of Europe. The history of science in Spain is much less brilliant than that of the national literature. The rule of the Moors, who founded many schools and academies, promoted the progress of medicine and mathematics. The closer connection with Italy established under Ferdinand and Isabella and their first successors, improved especially the cultivation of philological studies. Toward the close of the 16th century, Spain had 16 universities, 3 of which, Salamanca, Valladolid, and Alcala, were among the most celebrated of Europe; yet, enjoying less liberty of writing and teaching, they did not keep pace in their development with those of other European countries. Philosophy did not emancipate itself from scholasticism until very recently. A solitary and timid attempt at improving the scholastic method was made by the Cistercian monk Caramuel (died 1682), but it was of no avail. In our times Spain has produced her first great philosopher, Jaime Lucio Balmes (died 1849), who wrote a Curso de filosofia elemental and several other works. The theological literature of Spain during the middle ages remained behind that of Italy, France, England, and Germany. In the 16th century the philological study of the Bible was somewhat promoted by the Complutensian Polyglot, which was published by order of Cardinal Ximenes, and Melchior Cano earned the reputation of being one of the ablest dogmatic writers of the Roman Catholic church. With this exception Spain has furnished no standard works at all in scientific theology; only in mystic asceticism and in homiletics could the Spaniards compete with other Catholic nations, and the works of Luis de Granada, of Juan de la Cruz, and of Teresa de Jesus in particular, belong still among the standard devotional works of all Catholic nations. In the present century, Balmes, already mentioned as a philosopher, is the only theological writer whose reputation has passed beyond the boundaries of his country. Juridical literature began early with the collection of the old law books, already referred to in the history of the national literature. A collection of the ancient codes, with introductions and commentaries by eminent jurists, was published at Madrid in 1847, in 12 vols. In modern times, when Spain had received a constitution, the history of law was cultivated with zeal. A history of the Roman, the canonical, and the Castilian laws was published by Garcia de la Madrid; histories of Spanish law by Zuasnavar y Francia, Quiroga, Ferrer, Antequera, and Quinto; manuals of Spanish law by Alvarez, Fernandez de la Rua, and Ramon Sala; works on criminal law by Manresa Sanchez and Verlanga Huerta; works on international law by Donoso Cortes, Andres Bello, and Letamendi. Constitutional questions were discussed by Soler and Corradi; the philosophy of law by Alcala-Galiano and by Donoso Cortes. Works on political economy were especially numerous, and Jovellanos, Cabarrus, Canga-Arguelles, and Florez have established

in this branch of literature a worldutation. In medical science the M Jews of Spain were very proficient, too long neglected by the Christians. ent Spain is well provided with medic and vies in developing the science of with other civilized countries. The graphical History of Spanish Medi Morejon, is a valuable work. Natural and mathematics are favorite studies Spaniards, and have been greatly adva the establishment of a royal academy o matical and natural sciences at Madrid 1847. The geographical and statistica ture of Spain has always been large. be seen from Nicholas Antonio's Ea Hispana Vitus et Nova (4 vols. folie, and is still numerous, though mostly c to Spain and its colonies. Critical rese now promoted by the royal academy c ry at Madrid, which, beside its Memo vols., 1796–52) and Memorial historico paña (4 vols., 1851), has published many of Spanish history. New critical hister Spain have been composed by Masdeu (20 Madrid, 1783-1800) and Lafuente (12 vols drid, 1850-54). The former Spanish color Mexico have also a considerable litera: their history and their wars of indepen Among them are works on Mexico by on Venezuela by Baralt and Ramon a the Argentine confederation by Pedro d gelis, and on Chili by Eyzaguirre. Sp works on single periods of Spanish histor on celebrated personages have been writter Carvajal, San Miguel, Pacheco, Ferrer del Amador de los Rios, Pastor Diaz, and F. denas. The Spanish revolutions and civil w of the present century are treated of in celebrated work of Toreño, the memoirs of a marquis de Miraflores, a classic work of V donado, &c. Philology was never very for ishing in Spain, and few philological works Spaniards have become known in other Ear pean countries. The Latin grammar (Minera of Francisco Sanchez, which was for some tim a standard work in all Europe, forms an excer tion. In modern times, the philologists Estal Goya, Canga-Arguelles, Valbuena, Simon Ar and Ortiz have produced works of some merit but none of them has yet gained in the re public of letters as firm a reputation as th great scholars of Germany, France, or England Among the most celebrated philologists of mod ern Spain are the orientalists Casiri and Gay angos. The interest in scientific literature has been greatly increased during the present cen tury by the publication of several cyclopædiss as Enciclopedia Española del siglo XIX. (Ma drid, 1842 et seq.) and Biblioteca universal da instruccion (Barcelona, 1842 et seq.); and by the establishment of scientific journals, as Revista Española, continued under the name of Revista Europea and Revista de Madrid. Good bibliographical works have been recently prepared by Fuster, Torres Amat, Ochoa, Ferrer

