d'œuvre in the gallery of the Louvre, he pronounces the Elgin statues to be of a higher class than the Apollo; because, as he judiciously marks the distinction, there is in them a union of fine composition and grandeur of form, with a more true and perfect expression of nature, than there is in the Apollo, or in any other of the most celebrated statues; there is in them all that beautiful and harmonious variety which is produced in the human form by the alternate repose and action of the muscles; and it is impossible, he adds, after looking at the Elgin statues, to look at the casts of other celebrated works, without being struck by the inferiority of the latter in this respect. The earl of Aberdeen, in his evidence, which is of considerable length, and which does the greatest credit to his candor, learning, and good taste, rates them in the highest class of art. And finally, Canova, the most celebrated sculptor of modern times, in addition to his verbal expressions of admiration, left, in a letter to lord Elgin, his recorded judgment of them. London, Nov. 10, 1815. 'Permit me to express the sense of the great gratification which I have received from having seen in London the valuable antique marbles, which you have brought hither from Greece. I think that I can never see them often enough: and, although my stay in this great capital must be extremely short, I dedicate every moment that I can spare to the contemplation of these celebrated remains of ancient art. I admire in them the truth of nature united to the choice of the finest forms. Every thing here breathes life, with a veracity, with an exquisite knowledge of art, but, without the least ostentation or parade of it, which is concealed by consummate and masterly skill. The naked is perfect flesh, and most beautiful in its kind. I think myself happy in having been able to see with my own eyes these distinguished works; and I should feel perfectly satisfied if I had come to London only to view them. Upon which account the admirers of art, and the artists, will owe to your lordship a lasting debt of gratitude, for having brought amongst us these noble and magnificent pieces of sculpture; and for my own part I beg leave to return you my own most cordial acknowledgments.' Nothing, perhaps, after all,' however, says the Quarterly Reviewer, will surprise the common observer more than the extraordinary praises which are lavished upon what appear to them to be little better than mutilated and shapeless fragments-to their eyes in no degree ornamental, and to their judgments of no kind of utility. It must be confessed that the details of those sculptures have been greatly and lamentably degraded; but there remains enough amply to gratify the eye of taste, and to guide and form the powers of the student. It should be recollected, in considering this point of the subject, that not one of the great statues of the ancient world was found in a perfect state. The Venus de Medicis is in, we know not how many, pieces, and both the arms, at least, are modern-of the Apollo, the most perfect of ancient sculptures, VOL. VIII. one hand and one arm are modern, and both the legs were broken. Of the beautiful Ceres, one of the most exquisite remains of antiquity, the head, though undoubtedly antique, does not belong to the body. The Torso, every one knows, is a mere trunk, without limbs or head. The Barberini Faun, which we have heard called the most perfect statue in the world, wants the legs and hands. The Laocoon has been restored; and, in short, all those admirable specimens of the arts, when first found, would have excited to the common observer the same disappointment, though in various degrees, which the Elgin marbles have excited in some ordinary visitors; but it is with them as with the cartoons and frescos of Raphael, if disappointment clouds the first visit, it vanishes at the second; and, by a more constant examination of those divine models, a purity of taste and accuracy of judgment grows up in the mind of the student, till at last, not his fancy, but his judgment, supplies the deficiencies, and repairs the damages of accident and time. Who is there, however unskilled in the arts, who can, for any time, look on the representation of the Panathenaic procession without the highest intellectual delight, that festival of the metropolis of the civilised world, connected with all the delicious remembrances of Athenian history, designed by the hand of Phidias, from the living procession in which Pericles, and Socrates, and Aspasia walked, and exhibiting on the marble which we may now call eternal, the noblest moral recollections with the most exquisite forms of natural beauty;-who is there, we say, who can look at this admirable work without feeling that expansion of the heart, that exaltation of the mind, which it is the first and proudest office of the fine arts to create.' These marbles were finally secured to the public for the sum of £35,600, we believe, and are deposited in the British Museum. Many foreigners are said to have already come into this country, solely for the purpose of seeing them; and casts from the