which he lived, he gained a greater reputation, even at more than 80 feet above the sea. It is covered with woods, that time, by his poetry, in which he composed a history of which are well stocked with deer and various kinds of game. the life and glorious actions of King Robert Bruce. Dr. Land crabs are also preserved here under lock and key, and Henry (Hist. Brit., edit. 8vo., 1805, vol. viii. p. 249) says, considered a luxury for the table. There is a lagoon of it was written at the desire of King David Bruce, his brackish water seven miles in length, communicating on the son, who granted Barbour a considerable pension for his north-west with the sea, and having from four to six feet encouragement, which he generously bestowed on an hospi-water in it, in which are snappers, baracoutas, king-fish, tal at Aberdeen. (See also Nicolson's Scottish Hist. Lib., and other species. The mansion of the estate, or castle as edit. 1776, p. 40.) Dr. Jamieson, however, has clearly it is called, is situated on the margin of this lake, and shown, that there is, in fact, no proper evidence that any around it are the plantations. A church and school have pension was granted by David Bruce, or indeed that this recently been erected. The air is so mild and pure, that monarch ever laid his commands on Barbour to write the invalids from other islands commonly resort here for the relife of his royal parent. David II. died in 1371, four or five storation of their health. years before Barbour had written much more than half of his work; and the first intimation of his receiving a pension is not less than fifteen years after this, February 18, 1390, only two months before the death of Robert II. (Jamieson's Memoir of Barbour, p. 9.) Barbour had really two pensions, one of 107. Scots from the customs of Aberdeen, limited to his life, and another of 20s. from the rents or burrow-mails of that city, expressly recorded as a reward for the compilation of The Bruce, and accompanied by a grant of it to his assignees in mortmain; whereupon, at his death, instead of giving it to an hospital at Aberdeen (as has been said by Godscroft, Tanner, &c.) he assigned it to the chapter of the cathedral church of Aberdeen, to sing a mass for his soul. (Jamieson, ut supra, pp. viii. ix.) Henry says that Barbour finished his history in 1373; but this must be an error of a figure, as Barbour himself (Bruce, b. ix. v. 890) says it was in 1375. While engaged in this work, in 1365, he obtained permission and safe-conduct from King Edward III. to travel through England into Wales, with six horsemen, his attendants. The coasts are defended by several small batteries. Reefs extend off the island in some places as far as five miles, but there is anchorage on the western side. Several vessels having lately been lost on its rocky shores, the merchants of Antigua have petitioned for a light-house to be built on it. As in other West India islands, turtle are found here on the shores. The castle is in 17° 38' N. lat., 61° 51′ W. long. BA'RCA, the name of a district in the eastern division of the regency of Tripoli. It is sometimes vaguely applied to the whole of that division, including the regions called by the antients the Syrtis, the Cyrenaica, or Pentapolis, and the Marmarica. But the political or administrative division of that vast range of country is as follows:-The district called Sert, or Sort, extends from the southern limits of the district of Mesurata in Western Tripoli, to a place called Muktar, on the southernmost coast of the gulf of Sidra or great Syrtis, beyond which the district of Barca begins. The Sort is under an Arab sheik, who is tributary to the pasha of Tripoli. The district of Barca extends inland to the north-east from Muktar to beyond Derna, and the line of coast parallel to it is divided into two beylicks, Bengazi and Derna, the beys of which are appointed by and dependent on the pasha of Tripoli. The inland tract, called Barca, is under another Arab sheik, who is himself subordinate to the two beys of Bengazi and Derna. The district of Barca, which is entirely inhabited by nomadic Arabs, includes the hilly region of Cyrenaica. Various tribes wander in it, among which the Zaouyeh occupy the tract south of Bengazi, and the great tribe called El Harabi extend eastward of the same place as far as Derna. (Pacho, Voyage dans la Cyrénaïque.) The western part of the hilly range of Cyrenaica towards Bengazi is called by the Arabs Jebel Barca, or Mountainous Barca.' Dr. Jamieson (ut supra, p. xii.) fixes the date of Barbour's death, with seeming accuracy, at the close of the year 1395. The value of Barbour's work, as an historical record, was early acknowledged (see the continuator of Fordun's Scotichronicon, lib. xii. c. 9, and Wyntown); and it is remarkable, that though Barbour was a Scotsman, his versification and language are more intelligible to a modern English reader than that of any other poet of the fourteenth century, his great contemporary Chaucer himself not excepted. The first known edition of The Bruce was published at Edinburgh in 1616, in 12mo.; but an earlier is believed to have existed. (See Jamieson's Memoir, p. x.) Another, printed in 8vo., by Andro Hart, in 1620, was reprinted at Edinburgh, in 4to., 1758. Other editions were printed, 8vo. Edinburgh, 1648; Glasgow, 1665; 12mo., Edinburgh, 1670; Glasgow, 1672;—and there are a few editions in meaner forms. The best editions, however, are Pinkerton's, printed from a MS. in the Advocates' Library at Edinburgh, dated in 2489, with notes and a glossary, 3 vols. 8vo., London, 1790, and Dr. Jamieson's (the best of all), 4to. Edinburgh, 1820. From some passages in Wyntown's Chronicle, it has been surmised that Barbour also composed a genealogical history of the kings of Scotland; but no part of this is known to be extant. (See Henry's Hist. of Brit., edit. 8vo., 1805, vol. viii., p. 249; Pinkerton's edit. of The Bruce; Irving's Lives of the Scottish Poets, vol. i., p. 257-265; and Jamieson's Preface to The Bruce, pp. i.