del Rio (Galeria de la literatura Española, Madrid, 1845), and others.-The best work on the national literature of Spain is that of George Ticknor (3 vols., New York, 1849-'54), translated into Spanish with additions by Gayangos and Vedia. A more recent production is the Studien zur Geschichte der Spanischen und Portugiesischen Nationalliteratur, by Ferdinand Wolf (Berlin, 1859). Among older works, the German of Bouterwek and the French of Sismondi are especially valuable; they have been translated both into Spanish and English. A standard work on the history of the dramatic literature of Spain is Schack's Geschichte der dramatischen Literatur und Kunst in Spanien (3 vols., Berlin, 1845-'6). The modern poets of Spain are treated of in Avelina de Orihuela's Poetas Españoles y Americanos del siglo XIX. (Paris, 1851) and Kennedy's "Modern Poets and Poetry of Spain" (London, 1852).

SPALATO, or SPALATRO (anc. Spolatum), an Austrian seaport in the province of Dalmatia, capital of the circle of the same name, finely situated on a bay of the Adriatic, formed by the islands which line the coast; pop. 10,300. The town is not well built; the houses are small, and the streets narrow, crooked, dirty, and badly paved. It is the see of an archbishop, and has a large trade, especially with Turkey, in smoked and salt meats, oil, wine, silk and woollen goods, and leather. There are manufactures of candles, rosoglio, and brandy. The harbor is spacious and secure. There is here a vast palace, built by the emperor Diocletian before he had abdicated the empire, which is still in tolerable preservation. It encloses rather more than 8 acres; the S. side, which faces the harbor, is 598 feet in length, and the E. and W. sides each 705 feet. The temple of Jupiter, one of the edifices of the palace, is now the cathedral, and the temple of Esculapius a baptistery. It has also a lazaretto, and hot sulphur springs of some repute. The city became important after the destruction of the neighboring town of Salona by the Avars about 640; in later times it belonged for several centuries to Venice, and a the beginning of the 19th century to France.

SPALDING, a W. co. of Georgia, formed since 1850, bounded W. by Flint river and drained by branches of the Ocmulgee; area, 250 sq.m.; pop. in 1860, 8,699, of whom 3,819 were slaves. It is intersected by the Georgia central railroad. Capital, Griffin.

SPALDING, LYMAN, an American physician and surgeon, born in Cornish, N. H., June 5, 1775, died in Portsmouth, N. H., Oct. 30, 1821. He was graduated at Harvard university in 1797, and commenced the study of medicine. In 1798, while still a student, he assisted Prof. Nathan Smith in establishing the medical school at Dartmouth college, collected and prepared a chemical apparatus, delivered the first course of lectures on chemistry at the opening of that institution, and published "A New Nomen

