amitié abandonné tout cela, et nous [nous] sommes déportez de bon gré, pour Nous et pour nos successeurs, de cette demande, sans nous y rien reserver en aucune maniere, si ce n'est les appellations, si tant est que ci-devant on en ait interjetté devant le Duc, son Conseil ou ses Officiers de Justice.

Lesquels articles ci-dessus écrits, Nous susnommées les deux Villes Berne et Geneve avons reglez et reçus entre nous, promettant pour nous et pour nos successeurs de les garder à perpétuite et inviolablement. En foi de quoi &c. . . . .

XIV

CALVIN, TO HIS ARRIVAL IN GENEVA, 1509-36

John Calvin (cf. Calvini Opera, xxi [=Corpus Reformatorum xlix] containing Lives' by Beza and Colladon, both 1564, and the Annales Calviniani by the editors: and Williston Walker, John Calvin) was born at Noyon, in Picardy, 10 July 1509. His father was a notary in the ecclesiastical court, an official of bishop and of chapter; able, therefore, to give his son a superior education and alive to the advantage of it. Calvin, though by birth 'unus de plebe homuncio' (Op. v. [= C. R. xxxiii.] 5), was, as he afterwards wrote to a friend of the noble house of Montmor, 'domi vestrae puer educatus, iisdem tecum studiis initiatus' (ibid. 8). When barely twelve, he received, after the manner of the day, a benefice, 19 May 1521, in the Cathedral by way of endowment for study: and, Aug. 1523, he went gustatis duntaxat latinae linguae rudimentis' (Ep. 1345; Op. xiii. [= C. R. xli.] 525) to the University of Paris. Here he began grammar and rhetoric at the Collège de la Marche under the humanist Mathurin Cordier, 1479-+1564, cuius ductu in litterarum stadium ingressus huc saltem usque progressus sum ut ecclesiae Dei aliquid prodessem' (ibid.). But he was with Cordier ad exiguum tempus' (ibid.) only; for next year he went on, for philosophy and dialectic, to the Collège de Montaigu, where (Herminjard, ii, No. 310, n. 7) by the end of 1527 he would have graduated in Arts. Early in 1528, 'pour obéir à mon père' (Op. xxxi. [= C. R. lix.] 22) he turned to Law; and, in pursuit of it, went first to Orléans to attend the lectures of the conservative Pierre de l'Estoile, 1480-†1537, and thence, 1529, to Bourges. Hither he was attracted by the fame of Andrea Alciati, 1493-+1550, more of an innovator; and Calvin's first appearance in print was the preface to a friend's defence of l'Estoile (Herminjard, ii, No. 328: Op. ix. [=C. R. xxxvii.] 785). Here too, he began Greek with (Ep. 814 ; Op. xii. [= C. R. xl.] 364) the German humanist Melchior Wolmar, 1496-+1561. The death of his father, 26 May 1531 (Herminjard, ii, No. 366, n. 4). released him from the Law; and, 19 June, he was back in Paris, free for other studies there since, by 14 Feb. 1532,

en tout tems, soit de paix soit de guerre, toutes les fois qu'il sera nécessaire. De plus, Nous susdits de Geneve et nos successeurs ne devons, ni ne voulons faire des alliances, traitez, bourgeoisies, ni prendre des engagemens avec aucuns Princes, Seigneurs, Villes, Païs ou Communautez, ni chercher aucune protection ni secours auprès d'eux, sans l'avis, volonté et consentement des susdits de Berne et leurs successeurs.

En troisieme lieu: Comme Nous de Geneve nous sommes saisis de la Seigneurie de Gaillard &c. . . . nous avons cedé et remis volontairement . . . tout ce qui appartenoit ci-devant au Duc de Savoye, hors de nôtre Ville, et tous les biens de nos bannis, situez dans les païs conquis par lesdits de Berne, desquels nous nous déportons entierement.

En quatrieme lieu: Nous susdits de Geneve consentons de laisser en toute proprieté aux susdits de Berne toutes les fondations et legs pies faits par la Maison de Savoye, qui sont dans les païs conquis par lesdits de Berne et dont nôtre Ville de Geneve tiroit les Revenus, en sorte qu'ils en seront entierement quittes envers nous.

II. D'un autre côté : Nous l'Avoyer, Conseil et Bourgeois de la Ville de Berne, nous sommes dépouillez pour nous et nos successeurs à perpétuité de la prétention que nous avions contre ceux de Geneve, à cause du Prieuré de St. Victor et de ses droits seigneuriaux, des censes, rentes, revenus, et tout ce qui en dépendoit, parce qu'ils ont incorporé cela à leur Hôpital, pour l'entretien des pauvres et des ministres, nous reservant pourtant les appellations, devoirs d'hommes, et malefices, ainsi que cela a été anciennement pratiqué.

En second lieu: Comme nos deux seigneuries de Gex et de Gaillard, s'étendent jusqu'à la Ville de Geneve, nous consentons de nous retirer, pour étendre la banlieuë de cette Ville du côté de Gaillard et de Gex; et des députez de nôtre Conseil en marqueront les bornes par de grosses pierres.' ...