—xxii.) BARBU'DA, one of the Caribbean Islands, situated 27 miles north of Antigua, is of an oval form, 15 miles in length from S.E. to N.W., and 8 miles broad. It was first settled by a party from St. Kitts led by Sir Thomas Warner, shortly after that colony was formed. The first settlers finding the coasts surrounded by rocks, a scarcity of water, and being harassed by frequent incursions of the Caribbs from Dominica, abandoned the island. Some time after, General Codrington obtained the property of it by a grant from the crown, and formed the project of raising stock on it for the supply of the neighbouring islands, in which he succeeded very well. It is the only proprietary government in the West Indies. It is inhabited by two white overseers and about 400 slaves, who are employed in breeding stock, such as cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, &c. They also cultivate corn, cotton, pepper, indigo, and tobacco, but no sugar is grown. It is still held by the Codrington family, to whom it yields an annual income of about 5000/. The island is low, level, and fertile. The highest part lies to the east, and is called the High Land,' though it is not [From coin in British Museum. Silver. Actual size. Weight 204 grains.] The inscription round the lower part of the head we believe to be "Axis105, that is, 'Jupiter the Healer.' The name Barca is the modern form of the Greek name Barce, a colony of Cyrene (Herod. iv. 160), which perhaps existed already before as a Phoenician colony, as its name would indicate. It is stated by Scylax to have been 100 stadia from its harbour, which became afterwards the town called Ptolemais, now Tolometa. The situation of Barca appears to have been in the plain of Merge, a high tableland on the hills of Cyrenaica above Tolometa. (Beechey's Narrative of an Expedition to the Northern Coast of Africa; and Della Cella, Viaggio da Tripoli alle Frontiere d'Egitto.) Herodotus gives an interesting aecount of Barce, of its rivalry with Cyrene, and of the invasion of the Persians from Egypt, who took Barce by treachery after a long siege, and carried away a great number of its inhabitants into Asia, where Darius, the son of Hystaspes, settled them in Bactria (iv. 204). The territory of Barce occupied the western part of Cyrenaica, and its inhabitants seem to have been a mixture of Greeks from Cyrene and of native Libyans. When that country became subject to the Ptolemies, these kings built the town of Ptolemais, which drew away from Barce most of its remaining Greek inhabitants. Barce, however, continued to exist as a town; and we find that in the first ages of Christianity it had its bishops distinct from those of Ptole The whole of the Libyan desert to the westward of Egypt, mais. (Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. ii. p. 626.) After the Saracens conquered Egypt, they entered Cyrenaica, and Barce or Barcah, as they called it, became their chief town in that province. Hence the Arab geographers speak of the kingdom of Barca, which is synony-netian language, sung by the gondoliers at Venice. Though mous with Cyrenaica. Cyrene long before this was in ruins. Coin of Barca. K [From a sulphur cast in the possession of Mr. Doubleday.] these airs are composed for the common people, and often by the gondoliers themselves, yet they so abound in melody, that there is not a musician in all Italy who does not pique himself on knowing and being able to sing some of them. The privilege of free entrance to all the theatres in Venice, which these boatmen enjoy (says Rousseau, writing in the middle of the last century), enables them to cultivate their ear and taste, so that to the natural simplicity of their airs they add a degree of refinement by no means inconsiderable. The words of these Barcarolles are commonly more than natural, partaking of the language employed in the conversation of those who sing them: but such as like a faithful representation of the manners of a people, and have any taste for the Venetian dialect, become passionately fond both of the poetry and music of these popular songs, insomuch that many persons possess large and curious collections of them. boat, by its own gondoliers. Formerly most of the gondoliers knew by heart the greater portion of Gerusalemme Liberata (Jerusalem Delivered), and some the whole poem: they passed the summer nights in their gondolas, singing it in alternate stanzas. Before Tasso, Homer alone had the honour to be thus sung; and no other epic poem has since been equally distinguished. (Rousseau.) But Tasso is now no longer sung by the gondoliers; they still have, however, their songs in response to [From the collection of Mr. Thomas. Actual size. Silver, 197 grains.] each other, improviso, which the common auditor may be Under the Fatemite caliphs of Egypt the oppressions of liable (and no doubt willing) to take for Tasso. The old the Saracen governors obliged the people of Barca to emi-barcarolle was sung in