case, the court charged the jury that, though evidence of a loss of service was essential to the suit, yet other circumstances, such as the seduction itself and the previous respectability of the plantiff's family, might be admitted to increase the damages. In all cases then, however the damages may be increased by other considerations, some loss of service must always be alleged in the declaration and proved. The English law requires that the actual relation of master and servant shall have existed between the plaintiff and the person seduced at the time of the seduction; so that where a daughter under age was seduced by her master, while living in service away from her father's house with his consent, and with no intention of returning to it, the father was held to have no ground of action. The rule is not so strict in the United States; and in a leading case in New York, where a daughter under age, with the consent of her father, lived with her uncle, who agreed to pay her for such work as she chose to do, but made no agreement with her for any fixed time of service, and while in her uncle's house she was seduced and returned to the house of her father, who paid the expense attending her confinement, it was held that, as the father had made no contract binding out his daughter, he could still control her services; the fact that the daughter had no intention of returning could not affect the father's right; she was his servant de jure; and as the defendant had done an act which deprived the father of services that he had the right to exact, he must respond in damages. So where a father told his daughter that she might remain at home or go out to service as she pleased, but if she left her home she must take care of herself, and he relinquished all claims to her wages and services, it was held that, as the father had nevertheless the right to revoke his license at any time, the legal relation of master and servant was not dissolved, nor his personal rights over his daughter abandoned, and he could maintain the action for seduction.-The father's legal right to the services of his daughter extends to her majority, namely, to the age of 21 years. If she be living with her father during her minority, proof of this fact alone suffices to maintain the issue in respect to the fact of service; service is presumed. If however the daughter is already of full age, there must be proof of service in fact rendered to the father. Proof of very slight service suffices, if she is still living with him; but if she is absent from home under a contract made by herself since attaining her majority, the father has no right of suit. His action, however, will not be defeated if the defendant hired the daughter for the purpose of getting her into his possession and out of the father's control, even though she were of full age at the time of the hiring, provided she were then living in her father's family. The hiring being fraudulent and therefore null, the relation of master and servant was never contracted between the daughter and her seducer,

and so was never interrupted as between her and her father.-The action may be maintained by any one who stands in loco parentis (as the technical phrase is), or in the place of a parent. by a guardian, for example, or by a relation who has adopted the female as his own child in the same cases and under the same conditions that give a cause of action to the natural parent. In a case in the New York court of appeals, overruling a decision of the court below, it was held that an action could not be maintained by a stepfather for the seduction of his stepdaughter while in the service of a third person, although the daughter returned to the stepfather's house and engaged in his service, and was there confined. The stepfather is not legally entitled to the service of a stepdaughter. Finally it seems that a mother cannot maintain an action for the seduction of her daughter during the father's life, though the child be not born until after the father's death. There must be an actual or constructive right to the daughter's service at the time the injury is committed, that is to say, at the time of the seduction. If the relation of master and servant first arises after the injury has been done, there is no more ground to claim indemnity for the resulting loss of service than there would be to claim it for the incapacity of a man servant who had been disabled by a beating be fore the time of the hiring.-Upon the trial of the cause, the fact of the seduction may be proved by the woman herself. Her general character for chastity is considered to be in issue, and may be impeached by general evidence on the part of the defendant, and be supported by the plaintiff in like manner. But though the evidence discloses the woman's previous criminality with others, it will avail nothing if the jury are satisfied that the defendant is the father of her child, and so the cause of the plaintiff's loss of service. It has been held, that if an attempt be made by the defendant to destroy on trial the good character of the seduced woman, and this attempt be defeated, the making the attempt may be regarded by the jury in estimating damages; and so indeed may all circumstances which aggravate the seduction, and increase the harm caused by it.

