but in another place he states that Maris lived about 900 years before his own time: but in this he seems to have confounded together two different persons, as will presently appear. Moris was in fact a common name, and seems to have been more particularly applied to those kings, from whom the cycles started. If we turn to the catalogue of Eratosthenes, we find several kings under the name of Mares or Moris: and the first of these, the 9th king, is very nearly in the same position above Saophis (whom I shall presently show to be Sesostris), as Myris

* It does not appear upon what authority M. Champollion always calls Thothmos III. Thothmosis Moris; and Mr. Wilkinson makes the same complaint. Perhaps it rests upon the following passage of Herodotus, who states, that the temple of Memphis was built by Menes, Maris, and Sesostris, whereas by the monuments it would appear that Menes, Thothmos III. and Ramesses II. were the chief builders.

is placed by Diodorus above the same king.

I believe that the Moris of the Greeks, Herodotus, Eratosthenes, and Diodorus, may be identified both with Thothmos I., whose name according to Manetho is Mephres or Mesphres, the Stochus Ares of Eratosthenes, and with Thothmos III., the Mares of Eratosthenes and the Greeks have taken the name, not from the nomen, but from the scarabæus which appears in the prænomens of both those kings. The Ares of the Greeks, or Mars of the Romans, was a form of the Egyptian Horus or Phthah; and from the constant occurrence of the word Ares and Cheres in all the Greek versions of the Egyptian dynasties, there is good reason to suppose that the Greeks have commonly substituted it for some form of the Egyptian Phthah: and from the following coincidences it will be clear, that the word Ares or Cheres was a substitute for Phthah Thore, who is com

monly represented with a scarabæus on his head*; for wherever the Greeks met with this name Thore they seem to have substituted for it Ares or Cheres† : thus the name of the Assyrian king Thourus or Thouras, the grandson of Ninus, is said by Cedrenus and the Paschal Chronicle to have been changed by his father into Ares or Arius, but Suidas says 'into Baal, which in their language is Ares :' and again in Homer we have constantly Θοῦρος "Αρης connected for Mars, and in Suidas Theusares. This name of Ares is in fact but a substitute for the scarabæus, the emblem of Phthah Thore.

* Mythological Inquiry. 43. 101.

+ Manetho's 5th dynasty, viz. of Elephantine kings, I conceive to be a version of the 18th, taken from the signets: almost all the names are compounds of Cheres, and almost all the signets have the scarabæus.

There seems also to be some connexion between the Thore and Thoor, the Alexandrian name of Thoth; indeed Thoth was considered an Avatar of Phthah Thore. See vj Bryant, 204, and Sanchoniatho, Anc. Frag. 9, 10, 11.