parts, at stem and stern of the same grate, and most of them passed into Egypt. Della Cella, however, mentions a treaty of commerce in 1236 between the republic of Genoa and Busacherino, a Mussulman chief, who styles himself Lord of Africa,' by which the Genoese were allowed to trade from Tripoli to the extremity of the kingdom of Barca.' Since that time the town of Barca has entirely disappeared, but the name has remained in useated in the province of Entre-Douro-e-Minho, bounded on among the Arabs to indicate the country which once be- the east by the comarca of Braga, on the west by the ocean, Jonged to it. About 1550 Sultan Solyman having con- on the south by the district of Oporto, and on the north by quered Tripoli, united the country of Barca to it, and made that of Viana. It contains a population of 13,482 inhaa pashalik of the whole. bitants, distributed in 316 parishes. The river Cavado flows through it, fertilizing the land, and supplying the inhabitants with excellent salmon, lampreys, and eels. The soil produces abundantly all sorts of corn, wine, fruit, flax, honey, and wax. The mountains and woods abound in game, and the meadows feed much cattle. Barcarolle, or boat-song, comes to us from the Italian barcarola, through the French. The well-known airs La Biondina in Gondoletta, and O Pescator dell' Onde, are pleasing specimens of this species of song. BARCELLOS, a comarca or district in Portugal, situ There has been much misapprehension among geographers about the nature of the soil in the regions round the great Syrtis; it has been represented as a tract of barren sand. This, however, is by no means the case. The country is parched up in summer, and it then looks dreary, but after the autumnal rains it is covered with a luxuriant vege- Barcellos, the capital of the district, stands in a plain on tation: many parts of the Sort, which is the worst tract, the right bank of the Cavado, twelve miles from Braga, and afford excellent pasturage, and some produce good crops of twenty from Oporto, in 41° 36' N. lat., and 8° 30' W. long. barley and dhurra. The soil is sandy, but it is not merely It is surrounded by an old wall, with four gates, one of which sand. As for Cyrenaica, it is capable of the highest degree opens upon a bridge over the Cavado. The bridge connects of cultivation. The Arabs of the country are described by the town with the suburb, Barcellinhos. The town has Captain Beechey as a healthy, good-looking race, superior two parishes, a collegiate church, two convents, one for men in appearance to those who inhabit the miserable towns of and another for women, an hospital, and an almshouse. Bengazi and Derna, which are the only two places deserving The number of its inhabitants amounts to 3892. The the name of towns in the whole country. Taucheira, after-country round is well cultivated, and the vicinity of the wards under the Ptolemies called Arsinoe, was a town of Barca, and its walls, which were repaired by Justinian (Procopius, Пepi Kropárov, lib. vi.), still remain in a good state of preservation. It has resumed its original name, slightly altered to Tocra, and its ruins are occupied part of the year by wandering Arabs. Ptolemais, or Tolometa, is likewise in ruins and deserted; as well as Berenice, now Bernic, and Apollonia, the former port of Cyrene. Descriptions of this interesting country, and of the extensive remains of its cities, have been given by the Beecheys, Pacho, and Della Cella already quoted. [See CYRENE.] Bengazi has about 2000 inhabitants; most of the houses are built of mud, and are liable to be washed away by the heavy winter rains. Derna is a more considerable town than Bengazi, and has a somewhat better appearance. Both places carry on a little trade by sea. Bengazi provides Malta with bullocks. The rest of the country is occupied by nomadic tribes, as in the time of Herodotus. The limits between Tripoli and Egypt along the sea-coast are not very definite; they are nominally stated to be at Akaba el Soloon, the Catabathmus Magnus of the antients, about 26° E. long.; but the fact is, that the country in that neighbourhood is occupied by independent Arabs, who acknowledge neither the pasha of Tripok nor the viceroy of Egypt. river affords the means of irrigation, both of which circumstances render its situation highly advantageous. BARCELLO'NA, a town in South America, in the republic of Colombia, and the department of Maturin. It is the capital of the province which bears its name, and lies in 10° 10' N. lat., and 64° 47' W. long., on a small river, the Neveri, about three miles from the shores of the Caribbean Sea. The town is on the left bank of the river, and its houses have mostly mud walls. Its unpaved streets are extremely muddy in rainy weather; and in the dry season they are covered with a dust so light, that the least breath of wind raises it into the air. Nearly opposite the town, on the right bank of the Neveri, stands a small fortress, called el Morro de Barcellona, on a hill, which rises to about 360 or 400 feet above the sea; but it is commanded on the south by a more lofty eminence. This fortress protects the harbour and the shipping in it; but the estuary of the Neveri is so shallow as not to admit vessels of any considerable size, and is besides exposed to the winds from north-east, north, and north-west. At the distance of about three miles from the shore is a small rocky island, called Borracha, inhabited by fishermen, which on its south side affords a safe