The New York statute respecting seduction was enacted in 1848. It makes indictable "any man who shall, under promise of marriage, seduce and have illicit connection with any unmarried female of previous chaste character." No conviction shall be had under the provisions of this act on the testimony of the female seduced, unsupported by other evidence, nor unless the indictment shall be found within two years after the commission of the offence. Upon conviction, the seducer shall be punished by imprisonment in a state prison not exceeding five years, or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year. In respect to the promise of marriage, which the statute renders an essential condition of the action, it has been held not necessary to aver a mutual or valid

promise. It is therefore immaterial that the seducer is a married man, and so incapable of performing his promise, provided the woman was ignorant of this fact. A previous chaste character is also an essential element of the cause of action, and it has been construed to mean that the female shall have possessed actual personal virtue. In Pennsylvania an act of 1843 provides that every person who shall be convicted of the seduction of any female of good repute, under 21 years of age, under promise of marriage, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding $5,000, and shall also be put to hard labor in the penitentiary for a period not less than one nor more than three years. The promise of marriage is not to be deemed established unless the testimony of the female seduced is corroborated by other evidence positive or circumstantial. There are statutes of similar purport and intent in Michigan and Wisconsin, and some other states.

SEED, the regular perfect reproductive agent in phænogamous plants by which species and varieties are perpetuated. The centre of fertile flowers contains a hollow organ called the ovary, and this covers a number of small excrescent growths composed of a delicate tissue, which are the ovules. After impregnation by means of the pollen these ovules rapidly increase in size and undergo many modifications which end in the production of the seeds. Within each seed is the embryo or young plant, consisting of a radicle, plumule, and cotyledons; and while developing itself, the membranes which surround it frequently store themselves with albumen or starchy matters to be used by the embryo while in the process of germination. In some species the cotyledons contain the albumen, and for the same purposes. The ripened seed is protected by several external envelopes called the testa, perisperm, or spermoderm, consisting of the hardened membranes which enclosed the ovule. A small eye or scar (hilum) upon the side of the seed indicates where the umbilical cord (funiculus) proceeding from the partition of the ovary (placenta) was attached to the seed. The funiculus in the nutmeg enlarges itself into the aril and envelopes the seed, forming the mace of commerce; in the spindle tree it enlarges into an investing brilliant-colored mantle or cloak. Seeds are smooth or rough, sculptured or embossed, marked by veins, depressions, and elevations; and their testa present much beauty in these particulars as well as in their colors and tints. They may be enveloped in fleecy substances, like the cotton, or bristly and hairy, or furnished with ale or projections like wings, as in the bignoniacea. Many families of plants have small fruits or sorts of nuts so similar to seeds as to be ordinarily called by that name, but careful examination shows the presence of pericarpal coverings. In the conifera and cycadacea, however, neither the seed nor the ovule is ever invested with any covering, and on these extraordinary exceptions Robert

Brown founded excellent natural characters in those two orders.

SEELAND (Dan. Sjælland), the largest and most important island of Denmark, bounded N. by the Cattegat; E. by the Sound, separating it from Sweden; S. by the Baltic, separating it from the islands of Falster, Moen, and Laaland; and W. by the Great Belt, separating it from the islands of Langeland, Fünen, and Samso; length 81 m., breadth 66 m.; area, 2,131 sq. m.; pop. about 500,000. It is irregular in shape and much indented by arms of the Baltic on the S. W. shores, and in the W. an arm of the Cattegat extends far into the interior. The surface is generally flat. The soil is an extremely fertile alluvium resting on beds of mussel shells and corallines. The chief product is grain. Extensive forests once covered the island, but timber is now comparatively scarce. The climate is humid and milder than that of other places in the same latitude. The largest river, the Suus-aue, is very crooked and only 50 m. long. Minerals are scarce. Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, situated on the E. coast, is the principal city. A railroad, traversing the island, connects that city with Roeskilde, Söröe, and Corsoer on the Belt. Kronborg, the fort of Elsinore on the sound, opposite Helsingborg in Sweden, commands the entrance of that channel.

SEETZEN, ULRICH JASPER, & German traveller and naturalist, born at Sophiengroden, Oldenburg, Jan. 30, 1767, died near Taas, Yemen, in 1811. He was educated at Göttingen, spent a year at Vienna and Constantinople in preparations for a journey through Asia, and left the latter city for Aleppo in Syria, remained there 15 months engaged in the study of Arabic, and afterward visited the principal parts of Palestine, the deserts of Arabia, Mount Lebanon and the Antilibanus (1805), the country E. of Hermon, the Jordan, and the Dead sea, where he discovered the sites of several ancient cities, the isthmus of Suez, and Egypt. He remained in Egypt two years, and collected numerous MSS., antiquities, and zoological and botanical specimens for the museum of Gotha. In 1808, having conformed outwardly to the Moslem faith, he went by sea to Jiddah, and thence to Mecca and Medina. In 1810 he set out for Mocha, and a letter dated Nov. 17 of that year is the last authentic account ever received of him. A letter to Von Hammer, written by an English gentleman at Mocha in 1815, stated that Seetzen had died suddenly at Taas in 1811, and that he was reported to have been poisoned by the imam of Sana. The same statement was subsequently received in England by way of Bombay. His diary, maps, and plans were recovered, but have never been published.