whole collection have been sent to Bavaria, to Wirtemberg, to Russia : others have been ordered for Florence. school of sculpture,' adds the critic we have before quoted, will soon be in England.' The ELI, Heb. y, i. e. offering, high priest of succeeded Samson, about A. M. 2848; and A.A.C. Israel, and the last of the judges except Samuel, towards his sons, the practisers of the greatest 1156. His too gentle government, particularly wickedness, and the consequent misfortunes of his family and the commonwealth, are recorded in 1 Sam. iv. xiv. and xxii. He died in the fortieth year of his age, A. M. 2888, and A. A. C. 1116. of his government, and ninety-eighth ELIAS, or ELIJAH, from 8, God, and n', the Lord, an eminent prophet of Israel, who escaped the common lot of mankind, by not suffering death; being translated, about A. M. 3108, and A. A. C. 896. His miracles, persecutions, and ascension to heaven, are recorded in 1 Kings xvii-xxi.; 2 Kings i. and ii. ELICHMAN (John), a native of Silesia in the seventeenth century, who practised physic N at Leyden, and was remarkable for his knowledge of sixteen languages. He supported an opinion, that the German and Persian languages were derived from the same origin. His Latin translation of the Tablet of Cebes, with the Arabic version and the Greek, was printed at Leyden in 1640, under the care of Salmasius, who prefixed thereto a very ample preface. ELICHPOOR, a town and district of the province of Berar, Hindostan. It belongs to the nizam, and lies between the twentieth and twenty-second degrees of northern latitude: it is separated from the territories of the Berar rajah by the river Burda. The capital was formerly the chief town of all Berar, and is said to have been founded in very ancient times, by rajah Elloo; it stands on a branch of the Burda, and is a fortified place. In 1772 it was besieged by the Mahrattas, who retired upon payment of the tribute: it was then governed by a deputy of the nizam, who bore the title of nabob, and in the year 1777 endeavoured to establish his independence; but he was soon surrounded by the troops of the former, and was killed in battle. His family being made prisoners, all his property was confiscated. It is still governed by a deputy, who has charge of the district. ÉLICIT, v. a. & adj. Lat. elicio, elicitum, ELICITATE, v. a. to draw out. To strike ELICITA'TION, n. s. or bring out by labor or art. The verbs are synonymous: as an adjective elicit means brought into action, or actual existence. The schools dispute whether, in morals, the external action superadds any thing of good or evil to the South. internal elicit act of the will. That elicitation which the schools intend, is a deducing of the power of the will into act: that drawing which they mention, is merely from the appetibility of the object. Bramhall. Although the same truths may be elicited, and explicated by the contemplation of animals, yet they are more clearly evidenced in the contemplation of man. Hale's Origin of Mankind, He elicits those acts out of the meer lapsed state of Cheyne. human nature. ELIDE', v. a. Fr. elider; Lat. elido, eliELI'SION, n. s. sus; to strike off; to break off or from hence to break in pieces. We are to cut off that whereunto they, from whom these objections proceed, fly for defence, when the force and strength of the argument is elided. Hooker. You will observe the abbreviation and elisions, by which consonants of most obdurate sounds are joined together, without any softening vowel to intervene. Swift. ELIGIBLE, adj. Lat. eligibilis, eligo, Fit to be ELIGIBILITY, n. s. to choose. chosen; preferable. Eligibility is worthiness, or legal fitness to be chosen. Certainty, in a deep distress, is more eligible than suspense. Clarissa. The business of the will is not to judge concerning the nature of things, but to choose them in consequence of the report made by the understanding, as to their eligibility or goodness. Fiddes's Sermons. A British ministry ought to be satisfied, if, allowing to every particular man that his private scheme is wisest, they can persuade him, that next to his own plan, that of the government is the most eligible. Addison's Freeholder. Did they really think, that going on with the war was more eligible for their country than the least abatement of those conditions Swift. Through tomes of fable and of dream, But none I found, or found them shared Cowper. ELIHU, from Heb. * and *, i. e. he is my God, the son of Barachel the Buzite, a descendant of Buz, the son of Nahor, Abraham's brother, and the youngest of Job's friends who visited him in his affliction. His remarkable speech to Job, and his senior friends, is recorded in the thirty-second and five following chapters. From some passages in that speech, particularly in chap. xxxiii. ver. 4 and 6, as well as from the propriety of the sentiments expressed in it, and the signification of the name Elihu, and more especially from the Almighty himself being introduced as the next speaker, some commentators have supposed, that our Saviour is meant by this personage. Others have supposed that Elihu was the author of the book