clature of Chemistry, proposed by Messrs. De Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy, with Additions and Improvements" (1799). His medical studies were afterward continued at the medical schools of Cambridge and Philadelphia, and he entered upon the practice of medicine at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1799. He devoted much attention to the study of the human structure, was a very skilful anatomist, and his admirable anatomical preparations, particularly of the lymphatics, are now in the cabinets of our first institutions. In 1812 the college of physicians and surgeons of the western district of the state of New York, at Fairfield, Herkimer co., was incorporated, Dr. Spalding being elected president and professor of anatomy and surgery, and he made annual visits to this school. In 1813 he removed to the city of New York, and a few years later resigned his position at the college. With Dr. Spalding originated the plan for the formation of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States," by the authority of all the medical societies and medical schools in the Union. In Jan. 1817, he submitted the project to the New York county medical society; in Feb. 1818, it was adopted by the medical society of the state of New York, and ordered to be carried into execution by their committee, Dr. Spalding being one of the number. All the medical schools and societies appointed delegates, who at once commenced their labors, and the first edition of the work was published in 1820. To keep pace with the advancement of medical science, a new edition is published every 10 years. Dr. Spalding was a contributor to the "New England Journal of Medicine," the "New York Medical Repository," Le nouveau journal de médecine of Paris, and other medical and philosophical journals; and beside several lectures and addresses, he published "Reflections on Fever, and particularly on the Inflammatory Character of Fever" (1817); "Reflections on Yellow Fever Periods" (1819); and "A History of the Introduction and Use of Scutellaria Lateriflora as a Remedy for preventing and curing Hydrophobia" (1819). Dr. Spalding was active in introducing into the United States the practice of vaccination as a preventive of the small pox. He was a trustee of the only free schools which New York then possessed, and aided in the establishment of the first Sunday schools in that city.

SPALDING, SOLOMON. See MORMONS, Vol. ix. p. 735.

SPALLANZANI, LAZARO, an Italian naturalist, born at Scandiano, in the duchy of Modena, Jan. 12, 1729, died Feb. 12, 1799. His studies were directed at Reggio by the Jesuits, and at the university of Bologna by his relative the celebrated female professor, Laura Bassi. Abandoning the profession of law for the pursuits of learning, he was chosen in 1754 to fill the chair of logic, metaphysics, and the Greek language in the university of Reggio. Deolining other invitations, he accepted in 1761

a professorship at Modena, and began to obtain a wide reputation by his researches in natural science. In 1765 he maintained, in opposition to Buffon and Needham, the animality of the infusoria; in 1766 he produced a work on the phenomena of generation, showing the preexistence of germs to fecundation; in 1768 he published the result of his investigations on the production and circulation of the blood; and in the following year translated Bonnet's Contemplations de la nature. He was called in 1781 to the professorship of natural history in the university of Pavia, in which office he remained till his death. His observations and discoveries, made known in separate treatises and in the "Transactions" of learned societies, were so important, that Haller dedicated to him the second volume of his work on physiology. In order to add to the museum of Pavia, he travelled at different times through the principal countries of Europe, resided 11 months in Constantinople in 1785, triumphantly vindicated himself against a charge, made by his enemies in his absence, of having stolen specimens from the museum, and on his return lectured to more than 500 students. In later publications he announced remarkable discoveries and theories concerning volcanoes, discussed curious problems in regard to swallows, and suspected the existence of a sixth sense in bats, by which they are guided with precision though deprived of sight. His works are numerous, and many of them have been translated into the principal European languages. SPAN WORM. See CANKER WORM, and CATERPILLAR.

SPANDAU, a strongly fortified town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, situated at the junction of the Spree and Havel, 12 m. N. from Potsdam; pop. 9,497, of whom are military. The town is entered by 8 gates, and has 3 suburbs. It has manufactories of arms, cloth, ribbons, silk, and leather, and several breweries and distilleries. It was captured by the Swedes in 1631, and by the French in 1806. Spandau is the state prison of Prussia, and bears a much stronger resemblance to a barrack than an ordinary town.