SEGOVIA, a central province of Spain, in Old Castile, enclosed by Valladolid, Burgos, Soria, Guadalajara, Madrid, and Avila; area, 2,745 sq. m.; pop. in 1857, 146,839. It belongs to the central table land of Spain, and is cross

ed by ranges of hills and mountains, the most elevated of which is 8,222 feet high. The rivers are all tributaries of the Douro, the most important being the Riaza, Duraton, Cega, and Eresma, all of which have their sources in the Guadarama mountains, which separate the province from Guadalajara and Madrid. Granite and limestone are the prevailing rocks; and there are veins of rock crystal, quartz, and gold. Upon the lower slopes of the mountains there are pine forests, which form a great source of wealth. There are manufactures of cloths, paper, leather, earthenware, and crystal.-SEGOVIA, the capital, is situated at the junction of the Eresma and Clamores, 45 m. N. W. from Madrid; pop. 13,000. It stands upon a rocky hill, and is surrounded by old walls, with round towers at intervals, and on the summit of the cliff there is an ancient castle. The cathedral, begun in 1525, is one of the finest in Spain; it is in the florid Gothic style, and the tower is 330 feet high. The town has a mint where all the national coin was formerly struck, but where now only copper money is made. Water is brought into the town from the Sierra Fonfria, about 10 m. distant, by an aqueduct 2,921 feet long, supported by 170 arches, some of which are 102 feet in height. It was erected by the Romans in the time of Trajan, and is still in good preservation. The Moors destroyed 35 arches in 1071, when they sacked Segovia, and Queen Isabella repaired it in 1483. The town was formerly a place of considerable trade, and had extensive woollen manufactures; but the French sacked it in 1808, and occupied it till 1814, and it has never recovered from the injury thus received. SEGUIN, ÉDOUARD, a French physician and philanthropist, born at Clamecy, department of Nièvre, Jan. 20, 1812. He was educated at the colleges of Amiens and St. Louis at Paris, and studied medicine and surgery under Itard. He first became known by his success in instructing the wild boy of Aveyron, and soon devoted himself wholly to the treatment of idiots. (See IDIOCY.) Removing to the United States after the revolution of 1848, he settled in Ohio. In 1860 he revisited his native country, and on his return to America fixed his residence at Mt. Vernon, N. Y. He has published Théorie et ratique de l'éducation des idiots (Paris, 1842); giène et éducation des idiots (1843); TraiteP moral, hygiène et éducation des idiots, et Prytres enfants arriérés (1846), the standard livinity on the subject; Jacob Rodrigues unde notice sur sa vie et ses travaux (1847); ing her in of the Treatment and Training of His actirtford, Conn., 1856).

defendant I. PHILIPPE HENRI, marquis de, a of getting, born Jan. 20, 1724, died in Paris, the father's He served in Germany, distinfull age at that the battles of Rocoux (1746), were then liyounded, and Laffeld (1747), hiring being fi arm; was promoted to the relation of masneral, and soon after to that tracted between; took an active part in all