anchorage for ships of the largest size. Barcellona is one of the most unhealthy places in South America, the air being very hot and moist at the same time. | twelve years. During the struggles between the houses of But the excessive moisture is extremely favourable to vegetation; and there are few tracts in South America which can compare with the country about Barcellona in fertility. Yet agriculture is not much advanced, and its commercial products are only cacao, indigo, and a little cotton. The trade of this town, before the Spanish colonies obtained their independence, was considerable. The articles of export were chiefly the produce of the extensive pastures on the banks of the Lower Orinoco, and extending northward towards the sources of the Guarapiche; they consisted of cattle, horses, mules, jerked meat or tasajo, and hides, all which articles were carried to the West Indies. The situation of Barcellona is very favourable to this branch of trade, because the high land which separates the town from the Llanos, or plains, does not rise to a great elevation in these parts. In three days the cattle may be brought down from the plains to the coast, while eight or nine are required to take them to Cumana: on the latter route they are obliged to pass the high chains of the Brigantin and of, the Impossible. Lavaysse gives the following detail of the export trade for the year 1802: 132,000 head of horned cattle; 2100 horses; 8400 mules; 800 asses; 180,000 hundred weight of tasajo or jerked beef; 36,000 ox-hides; 4500 horse-hides; 6000 hides of deer; from 3000 to 4000 lbs. of indigo; about 2000 lbs. of annotto; from 250,000 to 300,000 lbs. of cotton; and from 150,000 to 200,000 lbs. We are not informed as to the changes which the late revolutions in South America may have effected in the trade of this town. of cacao. The fishery is another branch of industry, but it is not so extensive as farther to the east, near the town of Cumana and the islands of Margarite, Cubagua, and Coche, and is rather carried on by the fishermen of the neighbouring villages than by the inhabitants of the town. This town had, in 1807, a population of 15,000 persons, half whites, and half mulattoes and negroes. By the aborigines who inhabit the country about it, that is, by the Cumanayotes, it is called Enipiricuar. (Humboldt, De Pons, Lavaysse.) BARCELONA (Barcíno, Bapkivwv, Ptolemy), a fortified city and port of Spain, on the Mediterranean, in the principality of Cataluña, or Catalonia, of which it is the capital. It stands on a very gentle eminence between the river Besós on the north, and Llobregat on the south, in 41° 22' N. lat., 2° 10' E. long., commanding one of the most fertile and best-cultivated plains in the Peninsula. This plain is bounded by a chain of mountains, which form a curve line on the south, west, and northern sides. It was probably one of the colonies formed by the Greeks on the eastern coasts of the Peninsula, and was the capital of the Laletani, a nation inhabiting the country extending from the Pyrenees to the river Ter. However this may be, a town appears to have been built here by Hamilcar Barcas or Barcino, about 235 B.C., who gave to it the name of his family. When the Carthaginians were expelled from Spain in 206 B.C., Barcelona fell into the hands of the Romans, who made it a colony, with the additional name of Faventia. In A.D. 411, the Gothic King Ataulphus made his triumphant entrance into it. In 718 it fell into the hands of the Mohammedans, who kept it until 801, when the Catalonians, assisted by Charlemagne and his son Louis, besieged it, and after an obstinate struggle of two years, forced the Moorish governor Omar, a relation of the wali of Barcelona, Zeyad, to capitulate. Barcelona was then erected into a county, and given in fief by the emperor Charlemagne to Bera, a French nobleman of Gaul. In 827 it was taken by Abderahman II., but in 833 it returned again into the power of the Christians. In 852 the Jews betrayed the city to the Mohammedans, who burned the greatest part of it, but did not retain the place. In 984 Barcelona was stormed by the formidable chief Almansor, who butchered the greatest part of the inhabitants, and burned many houses; but its count, Borello, marched to its succour, and recovered it. Barcelona remained an independent state, and was governed by its counts until 1131, when, by the marriage of Raimundo V. with Petronila, queen of Aragon, the county of Barcelona and the kingdom of Aragon became united. [See CATALUNA.] In 1640 the Barcelonians rose against their king, the profligate Philip IV, and the place was besieged by the Marquis of Los Velez, but the inhabitants forced him to raise the siege, and, assisted by the French, resisted the troops of Philip for Austria and Bourbon for the throne of Spain, Lord Peterborough besieged and took Barcelona for Charles of Austria, in 1706. The French prince, Philip, in 1713, offered the Barcelonians a liberal amnesty if they abandoned the cause of Charles, but they openly declared that they never would acknowledge his authority until he had given them a solemn promise to maintain their privileges. Philip did not consent to that condition, and the place was besieged. In the spring of 1714 Marshal Berwick reinforced the besiegers with 20,000 men, The Barcelonians, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, made a desperate defence; but, overwhelmed by superior forces, the place was taken by assault on the 12th of September. Barcelona