SPANGENBERG, AUGUST GOTTLIEB, a German divine, and the pioneer and first bishop of the Moravian church in America, born at Klettenberg, in the former principality of Hohenstein, July 15, 1704, died at Bertholdsdorf, Silesia, Sept. 18, 1792. In 1722 he entered the university of Jena with the intention of studying law, but was soon induced to devote himself to theology. While pursuing his theological studies he became acquainted with Count Zinzendorf, and through him with the Moravian church. After graduating in 1726, he began to lecture as a junior professor, and in conjunction with a number of students established free schools in the suburbs of Jena for the children of the poor. In 1731 he was appointed to a professorship in the university of Halle, and assistant superintendent of Francke's orphan house. His liberal

C

views in respect to such as were not tion with the established church, and his strong love for the Moravians, bitter enemies at the university, br into frequent collisions with his until at last his opponents, in 1733, in having him dismissed from his a mandate of the king of Prussia. berg proceeded to Herrnhut, in Sa chief seat of the Moravian church, wi he united, and to whose service he voted himself. He was appointed asCount Zinzendorf, and in this capaci various parts of the European contine ward the close of 1734 he went to where he entered into successful neg with the trustees for Georgia relati Moravian settlement in that colony acres of land were granted him, and 5 were made over to Count Zinzendorf. these tracts formed a part of the present Savannah, and the other lay on the river. Spangenberg at the head of a co of 9 immigrants arrived at the former t the spring of 1735, and immediately menced a settlement, which was the first ed by the Moravians in America. Having 4 years partly in Georgia and partly in sylvania, where he preached as an itin evangelist among his German countryme returned to Europe. His report upon the of religion in Pennsylvania induced the cl to begin an enterprise in that province, an town of Bethlehem, in the present North ton co., was founded. In 1744, after he been consecrated a bishop, he returne America, in order to superintend the er work of the Moravians in this country, in wh he continued for 18 years, interrupted by casional visits to Europe, with untiring ene and courage, amid the trying circumstances a new country, and the horrors of a protrac Indian war. He undertook frequent journ to the Indian country, and was adopted the Oneida nation, and into the tribe of Bear, receiving the name of Tgirhitontie row of trees), by which he was universal known among the Indians, and greatly respec ed. A large tract of land in western Nort Carolina (nearly the whole of the present Fa syth co.) having been purchased by the Mor vians, Spangenberg, in the autumn and winte of 1752, superintended its survey, and the became the pioneer of the church and civiliza tion in that dreary wilderness. During the Indian war which broke out in 1755, the Mo ravian missionaries on the Mahoning, in the present Carbon co., having been massacred (Nov. 1755), Bethlehem became the frontier settlement, all the farms to the north and west of that town being forsaken, and hundreds of fugitives filling the place. Spangenberg caused stockades to be erected, employed the Chris tian Indians as guards, and thus preserved the whole southern country as far as Philadelphia. from attack. War parties frequently approach

ed the town, but seeing its defences never ventured to assail it. Soon after the conquest of Canada, Spangenberg was appointed a member of the college of bishops and elders elected, subsequently to Count Zinzendorf's death, to govern the three provinces and the missions of the Moravian church. He left America in June, 1762, arrived at Herrnhut in : November, and immediately entered upon the duties of his new office, and for 30 years was the leading spirit among his colleagues. Bishop Spangenberg's literary labors were very extensive. Among his principal works are a voluminous "Life of Count Zinzendorf" (3 vols.. 1775), and Idea Fidei Fratrum (1779). The latter is the standard of theology among the Moravians. It was translated into English by Latrobe in 1784, under the title of "An Exposition of Christian Doctrine as taught in the Protestant Church of the United Brethren."

SPANHEIM, EZECHIEL, a Swiss scholar and diplomatist, born in Geneva, Dec. 7, 1629, died in London, Nov. 7, 1710. He was educated under Salmasius and Heinsius at the university of Leyden, from which he was called in 1651 to the professorship of belles-lettres in his native city. He was chosen by the elector palatine for tutor to his son, and in 1659 was sent on an important mission to Italy, where he devoted his leisure to antiquarian and numismatic studies. He returned to Heidelberg in 1665, and was minister resident of the elector successively in Holland and in England. He subsequently entered the service of the elector of Brandenburg, and was for nearly 9 years his extraordinary ambassador to the court of Louis XIV. From 1689 to 1697 he was occupied with his favorite studies at Berlin, but after the peace of Ryswick returned as ambassador to Paris. In 1702, the elector of Brandenburg having been crowned as king of Prussia, Spanheim was created a baron, and was sent as ambassador to England, where he remained till his death. He was profoundly erudite in the political history and numismatics of antiquity, and his most important publications were: Dissertationes de Præstantia et Usu Numismatum Antiquorum (4to., Rome, 1664; best ed., 2 vols., London and Amsterdam, 1706-'17), and Orbis Romanus (London, 1704; contained also in Grævius's Thesaurus, vol. xi.).