the campaigns in Hanover during the 7 years' war, and was finally made a prisoner at Clostercamp. On the conclusion of peace in 1763, he was appointed inspector-general of infantry. In 1780 he was made minister of war by Louis XVI., and in 1783 a marshal of France. He resigned his office in 1787. During the reign of terror he was imprisoned in La Force, and lost all his property. II. LOUIS PHILIPPE, Comte de, a French diplomatist and writer, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Dec. 10, 1753, died there, Aug. 27, 1830. He entered the army when a boy, left France in May, 1782, to join the army of Gen. Kochambeau in America, and in 1784 was appointed ambassador to Russia. He became a favorite at the court of Catharine II., who admitted him to her private circle; he wrote light comedies for the performances given in the palace of the Hermitage, and these plays he afterward published under the title of Theatre de l'Hermitage (1798). Having returned to France in 1789, he was made a brigadiergeneral in 1791, and the next year went on a mission to Prussia. During the reign of terror he managed to avoid serious molestation, employed himself in writing, and in 1800 published an Histoire des principaux événements du règne de Frédéric Guillaume II. roi de Prusse (3 vols. 8vo.), and in 1801 Décade historique, ou tableau politique de l'Europe de 1786 à 1796 (3 vols. 8vo.). In 1812 Napoleon made him senator. On the first restoration he was placed on the list of peers by Louis XVIII.; but he returned to his former master during the Hundred Days, and after the battle of Waterloo desired to follow him in his exile. This he was not allowed to do, and, retiring to private life, resumed his literary pursuits. He had published during the empire his Politique de tous les cabinets de l'Europe pendant les règnes de Louis XV. et de Louis XVI. (3 vols. 8vo.); he now published his Mémoires, soutenirs et anecdotes (3 vols. 8vo., 1824), perhaps his best performance, and undertook a universal history, parts of which appeared at various times under the titles, Histoire ancienne (3 vols.), Histoire Romaine (3 vols.), Histoire du Bas Empire (4 vols.), and Histoire de France (9 vols.). The last was completed only to the end of the reign of Louis XI. He also published a Galerie morale et politique (4 vols.), and a volume of Mélanges. In 1819 he was readmitted to the house of peers, and sided with the liberal party. His Œuvres complètes appeared in 1824, in 30 vols. 8vo. III. PHILIPPE PAUL, comte de, a French soldier and historian, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Nov. 4, 1780. He enlisted in 1799 as a private in a hussar regiment of the consular guard. In 1806 he served under Joseph Bonaparte in Naples, and was present at the siege of Gaeta. As aidede-camp to Napoleon in 1807, he was twice wounded and finally taken prisoner by the Russians. Being released after the peace of Tilsit, he went to Spain, became a brigadiergeneral in 1812, assisted in the campaign in

Russia, distinguished himself in Saxony, on the banks of the Rhine, and in the campaign of 1814 within the borders of France. He remained faithful to the emperor, and having served him during the Hundred Days, was dismissed after the 2d restoration. His leisure hours he devoted to writing an Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande armée pendant l'année 1812 (2 vols. 8vo.), and Histoire de Russie et de Pierre le Grand (8vo., 1829), which led to a duel with Gen. Gourgaud. These two works caused him to be elected in 1830 to the French academy. After the revolution of July he reentered public life, and in 1831 was made a lieutenant-general and a peer. He undertook to continue his father's history of France, and published an Histoire de Charles VIII. (2 vols. 8vo., 1834), but has gone no further. On the revolution of Feb. 1848, he retired to private life.

SEIDL, JOHANN GABRIEL, an Austrian poet and antiquary, born in Vienna, June 21, 1804. He became a professor in the gymnasium of Cilly in Styria in 1829, superintendent of the academy of coins and antiques at Vienna in 1840, and member of the academy of sciences in 1847. He has written numerous plays, short novels, and poems, of which his ballads and lyrical pieces are the most esteemed. A hymn which he wrote to the music of Haydn was in 1854 officially recognized as a national hymn of the Austrian empire. He is also the author of several archæological works, and since 1850 has been one of the editors of the Zeitschrift für die Oestreichischen Gymnasien.

SEIDLITZ (or SEDLITZ) WATER, the product of certain saline springs in Seidlitz, a village of Bohemia, used as an agreeable and effective aperient. The solid contents in a wine pint, according to Bergman, are 192.8 grains, consisting of sulphate of magnesia, 180 grains; sulphate of lime, 5; chloride of magnesium, 4.5; carbonate of magnesia, 2.5; carbonate cf lime, 0.8. The French prepare an artificial Seidlitz water by dissolving from 20 to 48 grammes of sulphate of magnesia in 3 times its weight of water, and, after filtering, introducing it into a bottle, which is then filled with water charged under pressure with carbonic acid gas. (See SELTZER WATER.) It is said to be preferable to the natural water, and may be preserved thus charged in tightly stopped bottles.