may be said to have existed as a maritime and commercial state from the eleventh century. There is a law of Raimundo II. of that epoch, granting important privileges to all the vessels proceeding from and coming to Barcelona. As a maritime power, that state then rivalled Genoa, Pisa, and Venice, in the commerce of the East. The Consulado, or Court of Commerce of Barcelona, dates from 1279, when Pedro III. granted the merchants of that city the privilege of appointing, from their own body, two deputies to protect their interests. These deputies, called consuls, presided over the Colegio de Mercaderes, or College of Merchants, who were elected by a majority of voices on the same day that the common-councilmen of the city were elected, and their office lasted one year. Afterwards, a supreme council, composed of a hundred members, called, on that account, el Sabio Consejo de los Ciento, was instituted. They were also elec tive, and were presided over by five cancelleres, or councillors, also elective. All these institutions were abolished, with the privileges of the Catalonians, by Philip V. Barcelona is now governed by the Ayuntamiento, or Common Council, in the municipal concerns; the judicial power is exercised by two alcaldes, mayors or judges, and by the Audiencia, or Court of Justice. There is a Real Acuerdo, and a Consulado; the former is the supreme authority of Catalonia, and the latter presides over commercial matters. A Junta de Comercio, or Board of Trade, directs public instruction, and appoints and pays professors, who deliver public lectures on navigation, chemistry, mechanics, drawing, architecture, natural philosophy, agriculture, commercial arithmetic, short-hand writing, French, Italian, and English languages. The schools, or lecture-rooms, are in the Lonja, or Exchange. All the kings of Spain, from the time of the union of Catalonia and Aragon down to Philip V., being obliged to swear to the observance of the privileges of the principality, Barcelona has been frequently visited by the Spanish monarchs. Some of these visits have coincided with events deserving to be recorded. When Fernando the Catholic visited Barcelona, the great discoverer Columbus arrived in that port from his second voyage to the New World. In 1543, when Carlos I., the grandson of that king. was at Barcelona, the first vessel propelled by steam was put to sea in that port. This fact is mentioned by Navarrete in the introduction to his Coleccion de los Viages y Descubrimientos in a manner which leaves no room for doubt. It appears that a certain Blasco de Garay, who had made the discovery, proposed to the emperor to exhibit his invention before him, upon a vessel called the Trinidad, of 200 barrels burden. The vessel was put to sea in the presence of the emperor and his court, and of an immense multitude of people, who saw her, with astonishment, rend the waves without sail, oar, or any other human agency except a cauldron of boiling water and a very complicated machinery of wheels and paddles. The minister commissioned by the emperor to examine the invention gave an unfavourable report, and Carlos being called out of Spain paid no further attention to the subject. The inventor, however, was handsomely rewarded by Carlos, but the invention was lost to the world. The mole covers a space of 6000 feet by 7200, where vessels can anchor. The original mole was built in 1477, but having been destroyed by storms in the sixteenth century, it was rebuilt as it exists at present. The officer of engineers, Don Juan Smith, about forty years ago, proposed to prolong the mole 1500 feet towards the south, and then erect a wall at the extremity of it, and nearly at right angles with it, 600 feet long and 150 wide, in the direction of W.S.W., forming some resemblance to the letter T. The depth of water in the port is from eighteen to twenty feet. There is a bar at the entrance of it, supposed to be There is also an Academy of Sciences and Arts, and another of Polite Literature. formed by the confluence of the two streams Llobregat [ to the west, and Besos to the east of the town. This bar has been considerably lowered by a steam machine, which was very recently at work; and loaded vessels, drawing fourteen or fifteen feet water, can safely enter the port. A few years ago almost all vessels were obliged to be partially discharged in the roadstead before they could enter. Vessels are commodiously moored in the harbour at a short distance from the pier. There are not any docks or quays. The port is open to the south, but the ships are pretty well sheltered by the new mole, and no serious damage has occurred to the shipping since the winter of 1821, when a dreadful storm was experienced. Barcelona gives its name to a bishop's see comprising 253 parishes. There are in the city nine parishes, eighteen convents of monks, nineteen of nuns, one hospital, an ecclesiastical seminary, a casa de caridad, or charity house, and three barracks. The Real Casa de Caridad is a charitable institution, established in 1802, in the reign of Carlos IV. for the support of the destitute of both sexes and of every age. It is supported by the produce of public balls, masquerades, and by charitable donations. It is governed by a junta, or board of six individuals of the mercantile and industrious classes, appointed by the government. The There are always pilots on duty, who go out to the assist-poor are employed in spinning cotton, wool, and hemp, and ance of ships as soon as a