En quatrieme lieu: Sur ce que ceux qui commandoient nos troupes ont demandé dans la derniere guerre, et nous après eux, que ceux de Genève nous missent en possession de la Superiorité, Seigneurie, Droits et Revenus de l'Evêché et de ses dépendances, comme aussi du Vidomnat et des Biens du Chapitre, des Eglises et des Monasteres, estimans les avoir gagnez par droit de guerre; Nous avons cependant par bonne

1 Geneva, by this treaty, was left in possession of twenty-eight villages; and was thus not only an independent city, but had territories and subjects of its own.

amitié abandonné tout cela, et nous [nous] sommes déportez de bon gré, pour Nous et pour nos successeurs, de cette demande, sans nous y rien reserver en aucune maniere, si ce n'est les appellations, si tant est que ci-devant on en ait interjetté devant le Duc, son Conseil ou ses Officiers de Justice.

Lesquels articles ci-dessus écrits, Nous susnommées les deux Villes Berne et Geneve avons reglez et reçus entre nous, promettant pour nous et pour nos successeurs de les garder à perpétuite et inviolablement. En foi de quoi &c. ....

XIV

CALVIN, TO HIS ARRIVAL IN GENEVA, 1509-36

His father

6

John Calvin (cf. Calvini Opera, xxi [=Corpus Reformatorum xlix] containing Lives' by Beza and Colladon, both 1564, and the Annales Calviniani by the editors: and Williston Walker, John Calvin) was born at Noyon, in Picardy, 10 July 1509. was a notary in the ecclesiastical court, an official of bishop and of chapter; able, therefore, to give his son a superior education and alive to the advantage of it. Calvin, though by birth 'unus de plebe homuncio' (Op. v. [= C. R. xxxiii.] 5), was, as he afterwards wrote to a friend of the noble house of Montmor, 'domi vestrae puer educatus, iisdem tecum studiis initiatus' (ibid. 8). When barely twelve, he received, after the manner of the day, a benefice, 19 May 1521, in the Cathedral by way of endowment for study: and, Aug. 1523, he went gustatis duntaxat latinae linguae rudimentis' (Ep. 1345; Op. xiii. [= C. R. xli.] 525) to the University of Paris. Here he began grammar and rhetoric at the Collège de la Marche under the humanist Mathurin Cordier, 1479-t1564, cuius ductu in litterarum stadium ingressus huc saltem usque progressus sum ut ecclesiae Dei aliquid prodessem' (ibid.). But he was with Cordier ad exiguum tempus' (ibid.) only; for next year he went on, for philosophy and dialectic, to the Collège de Montaigu, where (Herminjard, ii, No. 310, n. 7) by the end of 1527 he would have graduated in Arts. Early in 1528, 'pour obéir à mon père' (Op. xxxi. [= C. R. lix.] 22) he turned to Law; and, in pursuit of it, went first to Orléans to attend the lectures of the conservative Pierre de l'Estoile, 1480-†1537, and thence, 1529, to Bourges. Hither he was attracted by the fame of Andrea Alciati, 1493-†1550, more of an innovator; and Calvin's first appearance in print was the preface to a friend's defence of l'Estoile (Herminjard, ii, No. 328: Op. ix. [C. R. xxxvii.] 785). Here too, he began Greek with (Ep. 814; Op. xii. [= C. R. xl.] 364) the German humanist Melchior Wolmar, 1496-+1561. The death of his father, 26 May 1531 (Herminjard, ii, No. 366, n. 4), released him from the Law; and, 19 June, he was back in Paris, free for other studies there since, by 14 Feb. 1532,