SEIDLITZ POWDERS. See ROCHELLE SALT. SEINE (anc. Sequana), a river of France, rising in the department of Côte d'Or, in the heights of Langres, flowing first N. W., then W. S. W., and again N. W., through the departments of Aube, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-etOise, Seine, Eure, and Seine-Inférieure, and falling into the English channel between Havre and Honfleur. The direct distance from its source to its mouth is 270 m., but its windings make it nearly 500 m. long. It is navigable for large vessels to Rouen, and for small vessels 350 m. to Méry-sur-Seine. It is connected by canals with the Loire, the Saône and Rhône,

the Somme and Scheldt, and the Ourcq. Its elevation at its source is 1,426 feet above the level of the sea. At Paris its width is from 300 to 500 feet, and at its embouchure about 7 m. Its chief tributaries on the right are the Aube, Marne, and Oise, and on the left the Yonne, Loing, Essonne, Eure, and Rille; and it flows through one of the richest, most populous, and beautiful regions of Europe. The principal cities and towns that it passes are Châtillon, Bar-sur-Seine, Troyes, Nogent-surSeine, Melun, Paris, Mantes, Rouen, and Havre. SEINE, the metropolitan department of France, in the old province of Île-de-France, entirely enclosed by the department of Seineet-Oise; area, 183 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 1,727,419. It is divided into the arrondissements of Paris, St. Denis, and Sceaux, the first of which is conterminous with the city of Paris. The surface is generally level, but there are some heights, the principal of which are Montmartre and Chaumont to the N. of Paris, respectively 270 and 300 feet above the valley of the Seine. The Seine flows through the department from S. E. to N. W. by a very circuitous course; and the Marne joins it from the eastward. The most valuable mineral productions are building stone of an excellent quality and gypsum. The soil is throughout fertile, and cultivated with great care. Near the capital, fruits, vegetables, and flowers are the principal crops raised; the peaches of Montreuil, and the roses and strawberries of Fontenay, are particularly famous. Wine is made, but the quality is not very good. There are extensive tracts of meadows, and large numbers of cows and sheep are reared.

SEINE-ET-MARNE, a N. E. department of France, in the old province of Ile-de-France, bounded by the departments of Oise, Aisne, Marne, Aube, Yonne, Loiret, and Seine-et-Oise; area, 2,273 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 341,382. The surface is undulating, and has many extensive plains. The Seine and the Marne flow through the department, and there are numerous other streams. It contains sandstone, fine millstones, building stone, and potters' clay. The soil is rich and well cultivated. The wine, though abundant, is of inferior quality. Capital, Melun.

SEINE-ET-OISE, a N. E. department of France, in the old province of Ile-de-France, bounded by the departments of Oise, Seine-etMarne, Loiret, Eure-et-Loir, and Eure, and enclosing the department of Seine; area, 2,164 sq. m; pop. in 1856, 484,179. The surface is diversified, but there are no high hills. The department belongs to the basin of the Seine, which flows through it in a circuitous course. There are several other streams, the chief of which is the Oise, which joins the Seine from the N. E. Millstones, sandstone, paving stone, plaster, chalk, and potters' clay are found; and there are sulphur springs in several places. The soil is not naturally very fertile, but it is carefully cultivated, and thu

rendered productive. The manufactures include different kinds of cloth, hosiery, paper, firearms, and Sèvres porcelain, the last, which is conducted by the government, being the most important. Capital, Versailles.

SEINE-INFÉRIEURE, a N. W. department of France, in the old province of Normandy, bounded N. and N. W. by the British channel, and S. W. by the lower Seine; area, 2,332 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 769,450. It has a generally low surface, the coast being skirted by chalk cliffs of no considerable elevation except near Fécamp, where they are about 700 feet high, and it is traversed from E. to W. by a low off shoot of the Ardennes. The principal streams are the Bresle, Yères, and Arques, all of which flow into the channel. The manufactures comprise cotton, linen, cloth, lace, silks, and watch and clock movements, beside extensive machine works and ship yards. It has important fisheries. Capital, Rouen; other chief towns, Havre, Dieppe, Fécamp, and Harfleur.