vessel approaches the port, in order to carry her over the bar. weaving different stuffs of the same materials, and in making pins and other similar occupations. The children are instructed in reading and writing. In 1808, the establishment supplied food and clothing to 3656 inmates, besides many poor families who were supported in their own houses. In 1820 the number of destitute persons in the institution amounted to 1500, and in 1829 to 1000. The fortifications appear to have been rebuilt in the time of Carlos I. The town is defended on the land side by the castle of Monjuich, situated on the south-west of the city, a citadel on the north-east, strong walls, wide ditches, and numerous batteries; and on the sea-side by a wall 380 feet long and 50 wide. Large vessels cannot approach near it for want of sufficient depth of water. The citadel is a regular pentagon, fortified according to the system of Vauban. It was built in 1716, on a space before occupied by 600 houses, and can conveniently hold a garrison of 7000 men. It was intended not for the defence of the city, but to keep the Bar-der their circulation extensive. celonians in awe and subjection. On the sea-side is Fort St. Carlos, connected with the citadel by a double covered way, completely surrounding, on the land side, the suburb Barceloneta. There is only one newspaper at Barcelona, called El Vapor. Some of the works published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge have been translated into Spanish, under the title of Librería de Conocimientos Humanos, and published there in a form calculated to ren The number of companies of the different trades in Barcelona exceeds ninety. The manufactures of Barcelona, which existed in the thirteenth century, received great encouragement at the time of the discovery of America, but at the present time they are far behind those of France and England. Since the commerce of America has been open to all nations, the commerce of Barcelona has suffered considerably. The city is divided by a pleasant promenade, called La Rambla,' into two almost equal parts: the smaller, or the new city, lies on the north-west of the Rambla, and the old city on the north-east. The streets in the old city are nar- | row and winding; in the new city they are wider and more regular; they are paved with square stones, but not kept in good repair; they are well lighted with oil, and guarded by the serenos, or watchmen, at night. The only square deserving mention is the Plá de Palacio, which is occupied by the palace of the capitan-general, the lonja, or exchange, the custom-house, and the puerta de la mar, or sea-gate, all fine buildings. The houses are of a very simple architecture, commodious, for the most part built of brick, and in general four or five stories high, with numerous windows and balconies of different shapes. The cathedral is a noble | and elegant Gothic monument in the centre of the city. It was begun in the thirteenth century, and has never been finished, although a certain fee is imposed by the ecclesiastical court upon every license of marriage, which fund is expressly devoted to that sole purpose. The churches of the Dominican friars, called Santa Catalina, and the parish church of Santa Maria del Mar, though aiming at the Gothic style, do not deserve the credit given them by La Borde. Of the Greek and Roman styles the best are the Palacio de la Diputacion, now the Audiencia, the convent of la_Merced, the exchange, and the custom-house. In the Palace of the Diputacion, where the antient cortes or parliament of the principality held their sittings, are the archives of Catalonia and Aragon, a very interesting and well-classified collection of curious manuscripts and diplomatic documents, some of which are as old as the ninth century. The palace of the antient counts of Barcelona is partiy occupied by the nuns of Santa Catalina: in another part of the building is the College of Surgeons, and the remaining part was occupied by the Inquisition. This palace is only remarkable for its simplicity and strength. The theatre is, with regard to its construction, scenery, and decorations, the best in Spain. It is also the best conducted in every respect, and has excellent performers, particularly in the musical part, of which art the Barcelonians of all ranks are passionately fond. The best and most frequented Of these, those under the British flag were, promenades are La Rambla and La Esplanada. The former crosses the city from the land rampart to the wall on the sea-side, a distance of 2712 feet; and the Esplanada extends from Puerta Nueva to the citadel, a space of 1332 feet in length, containing a public garden, fine avenues of trees, and many stone seats. The number of vessels belonging to the port of Barcelona is very insignificant. What few there are find employment in the trade to Cuba and Puerto Rico. Previous to the defection of the Spanish provinces on the continent of America, the tonnage belonging to Barcelona was considerable. The is nd of Cuba takes annually, one year with another, about 12,000 pipes of Catalonian wine, and about 3000 pipes of brandy, the value of the former being about 47., and of the latter 87. sterling per pipe. South America takes annually 16,000 pipes of wine and 6000 pipes of brandy. To the north of Europe about 2000 pipes of wine and the same quantity of brandy are sent every year. Very little of these descriptions of produce are exported to this country; almost the only article of merchandize