he was a graduate in Law. They were the studies of a humanist : pursued at the recently, March 1530, founded Collège de France, under the Regius Professors Pierre Danès, 1497-1577, in Greek (ibid. ii, No. 346, n. 10) and François Vatable, ?—†1547, in Hebrew: and as a humanist he put out his first work, 4 April 1532, on Seneca's De Clementia (Op. v. [= C. R. xxxiii.] I sqq.). But late in 1532 or early in 1533' (Walker, 96) he experienced [No. 268] a 'sudden conversion' (Op. xxxi. [= C. R. lix.] 21) as he describes it. How far this took him towards his later doctrinal position was, perhaps, as doubtful to himself as to us. On 27 Oct. 1533 he still writes (Herminjard, iii, No. 437) as member of a humanist circle which included Gérard Roussel, 1480-+1550, almoner of Francis I and of' sa mignonne' his sister Margaret (b. 1492) Queen of Navarre, 1527-49, and the new, 10 Oct. 1533, Rector of the University [No. 269] Nicholas Cop (ibid. iii, No. 438). In October the Rector had incurred the anger of the Theologians by disavowing, on behalf of the University, their censure of the Queen's Miroir de l'âme pécheresse: and, i Nov., in his inaugural address (Op. x b. [= C. R. xxxviii.] 30 sqq.) he borrowed not only from Erasmus but also from Luther. Calvin was, at least, party to the address (cf. Walker, 100 sq.); and, in fear of, 10 Dec. [No. 270] the King's letter to the Parlement of Paris (Herminjard, iii, No. 440) for the suppression of Lutheranism the two friend's had to flee. Calvin found refuge, in the dominions of Margaret, with Louis du Tillet, parish priest of Claix and Canon of Angoulême (ibid. iii, No. 457). On. 4 May 1534 he was at Noyon, to resign his benefices in the Cathedral and at Pont-l'Évêque (ibid. iii, No. 477, n. 1); later in the year at Orléans, whence is dated [No. 271] the preface to the 'Psycho. pannychia' (Op. v. [= C. R. xxxiii.] 170 sq.) his anti-Anabaptist and first theological treatise.1 Then he went to Paris, to keep an appointment with Michael Servetus, 1509-153, mais le dit Servet ne comparut quoy qu'on l'attendist longtemps' (Colladon, ap. Op. xxi. [= C. R. xlix.] 57). It was a 'dangerous journey' (ibid.), for it fell about the time of, 17-18 Oct., [No. 272] the Placards (Herminjard, iii, Nos. 485, 488; Gerdesius, Hist. Ref. iv, App. 59 sqq.) of Antony Marcourt against the Mass. Thence to Strassburg; and so, early in 1535, to Basel (Ann. Calv., Op. xxi. [=C. R. xlix.] 194). Here he finished the first edition of the [No. 273] Christianae Religionis Institutio 2 with a prefatory letter of 23 Aug. (Op. i. [ = C. R. xxix.]9 sqq.) to Francis I. Immediately after the publication of the Institutes in March 1536, he paid a brief visit (Ann. Calv., Op. xxi. [= C. R. xlix.] 199) to Renée, Duchess of Ferrara, 1510-+76; and on his return he was, in August, [No. 274] detained by Farel at Geneva (Op. xxxi. [= C. R. lix.] 23) and, 5 Sept., [No. 275] Cf. Art. XL of the Forty-two Articles of 1553: Defunctorum animae neque cum corporibus intereunt, neque otiose dormiunt.'-Kidd, Articles, ii. 291.

The quotations below, save of the Prefatory Letter, are from his final edition of 1559 (Op. ii. [= C. R. xxx.] 31 sqq.).

appointed by the Council to be lecturer at the Cathedral (Ann. Calv. Op. xxi. [= C. R. xlix.] 204).

No. 268. Calvin's conversion, 1532-3.

From the preface to his Commentary on the Psalms, 23 July 1557.-Conditio quidem mea quanto sit inferior 1, dicere nihil attinet. Verum, sicuti ille a caulis ovium ad summam imperii dignitatem evectus est, ita me Deus ab obscuris tenuibusque principiis extractum, hoc tamen honorifico munere dignatus est ut evangelii praeco essem ac minister. Theologiae me pater tenellum adhuc puerum destinaverat. Sed quum videret legum scientiam passim augere suos cultores opibus, spes illa repente eum impulit ad mutandum consilium. Ita factum est, ut revocatus a philosophiae studio, ad leges discendas traherer, quibus tametsi ut patris voluntati obsequerer fidelem operam impendere conatus sum, Deus tamen arcano providentiae suae fraeno cursum meum alio tandem reflexit.

Ac primo quidem, quum superstitionibus papatus magis pertinaciter addictus essem, quam ut facile esset e tam profundo luto me extrahi, animum meum, qui pro aetate nimis obduruerat, subita conversione ad docilitatem subegit. Itaque aliquo verae pietatis gustu imbutus tanto proficiendi studio exarsi, ut reliqua studia, quamvis non abiicerem, frigidius tamen sectarer. Necdum elapsus erat annus quum omnes purioris doctrinae cupidi ad me novitium adhuc et tironem discendi causa ventitabant. Ego qui natura subrusticus umbram et otium semper amavi, tunc latebras captare: quae adeo concessae non sunt, ut mihi secessus omnes instar publicae scholae essent. Denique dum hoc mihi unum in animo est, ignobile otium colere, Deus ita per varios flexus me circumegit, ut nusquam tamen quiescere permitteret, donec repugnante ingenio in lucem pertractus sum. Eoque consilio relicta patria in Germaniam concessi, ut in obscuro aliquo angulo abditus quiete diu negata fruerer.

Ecce autem quum incognitus Basileae laterem, quia multis piis hominibus in Gallia exustis grave passim apud Germanos odium ignes illi excitaverant, sparsi sunt eius restinguendi causa improbi et mendaces libelli, non alios tam crudeliter tractari quam Anabaptistas ac turbulentos homines, qui perversis deliriis non religionem modo sed totum ordinem politicum convellerent. Ego hoc ab aulicis artificibus agi videns . . silentium meum non posse a perfidia excusari censui, nisi me 1 sc. to that of David.