of Job, from the fifteenth and sixteenth verses of chap. xxxii. where he seems to speak of himself as the writer of the narrative, and of the effect of his words upon Job's three senior friends. But these two verses are indeed evidently a parenthesis, and cannot, by any construction of language, be reckoned a part of the speech, which precedes and follows them. ELIMINATE, v. a. I Fr. eliminer; Lat. ELIOTT, or ELLIOT (George Augustus), Lord Woolwich, where he continued till 1740, when his uncle Colonel Eliott appointed him his adjutant of the second troop of horse grenadiers. With these troops he went upon service to Germany, and was with them in a variety of actions. In this regiment he bought the rank of captain and major, and afterwards purchased the lieutenant-colonelcy from Colonel Brewerton, who succeeded to his uncle. Soon after this he was appointed aid-de-camp to George II., and was distinguished for his military skill and discipline. In March 1759 he quitted the second troop of horse grenadier guards, being selected to raise, form, and disci pline, the first regiment of light horse, called after him Eliott's regiment. As soon as they were raised and formed, he was appointed to the command of the cavalry in the expedition on the coasts of France, with the rank of brigadier general. After this he passed into Germany, where he was employed on the staff, and greatly distinguished himself in a variety of movements; particularly at the battle of Minden, where he headed the second line of horse under the mar quis of Granby; and where his regiment displayed a strictness of discipline, an activity and enterprise, which gained them signal honor. From Germany he was recalled in 1762, for the purpose of being employed as second in command in the memorable expedition against the Havannah. On the peace in 1763 his regiment was reviewed by the king, when they presented to his majesty the standards which they had taken from the enemy. Gratified with their fine discipline and high character, the king appointed it a royal regiment, naming it the 15th, or King's Royal Regiment of Light Dragoons. In 1774 he was appointed to succeed general A'Court as commander in chief of the forces in Ireland; but he soon solicited to be recalled. He accordingly was so, and appointed to the command of Gibraltar in a fortunate hour for the safety of that important fortress. His gallant defence of this besieged rock is too well known to every Englishman, and too intimately connected with English history, to need a separate description here. See ENGLAND, HISTORY OF. On his return to England, the grat tude of the British senate was as forward as the public voice in giving him that distinguished mark his merit deserved. Both houses of parliament voted a unanimous address of thanks to the general. The king conferred on him the honor of Knight of the Bath, with a pension during his own and a second life of his own appointment; and on June 14th, 1787, his majesty advanced him to the peerage by the title of Lord Heathfield, Baron Gibraltar, permitting him to take, in addition to his family arms, the arms of the fortress he had so bravely defended, to perpetuate to futurity his noble conduct. He died at his chateau at Aix-la-Chapelle, on the 6th of July, 1790, in the seventy-third year of his age, of a second stroke of the palsy; after having for some weeks preceding enjoyed a tolerably good share of health, and an unusual flow of spirits. His remains were brought to England, and buried at Heathfield in Sussex, where a monument is erected to his memory. ELIPHAZ; from 8, and 15, i. e. the strength of God; the eldest of Job's three uncharitable friends. From his being styled the Temanite, it is evident that he was a descendant of Esau, by Teman, the son of Eliphaz, and grandson of Esau, the first duke of Edom. ELIQUATION, in chemistry, an operation by which a more fusible substance is separated from one that is less so, by means of a heat sufficiently intense to melt the former, but not the latter. Thus an alloy of copper and lead may be separated by a heat capable of melting the latter, but not the former. district of Peloponnesus, famous for raising flax, remnants of a wall. ELISHA, or ELISEUS; from Heb. and yu, i. e. the salvation of God; the son of ShaN 2 phat, an eminent prophet of Israel, the disciple and successor of Elijah. His call, with his various miracles and prophecies, are recorded in 1 Kings, xix. xxi.; 2 Kings, ii.