The disciples were first called christians at Antioch. The verb to be, through all its variations, has the same case after it as that which next pre, cedes it as, I am he whom they invited: It may be (or might have been) he, but it cannot be (or could not have been) I: It seems to have been he who conducted himself so wisely: It appeared to be she that transacted the business: I understood it to be him: I believe it to have been ther: We at first took it to be her; but were afterwards convinced that it was not she: He is not the person who it seemed he was: She is not now the man whom they represented her to have been : Whom do you fancy him to be? By these examples, it appears that this verb has no government of case, but serves, in all its forms, as a conductor to the cases; so that the two cases which, in the construction of the sentence, are the next before and after it, must always be alike.

WO

When the verb to be is understood, it has the same case before and after it as when it is expres sed: as, He seems the leader of the party: He shall continue clerk: They appointed me executor; i. e. he seems to be the leader of the party; &c.

24

Verbs which signify to become, to wander, to live, har to die, to go, to return, and others of a similar nature, have the same case before and after them ; as, The calf became an ox: He wandered an outcast: He lived the object of paternal love, &c.

Passive verbs have the same case before and after them, when both words refer to the same thing; as, He was styled Casar: She was named Penelope Homer is styled the prince of poets: James was created a duke: The general was sa

:

ex

luted emperor: The professor was appointed tutor to the prince.

All the examples under this rule, and all others of a similar nature, may be explained on the principle that nouns and pronouns are in the same case, when they signify the same thing; the one merely describing the other, or exhibiting it under different circumstances.

iscellaneous Rules.

RULE XIX.

Pronouns must always agree with their antecedents and the nouns for which they stand, in gender and number; as,

This is the friend whom I love; That is the be vice which I hate The king and the queen had put on their robes: The moon appears, and she shines, but the light is not her own.

The relative pronoun is of the same person with the antecedent; as, Thou who lovest wisdom :` I who speak from experience.

This rule is violated in the following sentences: Each of the sexes should keep within its particular bounds, and content themselves with the advantages of their particular districts; better thus ; The sexes should keep within their particular bounds, &c. Can any one, on their entrance into the world, be fully secure that they shall not be deceived? on his entrance, and that he shall. One should not think too favourably of ourselves; of one's self. He had one acquaintance which poisoned his principles; who poisoned.

Who, which, what, and the relative that, though in the objective case, are always placed before the

verb; as are also their compounds, whoever, whosoever, &c.; as, He whom ye seek: This is what, or the thing which, or that you want: Whomsoever you please to appoint.

Personal pronouns being used to supply the place of the noun, are not employed in the same part of a sentence as the noun which they represent; for it would be improper to say, The king he is just I saw her the queen: The men they were there. These personals are superfluous, as there is not the least occasion for a substitute in the same part where the principal word is present, The nominative case they in the following sentence, is also superfluous: Who, instead of going about doing good, they are perpetually intent upon doing mischief.

The pronoun that is frequently applied to persons as well as to things; but after an adjective in the superlative degree, and after the pronominal adjective same, it is generally used in preference to who or which; as, Charles XII, king of Sweden, was one of the greatest madmen that the world ever saw: Cataline's followers were the most profligate that could be employed in any city: He is the same man that we saw before. There are cases in which we cannot conveniently dispense with this relative as applied to person; as, first, after who, the interrogative; Who that has any sense of religion, would have argued thus ? Secondly, when persons make but a part of the antecedent; The woman, and the estate that became his portion, were too much for his moderation.

Many persons are apt, in conversation, to put the objective case of the personal pronouns, in the place of these and those; as, Give me them

We may some

books; instead of those books. times find this fault even in writing.

In some dialects, the word what is improperly used for that, and sometimes we find it in this sense in writing: They will never believe but what I have been entirely to blame. I am not satisfied

but what, &c. instead of, but that.

The pronoun relative who is so much appropriated to persons, that there is generally harshness in the application of it, except to the proper names of persons, or the general terms mon, woman, &c.

We hardly consider little children as persons, because that term gives us the idea of reason and reflection; and therefore the application of the personal relative who, in this case, seems to be harsh. It is still more improperly applied to animals.

In one case custom authorizes us to use which, with respect to persons; and that is, when we wish to distinguish one person of two, or a particular person among a number of others. We should then say, Which of the two? or, Which of them is he, or she?

It is, and it was, are often, after the manner of the French, used in a plural construction, and by some of our best writers; as, It is either a few great men who decide for the whole, or it is the rabble that follow a seditious ringleader: It is they that are the real authors, though the soldiers are the actors of the revolution: it was the heretics that first began to rail, &e. 'Tis these that early taint the female mind.

The neuter pronoun 2t, by an idiom peculiar to the English language, is frequently joined in ex

M*

planatory sentences with a noun or pronoun of the masculine or feminine gender; as, It was I: It was the man, or woman, that did it.

The neuter pronoun it, is sometimes omitted and understood thus we say, As appears, as follows; for, As it appears, as it follows; and, May be, for, It may be.

The neuter pronoun it is sometimes employed to express:

1st. The subject of any discourse or inquiry; as, It happened on a summer's day: Who is it that calls on me?

2d. The state or condition of any person or thing: as, How is it with you?

3d. The thing, whatever it be, that is the cause of any effect or event, or any person considered merely as a cause; as, We heard her say it was not he: The truth is, it was I that helped her?

RULE XX.

If there is no nominative between the relative and the verb, the relative is nominative case to the verb; as

The master who taught us: The trees which are planted.

RULE XXI.

When a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by some word in its own member of the sentence; as,

He who preserves me to whom I owe my being, whose I am and whom I serve, is eternal.

In the several members of the last sentence, the relative performs a dfferent office. In the first