which Great Britain takes from Barcelona is nuts, of which about 30,000 bags are annually imported: the value averages thirty shillings per bag. The imports into Barcelona from England are principally composed of raw cotton, hides, salted fish, iron hoops, hardwares, and woollen stuffs, but the quantities are inconsiderable, and the trade is declining. From Cuba and Puerto Rico Barcelona receives cotton, hides, sugar, cocoa, coffee, horns, dyewoods, indigo, and from 300,000 to 500,000 dollars in From France and Portugal colonial prospecie every year. ducts are also brought, in addition to butter and cheese; Denmark and Sweden supply fish and tar, and staves are procured from Italy. The aggregate value of imports during the three years ending with 1831, is stated to have amounted to 420,0002. in 1829, 570,0002. in 1830, and 650,000. in 1831, exclusive of specie. The number and tonnage of ships engaged in foreign trade that entered the port during those years, was Barcelona had a university, which was abolished by Philip V., and turned into barracks, which are still called Los Estudios. There are three public libraries, one in the ecclesiastical seminary, another in the church of Santa Catalina, and the third in the convent of the Franciscan friars. In 1829, 122 ships of 17,072 tons burthen In 1829, 24 ships of 2860 tons burthen do. The customs revenue collected at Barcelona in 1831 amounted to 10,027,170 rials (100,2701) on goods imported, and 97,019 rials (9707.) on goods exported. There are not at present any banking establishments in Barcelona. Every merchant is his own banker. The people of Barcelona, though partaking of the stern and severe character of Catalonians, are kind and hospitable, BARCLAY, ALEXANDER, was an elegant writer of the sixteenth century, but whether English or Scotch by birth is disputed. The author of his life in the Biographia Britannica suspects him to have been a native of Somersetshire; Warton (Hist. Engl. Poet. 4to. edit. vol. ii. p. 240) that he was of Gloucestershire or Devonshire, in the former of which counties there is a place of the same name. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, about 1495, when Thomas Cornish, suffragan Bishop of fyne in the diocese of Bath and Wells, was provost of that house. After finishing his studies there, he went into Holland, and thence into Germany, Italy, and France, where he applied himself assiduously to the languages spoker in those countries, and to the study of their best authors. Upon his return home, he became chaplain to Bishop Cornish, who appointed him one of the priests or prebendaries of the college of St. Mary Ottery, in Devonshire. After the death of his patron he became a monk of the Benedictine monastery of Ely, where his name occurs at the election of a prior of that house March 22nd, 1515 (MS. Cole, Brit. Mus. from Reg. Elien.), and where he continued till the suppression of the monastery in 1539. Bishop Tanner (Bibl. Brit. Hib. p. 74), from one of Bale's manuscripts, says he afterwards became he subsequently temporised with the changes in religion. On February 7th, 1546, we find him instituted to the vicarage The suburb of Barceloneta is a small and pleasant town ii. p. 25), and on March 30th following to the vicarage of of Great Badow in Essex (Newcourt, Repert. Eccles. vol. on the south-east of the city, between the port and the light- Wokey in Somersetshire. (Tann. Bibl. Brit. from Regist. house. It consists of twenty-four parallel streets, inter- Wellen.) On the 30th April, 1552, he was presented by sected by fifteen others at right-angles, all twenty feet the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury to the rectory of Allwide. The houses are all uniform, built of brick and one hallows, Lombard-street, in London, but did not enjoy that story high. This suburb was built in 1754 under the preferment above the space of six weeks. He died in the direction of the then Capitan-general Marques de la Mina, June following at Croydon, in Surrey, where he was buried whose sepulchre is in the church of Barceloneta. The plain the church. His will was proved on the day of his is chiefly inhabited by sailors and other men employed in burial, June 10th, 1552. (Newcourt, Repert. vol. i. p. 254.) the navy or merchant-vessels. Its population is 5000. (See Capmani, Memorias Antiguas sobre la Marina, of some of his younger years at Croydon. (See Warton, In several passages of his works he alludes to the passing Comercio, y Artes de Barcelona; Miñano; La Borde, ut supr. note i.) We also learn from them that John Itineraire de l'Espagne, and Vue Pittoresque, &c.) of Kent, who died in the fifteenth of Henry VIII., and Vesey, Bishop of Exeter, Sir Giles Alington, Richard Earl Thomas Duke of Norfolk, were among his patrons, and possess the art of making their society agreeable to strangers. The inns are better conducted, perhaps, in every respect than in any other part of Spain. The Barcelonians are passionately fond of the pleasures of country life; and all those who have the means of gratifying their inclination, retire in the summer season to the neat and pleasant torres, or villas, which cover the extensive Plá, or plain, of Barcelona. From the city to the pleasant little village of Sarriá, for about four miles, the road is through gardens and well-cultivated fields, hedged round with the American aloes, and planted with orange-trees, olives, and other productions of warm climates. From Sarriá, which is situated upon an