—viii. and xiii. He died much lamented by Joash king of Israel, · A. M. 3165, and A. A. C. 839. ELISHAH, the son of Javan, and grandson of Japhet, is supposed by chronologists to have been the progenitor of the inhabitants of Eolia, in Lesser Asia, and of Elis and Alisium in Peloponnesus. ELI'SION. See ELIDE. ELIX ATE, v. a. Lat. elirare, to boil: but ELIXA'TION, n. s. all etymologists derive ELIX'IR. Selixir, so written in Fr. Ital. Span. Port. and Lat. from the Arabic; Mr. Thomson says, from the Arab. al uxseer. Elixation is the act or state of boiling. Elixir is a supposed quintessence, or the philosopher's stone, or one of the names thereof. Some take it for the chemical powder of production,' says Minsheu. The word signifieth force or strength,' he adds. It is used for any cordial. No chymist yet the elixir got, But glorifies his pregnant pot, If by the way to him befal For when no healing art prevailed, When we see men grow old, and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years. Dr. Johnson. ELIXIR, in medicine, is defined by others, a compound tincture extracted from many efficacious ingredients. The difference between a tincture and an elixir seems to be this, that a tincture is drawn from one ingredient, sometimes with an addition of another to open it and to dispose it to yield to the menstruum; whereas an elixir is a tincture extracted from several ingredients at the same time. ELIZABETH, queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, was born at Greenwich, September 7th, 1533. She was early instructed in the learned languages, first by Grindal, and afterwards by the celebrated Roger Ascham. She acquired likewise considerable knowledge of the Italian, Spanish, and French, languages. Dr. Grindal was also her preceptor in divinity, which she is said to have studied with uncommon application and industry. That Elizabeth became a Protestant, and her sister Mary a Papist, was the effect of that cause which determines the religion of the most of mankind; namely, the opinions of those by whom they are educated: and this difference of opinion, in their tutors, is not at all surprising, when we recollect, that their father was of both religions, and of neither. But the studies of Elizabeth were not confined merely to languages and theology; she was acquainted with the political history of the ancients; and was also well skilled in music. After the short reign of her brother Edward, our heroine being then about twenty years of age, and her bigoted sister acceding to the crown, Elizabeth experienced a considerable degree of persecution, so as to be even apprehensive of a violent death. She was imprisoned; and we are told inhumanly treated. At last, by the intercession of king Philip of Spain, she was set at liberty; which she continued to enjoy till, on the death of her sister, she, on the 17th of November, 1558, ascended the throne of England. Her political history as a queen, is universally known and admired. See ENGLAND. But her attention to government did not suspend her pursuit of learning. Ascham, in his Schoolmaster, tells us, that, about 1563, five years after her accession, she being then at Windsor, besides her perfect readiness in Latin, Italian, French, and Spanish, she read more Greek in one day than some prebendaries of that church did read Latin in a whole week.' She employed Sir John Fortescue to read to her Thucydides, Xenophon, Polybius, Euripides, Æschines, and Sophocles.-Ballard, p. 219. That the Latin language was familiar to her, is evident from her speech to the university of Oxford, when she was near sixty; as well as from her spirited answer to the Polish ambassador in 1598. But,' says Walpole, a greater instance of her genius, and that too in Latin, was her extempore reply to an insolent prohibition delivered to her from Philip II. by his ambassador, in this tetrastic. 6 Te veto ne pergas bello defendere Belgas: Quæ Dracus eripuit, nunc restituantur oportet: Quas pater evertit, jubeo te condere cellas: Religio papæ fac restituatur ad unguem. She instantly answered him, with as much spirit as she used to return his invasions,' Ad Græcas, bone rex, fient mandata kalendas. Being pressed by a Romish priest, during her persecution, to declare her opinion concerning the real presence of Christ's body in the wafer, she answered, it is said, Christ was the Word that spake it; Sir Walter Raleigh having wrote on a window, If thy heart fail thee climb not at all. Worthies of Devonshire, 261. Elizabeth was doubtless a woman of singular capacity and extraordinary acquirements; and, if we could forget the fate of her cousin, queen Mary, and of her own favorite, Essex, together with the burning of the anabaptists; in short, could we forbear to contemplate her character through the medium of religion and morality, we might pronounce her the most illustrious of illustrious women. See ENGLAND, MARY, and SCOTLAND. She died at Richmond the 24th March, 1602, aged seventy, having reigned fortyfour years, and was interred in the chapel of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey. Her successor, James, erected a magnificent monument to her memory. She wrote, 1. The Mirrour or Glass of the Sinful Soul. This was translated out of French verse into English prose, when she was eleven years old. It was dedicated to queen Catherine Parr. Probably it was never printed; but the dedication and preface are preserved in the Sylloge epistolarum, in Hearne's edition of Livii Foro-Juliensis, p. 161. 2. Prayers and Meditations, &c.; dedicated to her father, dated at Hatfield, 1545, MS. in the royal library. 3. A Dialogue out of Xenophon, in Greek, between Hiero a king, yet some time a private person, and Simonides, a poet, as touching the life of the prince and private man; first printed from a MS. in her own hand writing, in the Gentleman's Magazine, for 1743. 