SPANIEL (canis extrarius, Linn.), a well known variety of hunting dog, in form a small setter, with silky hair, long in some parts of the body, and long, soft, pendulous ears. It was known in ancient times, is figured on some of the later monuments, and was probably the C. Tuscus of the Latins; it probably originated in Spain, whence the name. The colors are various, black, brown, pied, liver-colored and white, and black and white. The English breed is considered the best for sportsmen, being strong, with an excellent nose, and fond of the water. The spaniel is very docile, intelligent, devotedly attached to its master even though harshly treated, never deserting him in

trouble or misery, and capable of dying of grief on his grave. There are several varieties, valued for various purposes of use or fashion. The water spaniel differs from the common breed in the eagerness to hunt and swim in water, whence it is used to drive ducks into the nets in decoy ponds; the hair is also harsher. (See POODLE.) The Alpine or St. Bernard spaniel is the largest and most celebrated of the race, being 2 feet high at the shoulders, and 5 or 6 from nose to end of tail; it has a peculiar appearance about the inner angle of the eyes, due probably to being kept partly shut to avoid the high winds and the glare of the snow in the elevated regions in which it lives; this is one of the breeds which searches the mountain passes in the vicinity of the hospice of St. Bernard in quest of bewildered or weary travellers, bearing warm clothing and cordials attached to their bodies; the other breed used for the same purpose has been noticed under DoG. The Newfoundland dog resembles the Alpine spaniels; it is of large size and great strength, and is probably their indigenous American representative, and useful for many purposes of a beast of burden; it is gentle, very intelligent, and affectionate; it is an excellent swimmer, the toes being partly webbed. The springer is a small spaniel of elegant form, small head, and long ears, usually red and white, the latter predominating, with a black nose and palate; the Marlborough breed is considered the best, and specimens have been sold as high as $300 or $400. The King Charles spaniel is a small and beautiful breed, prized as ladies' pets, generally black and white, or black and tan-colored; the hair is soft and silky, the ears pendulous, the forehead elevated, and the eyes intelligent, though the temper is generally spoiled and the animal useless to its owner and a nuisance to others, from improper feeding and unnatural habits and training; the variety prized by Charles I. of England was wholly black; this is the C. brevipilis (Linn.). It is supposed to be the parent of the cocker, a sprightly little bird dog, usually black, or white with reddish spots, and comparatively shorter in the back than the spaniel. The Maltese dog is perhaps the most ancient of the small spaniel races, being figured on Roman monuments, and mentioned by Strabo as the C. melitaus; the muzzle is round, the hair very long and silky, and the color usually white; it is of diminutive size, and fit only for a lap dog.

SPANISH FLY. See CANTHARIDES.

SPANISH MAIN, the appellation formerly given to that portion of the Atlantic ocean, together with the contiguous coast, lying between the isthmus of Darien and the Leeward islands, forming for many years the route traversed by the Spanish treasure ships from Mexico, Central America, and the northern shores of South America.

SPAR. See BARYTA, CALCAREOUS SPAR, FELDSPAR, and FLUOR SPAR.