SEISIN. See LIVERY OF SEISIN. SEJANUS, LUCIUS ELIUS, a Roman conspirator, born at Vulsinii in Etruria, died A. D. 31. He was first attached to the interests of Caius Cæsar, the adopted grandson of Augustus, and future emperor Caligula, but gained the favor of Tiberius, who shortly after his accession appointed him to the command of the prætorian guards in conjunction with his father, Seius Strabo, who had held the post under Augustus. While in this position, in A. D. 14, Sejanus accompanied the younger Drusus, the son of Tiberius, into Pannonia to quell the insurrection of the legions. After his return to Rome his father was intrusted with the government of Egypt, and upon his departure the sole command of the prætorian cohorts devolved upon Sejanus. As his popularity with the guard increased he aspired to the imperial power. The first obstacle was Drusus, and to remove him Sejanus seduced his wife Livia or Livilla, whom he persuaded to poison her husband, promising to marry her afterward. He induced Tiberius to leave Rome and shut himself up to a life of sensual pleasure in the island of Capræa. He now procured the banishment of Nero and Drusus, the sons of Germanicus, and of their mother Agrippina. Hiз wife Apicata had been divorced soon after the death of Drusus, and he had asked the emperor's consent to his marriage with Livia. This was refused, and he was about to hasten the development of his plan when Tiberius, informed by his sister-in-law Antonia of Sejanus's intention, gave the command of the prætorian guard to Nervius Sertorius Macro, and despatched him with a communication to the senate. Sejanus was induced to attend to hear this letter read, and was thereupon arrested by Sertorius, and was strangled the same day. His body was torn to pieces by the populace, and the fragments thrown into the Tiber. His son and daughter and many of his friends were put to death at the same time.

SELACHIANS (Gr. σedaxos, a cartilaginous fish), a name given from Aristotle to the pres ent day to the families of cartilaginous fishes with fixed branchiæ, comprising the rays and sharks, also called plagiostomes. (See PLAGIOsTOMES.)

SELDEN, JOHN, an English lawyer and author, born in Salvington, Sussex, Dec. 16, 1584, died in London, Nov. 30, 1654. He was educated at the university of Oxford, and in 1604 entered himself a student at law in the Inner Temple. After being called to the bar he practised chiefly as a chamber counsel, and by dint of severe study of the history and antiquities of his native country, as well as of logic and moral philosophy, became known at home and abroad, according to Anthony Wood, as "the great dietator of learning of the English nation." That he possessed at the same time valuable social qualities is evident from the fact that he was a regular member of Ben Jonson's literary club, which in the early part of the 17th century used to meet at the Mermaid tavern. His earliest published works were: "England's Epinomis," Jani Anglorum Facies Altera, and "The Duel or Single Combat" (1610), law treatises; "Titles of Honor" (1614), a work still regarded as an authority upon the subject; De Diis Syris (1617); and "History of Tithes" (1618). Having in the last named work denied the divine right of the clergy to receive tithes, he was obliged to make a public acknowledgment of his regret at having promulgated his opinions, which however he was careful not to retract. In 1621 he underwent a brief imprisonment for advising the commons to insist upon certain privileges in dispute between themselves and the crown; and in 1625, being then a member of parliament, he took part against the royal favorite, the duke of Buckingham, whom in the succeeding parlia ment he aided in impeaching. For several years he was an active opponent of court measures, and in 1629 he was again committed to the tower on a charge of sedition, his imprisonment lasting until May, 1631, when he was released on bail. He had meanwhile produced a variety of learned works, including his Marmora Arundeliana (1628), an account of the Arundelian marbles brought to England about that time. In 1635 appeared his Mare Clausum, dedicated to the king, and published at his request, on the occasion of a dispute with the Dutch on a question of fisheries. From this period he became less prominent in his opposition to the crown, and in the long parliament, to which he was elected in 1640 for the university of Oxford, he was found frequently siding with the king. He opposed the exclusion of the bishops from the house of peers, and also the condemnation of Strafford, although he was one of the members named to prepare the articles of accusation against him. Subsequently he held the office of keeper of the records in the tower, and having subscribed the "Solemn League and Covenant," he was ap