eminence, and commands both the plain and the city, there is one of the most magnificent panoramic views in the Peninsula. Beyond the city, the numerous towers and steeples of which give it an appearance of grandeur, the immense expanse of the Mediterranean opens to the view. The population of Barcelona before the war with France in 1808 was 130,000 souls. In 1810 the town was in the possession of the French, and many of the inhabitants consequently emigrated. In 1820 the population was computed at 140,000, and it may now be calculated at 160,000. The increase during the last ten years is attributed in part to thea Franciscan at Canterbury. There seems no doubt that civil wars, which have occasioned many families who lived in the interior to choose the town for their residence, as offering greater security from personal violence. BARCELONNETTE, a town in France, in the department of Basses Alpes. It is situated on the right bank of the Ubaye, which flows into the Durance, and is in the midst of the mountains from which the department takes its name, at an elevation of 3805 feet above the level of the sea. It was built in 1230 by Raymond Berenger V., Count of Provence, who gave to it the name of Barcelonnette, because his family had come from Barcelona in Spain. Some inscriptions found in the neighbourhood have led to the supposition that the Romans had some post, or even a city here. For 158 years the town and the valley, of which it is the capital, remained under the Counts of Provence; but in 1388 the inhabitants recognized the Duke of Savoy as their sovereign, and continued, for the most part, under the dominion of the Princes of Savoy till the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, when the town and valley were ceded to France. It appears, indeed, to have been conquered by Francis I., and to have remained in the possession of the French for some years, till the peace of Château Cainbresis in 1559, when it was restored to the Dukes of Savoy. Towards the beginning of the fourteenth century a Dominican convent was founded here, but the house was afterwards given to the Pères de la Doctrine Chrétienne, who converted it into a college. There are in the town some establishments for fulling cloth. The machinery is chiefly moved by water conducted to the place in channels of considerable length. Some trade in corn and in sheep is carried on. Sheep are reared in vast numbers in the fine pasturage of the adjacent valley. The population of Barcelonnette, in 1832, was 1789 for the town, or 2144 for the whole commune. It is in 44° 24' N. lat., 6° 37' E. long. The arrondissement contains 472 square miles, or 302,080 acres, and had in 1832 a population of 18,783. the valley of Barcelonnette and some other districts. The It includes valley is watered in its whole extent by the river Ubaye. It yields slate and coal, but the working of the latter has been given up on account of the expense attending it. The inhabitants of this neighbourhood used to resort to Paris and elsewhere, the women as musicians, and the men as showmen with magic lanterns. (Dictionnaire Universelle de la France, &c.; Voyages dans les Départemens de la France, par J. A. La Vallée, &c.) treated the memory of Barclay with great indignity. He Bale (Script. Illustr. edit. 1557, cent. ix. p. 66) has leading a single life. His words are 'cœlibatus fuco fœdus says, he remained a scandalous adulterer under colour of adulter perpetuò mansit.' Pits, on the contrary, assures us that Barclay employed all his study in favour of religion, and in reading and writing the lives of the saints. Both accounts are probably tinctured with partiality. That Barclay was one of the refiners of the English language, and left many testimonies behind him of his wit and learning, cannot be denied. far as they are known:-1. 'The Castell of Labour, wherein The following is a list of Alexander Barclay's works as is Rychesse, Vertue, and Honour,' an allegorical poem in seven-line stanzas, translated from the French, 4to. London, fol. Lond. R. Pynson, 1509: reprinted, fol. J. Cawood, 1570. W. de Worde, 1506. 2. The Shyp of Folys of the Worlde,' This work was partly a translation and partly an imitation of a German work of the same tile, published in 1494 by Sebastian Brandt, afterwards translated into French, and then into Latin. From this original, and the two translagleaned from the follies of his countrymen: it was finished tions, Barclay formed his poem with considerable additions in 1508. 3. The Treatyse entituled the Myrrour of good Maners,' translated from the Latin of Domynike Mancyn, fol. R. Pynson, n. d.: reprinted with the Ship of Fools' in 1570. 4.Egloges, or the Miseries of Courts and Courtiers," 4to. Lond. R. Pynson and W. de Worde, n. d.: 4to. J. Herforde, about 1548, 4to.: Humph. Powell, n. d.: and fol. 1570, Treatise against Skelton the Poet' (Biogr. Brit. edit. 1788, with the preceding work and the Ship of Fools. 5. A to be extant either in print or manuscript. 6. The Lyfe of vol. i. p. 587, note D), but which is not at present known the glorious Martyr Saynt George, from Mantuan, 4to. Pynson, n. d. dedicated to Nicholas West, Bishop of Ely. compyled compendiously at the commaundement of Thomas, 7.The Introductory to write and to pronounce French, Cronycle of the Warre which the Romaynes had against Duke of Norfolke,' fol. R. Coplande, 1521. 8. The famous Jugurth, compyled in Latyn by the renowned Sallust, and translated into Englysshe at commaundement of Thomas, |