SPARKS, JARED, an American historian, born at Willington, Conn., May 10, 1789. His boyhood and early youth were passed in agricultural and mechanical occupations, and he was graduated at Harvard college in 1815. During his college course, he taught for a time a small private school at Havre de Grace, Md., and while there served a short time in the militia called out to repel an anticipated attack by the British. He afterward commenced the study of theology at Cambridge, and for two years, 1817-'19, was college tutor in mathematics and natural philosophy. He also became one of an association by which the "North American Review," established in 1815, was conducted. In May, 1819, he was ordained as minister of a Unitarian congregation in Baltimore, and the next year published "Letters on the Ministry, Ritual, and Doctrine of the Protestant Episcopal Church" (8vo., Boston). In 1821 he established a periodical called "The Unitarian Miscellany and Christian_Monitor," which he continued to edit during his stay in Baltimore, writing most of it himself. In this work he commenced a series of letters to the Rev. Dr. Miller of Princeton on the "Comparative Moral Tendency of Trinitarian and Unitarian Doctrines," which were afterward enlarged and published in an 8vo. volume in 1823. He also edited a "Collection of Essays and Tracts in Theology, from various Authors, with Biographical and Critical Notices" (6 vols. 12mo.), the publication of which was completed in 1826. His health becoming impaired, he resigned his pastoral charge in 1823, and after spending some weeks in travel went to Boston, purchased the "North American Review" of the owners, and was its sole proprie tor and editor for 7 years. In 1828 he published a "Life of John Ledyard, the American Traveller" (8vo., Boston), drawn up almost entirely from materials never before published. He had for some time previous formed the plan of publishing the writings of Washington, with notes and illustrations; and with this view, after extensive researches in the United States, he made a voyage to Europe in 1828, remained there a year, selecting and transcribing documents relating to American history in the public offices of London and Paris, and after his return published "The Writings of George Washington, being his Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and other Papers, Official and Private, selected and published from the original Manuscripts, with a Life of the Author, Notes, and Illustrations" (12 vols. 8vo., Boston, 1834-7). During the preparation of this laborious work, he found time to edit and publish two other works illustrative of American history: "The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution" (12 vols. 8vo., 1829-30), and “The Life of Gouverneur Morris, with Selections from his Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers," &c. (3 vols. 8vo., 1832). "The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge" was started by Mr. Sparks, and

the first volume, for 1880, edited by him. was also the editor of the "Library of Am can Biography," of which two series were lished (10 vols. 18mo., 1834-'8, and 15 18mo., 1844-'8), and several of the lives which were written by him. In 1840 he pleted the publication of " The Works of E jamin Franklin, containing several Politi and Historical Tracts not included in any mer Edition, and many Letters, Official Private, not hitherto published, with N and a Life of the Author" (10 vols. 8vo.). then visited Europe a second time, and in course of his researches in the French arch discovered the famous map with the red drawn upon it, about which so much was s in the debates upon the Ashburton treaty congress and parliament. His long and portant labors in illustration of American tory were closed in 1854 by the publication a work entitled "Correspondence of the Ame ican Revolution, being Letters of eminent to George Washington, from the time of taking command of the Army to the end of Presidency, edited from the Original Ma scripts" (4 vols. 8vo.). All Mr. Sparks's torical and biographical writings are dis guished by thorough research, candid ju ment, dispassionate criticism, and accuracy simplicity of style. In 1852 two pamphle were printed by him in defence of his mo of editing the writings of Washington, in re to the strictures of Lord Mahon and others successfully vindicating his course. A similar pamphlet was published the next year, o sioned by a reprint of the original letters from Washington to Joseph Reed. Mr. Sparks was McLean professor of history at Harvard college from 1839 to 1849, and president of the college from 1849 to 1852. In 1857 he made a tour r Europe with his family, and since his return has resided in Cambridge.

SPARRMANN, ANDERS, a Swedish trave and naturalist, born in the province of Upland about 1747, died in Stockholm, July 20, 1820 At the age of 18 he made a voyage to Chins afterward studied medicine and botany under Linnæus at the university of Upsal, and weat as a private tutor to the Cape of Good Hope, where he met his countryman Thunberg, and they pursued their studies in natural science together for some time. In 1773 he accepted the offer of the Messrs. Forster, the naturalists of Capt. Cook's expedition, which touched at the Cape, to accompany them as assistant. He was absent 28 months, and on his return commenced the practice of medicine at the Cape, but at the end of 4 months started for the interior of Africa with one companion. He penetrated as far as lat. 28° 30' S., 1,050 miles N. E. from the Cape, to which he returned in about 8 months, with specimens of plants and animals, He returned to Sweden the same year (1776), and on the death of Baron Geer was appointed his successor as conservator of the museum. In 1787 he went to Senegal to join Wadstrom's