4. Two Orations of Isocrates, translated into Latin. 5. Latin Oration at Cambridge, preserved in the king's library, in Hollingshed's Chronicles, p. 1206; and in Fuller's History of Cambridge, p. 138. 6. Latin Oration at Oxford; in Wood's History and Antiquities of Oxford, lib. i. p. 289; also in Dr. Jebb's Appendix to his Life of Mary, Queen of Scots. 7. A Comment on Plato. 8. Boethius de Consolatione Philosophiæ, translated into English, 1593. 9. Sallustius de Bello Jugurthino, translated into English, 1590. 10. A Play of Euripides, translated into Latin, Cat. of Royal Auth. 11. A Prayer, for the use of her fleet in the great expedition in 1596. 12. Part of Horace's Art of Poetry, translated into English, anno 1598. 13. Plutarch de curiositate, translated into English. 14. Letters on various occasions to different persons; several Speeches to her Parliament; and a number of other pieces. Dr. Lingard, the Catholic historian, has given us a character of this princess which displays the usual research and elaborate care of his work. It is perhaps, as a whole, a fair specimen of his History of England. We subjoin the principal part of it. In the judgment of her contemporaries,' he says, and that judgment has been ratified by the consent of posterity, Elizabeth was numbered among the greatest and most fortunate of our pances. The tranquillity which, during a reign of nearly half a century, she maintained within ber dominions, while the neighbouring nations were convulsed with intestine dissensions, was taken as a proof of the wisdom or the vigor of her government and her successful resistance against the Spanish monarch, the many injuries which she inflicted on that lord of so many kingdoms, and the spirit displayed by her fleets and armies, in expeditions to France and the Netherlands, to Spain, to the West and even to the East Indies, served to give to the world an exalted notion of her military and naval power. When she came to the throne, England ranked only among the secondary kingdoms; before her death it had risen to a level with the first nations in Europe. 6 Of this rise two causes may be assigned. The one, though more remote, was that spirit of commercial enterprise, which had revived in the reign of Mary, and had been carefully fostered, in that of Elizabeth, by the patronage of the sovereign, and the co-operation of the great. Its benefits were not confined to the trading and sea-faring classes, the two interests more immediately concerned. It gave a new tone to the public mind: it diffused a new energy through all ranks of men. Their views became expanded: their powers were called into action: and the example of successful adventure furnished a powerful stimulus to the talent and industry of the nation. Men in every profession looked forward to wealth and independence: all were eager to start in the race of improvement. The other cause may be discovered in the system of foreign policy, adopted by the ministers; a policy, indeed, which it may be difficult to reconcile with honesty and good faith, but which, in the result, proved eminently successful. The reader has seen them perpetually on the watch to sow the seeds of dissension, to foment the spirit of resistance, and to aid the efforts of rebellion, in the neighbouring nations. In Scotland the authority of the crown was almost annihilated; France was reduced to an unexampled state of anarchy, poverty, and distress: and Spain beheld with dismay her wealth continually absorbed, and her armies annually perishing, among the dikes and sand-banks of the Low Countries. The depression of these powers, if not a positive, was a relative benefit. As other princes descended, the English queen appeared to rise on the scale of reputation and power. In what proportion the merit or demerit of these and of other measures should be shared between Elizabeth and her counsellors, it is impossible to determine. On many subjects she could see only with their eyes, and hear with their ears; yet it is evident that her judgment or her conscience frequently disapproved of their advice. Sometimes, after a long struggle, they submitted to her wisdom or obstinacy; sometimes she was terrified or seduced into the surrender of her own opinion: generally a compromise was effected by mutual concessions. This appears to have happened on most debates of importance, and particularly with respect to the treatment of the unfortunate queen of Scots. Elizabeth may perhaps have dissembled: she may have been actuated by jealousy or hatred: but, if we condemn, we should also remember the arts and frauds of the men by whom she was surrounded, the false information which they supplied, the imaginary dangers which they created, and the despatches which they dictated in England to be forwarded to the queen through the ambassadors in foreign courts, as the result of their own judgment and observation. It may be, that the habitual irresolution of Elizabeth was partially owing to her discovery of such practices: but there is reason to believe that it was a weakness inherent in the constitu |