Aristotle. Cuvier, Tom. Ι. ἐλέφας ἔχει μὲν μαστοὺς δύο, ἀλλ ̓ οὐκ ἐν τῷ στήθει ἀλλὰ πρὸς τῷ στήθει. Ρ. 26. Τὰ δὲ ζωοτόκα καὶ τετράποδα L'homme a une prééminence ζῷα ἄλλο ἄλλην ἀφίησι φωνὴν, particulière dans les organes de διάλεκτον δ ̓ οὐδὲν ἔχει, ἀλλ ̓ ἴδιον sa voix ; il peut seul articular des τοῦτ ̓ ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν· (p. 107,) sons ; la forme de sa bouche et la grande mobilité de ses lèvres en διάλεκτος δ ̓ ἡ τῆς φωνῆς ἐστὶ τῇ sont probablement les causes. γλώττη διάρθρωσις. τὰ μὲν οὖν Ρ. 86. φωνήεντα ἡ φωνὴ καὶ ὁ λάρυγξ ἀφίησιν, τὰ δ ̓ ἄφωνα ἡ γλῶττα καὶ τὰ χείλη· ἐξ ὧν ἡ διάλεκτός ἐστιν. Ρ. 105. Αφίησι δὲ καὶ ὁ δελφὶς τρεγμὸν καὶ μύζειἔστι γὰρ τούτῳ φωνή-ἀλλὰ τὴν γλῶτα ταν οὐκ ἀπολελυμένην (ἔχει) οὐδὲ χείλη ὥστε ἄρθρον τι τῆς φωνῆς ποιεῖν. Ρ. 106. Aristotle. APES, &c. Cuvier, Tom. Ι. The feet of apes are peculiar, The hind feet of the quadruand resemble large hands, the mana (to which order apes betoes being like fingers, and the long) have a thumb capable of under surface of the hind foot like being opposed to the other toes, the palm of the hand, but termi- which are as long and as flexible nating in a badly shaped heel. as the fingers; whence they are Hence they often use their feet capable of climbing well: but as hands. Their arms resemble they do not easily walk, or supthose of man, as also their hands, port themselves in an erect posiand fingers, and nails; and they tion, because their pelvis is narbend their extremities in the same row, and the plane of the under direction as man does.* The surface of their feet is not horiupper part of their body being zontal. larger than the lower part, as is the case with decided quadrupeds; and their feet partaking of the character of hands; their pelvis moreover being small; they are from these joint causes incapable of continuing long in an erect position. * The same is true of quadrupeds in general : in most of which, however, Aristotle mistook the joint at the heel and wrist, for that of the knee and elbow. Aristotle. Like man they have two mammæ on the chest; and their internal anatomy resembles the human. Cuvier, Tom. I. In the character of their intestines, in the direction of their eyes, and in the position of their breasts, they resemble man ; and the structure of their fore-arms and hands enables them to imitate us in many of their gestures and actions. Some of the apes (πίθηκοι) The higher species of apes resemble man in many points, as have flat nails; and teeth very to their face for they have nos- much resembling the human both trils and ears; and both their in number and arrangement, and front and back teeth not much also in form: and they have no unlike those of man. tail. Οἱ δὲ πίθηκοι ἰδίους τοὺς πό- Les quadrumanes diffèrent de δας (ἔχουσι·) εἰσὶ γὰρ οἷον χεῖρες notre espèce par le caractère μεγάλαι, καὶ οἱ δάκτυλοι ὥσπες derrière ont les pouces libres et très-sensible, que ses pieds de οἱ τῶν χειρῶν, ὁ μέσος μακρότατος, opposables aux autres doigts, et καὶ τὸ κάτω τοῦ ποδὸς χειρὶ ὅμοιον, que les doigts des pieds sont πλὴν ἐπὶ τὸ μῆκος τὸ τῆς χειρὸς longs et flexibles comme ceux de ἐπὶ τὰ ἔσχατα τεῖνον, καθάπερ θέ- la main; aussi toutes les espèces νας· τοῦτο δὲ ἐπ ̓ ἄκρου σκληρότε· grimpent-elles aux arbres avec βον, κακῶς καὶ ἀμυδρῶς μιμούμε. facilite, tandis qu'elles ne se πτέρνην. κέχρηται δὲ τοῖς ποσίν tienment et ne marchent debout ἐπ ̓ ἄμφω, καὶ ὡς χερσὶ καὶ ὡς qu'avec peine, leur pied ne se posant alors que sur le tranchant ποσὶ, καὶ συγκάμπτει ὥσπερ χεῖ- extérieur, et leur bassin étroit ne ρας.Ἔχει δὲ καὶ βραχίονας favorisant point l'équilibre, P. ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπος, πλὴν δασεῖς· 100. καὶ κάμπτει καὶ τούτους καὶ τὰ σκέλη ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπος—πρὸς δὲ τούτοις χεῖρας καὶ δακτύλους καὶ όνυχας ὁμοίους ἀνθρώπῳ, πλὴν πάντα ταῦτα ἐπὶ τὸ θηριωδέστερον. Τὰ δ ̓ ἄνω τοῦ κάτω πολὺ μείζονα ἔχει, ὥσπερ τὰ τετράποδα-καὶ διά τε ταῦτα καὶ διὰ τὸ τοὺς πό δας ἔχειν ὁμοίους χερσὶ διατε λεῖ τὸν πλείω χρόνον τετράπουν ἂν μᾶλλον ἢ ὀρθόν· καὶ οὔτ ̓ ισχία ἔχει ὡς τετράπουν ον. Ρ. 35, 36. Τὰ δ ̓ ἐντὸς διαιρεθέντα ὅμοια Elles ont toutes des intestins ἔχουσιν ἀνθρώπῳ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦ· assez semblables aux nôtres, les Ρ. 36. Ἔχει δ' ἐν τῷ στήθει yeux dirigés en avant, les mamδύο θηλὰς μαστῶν μικρῶν. Ρ. 35. melles sur la poitrine. P. 100. τα z 2 Aristotle. Τὸ δὲ πρόσωπον ἔχει πολλὰς ὁμοιότητας τῷ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου· καὶ γὰρ μυκτήρας καὶ ὦτα παραπλή Cuvier, Tom. I. La liberté de leurs avantbras et la complication de leurs mains leur permettent à toutes beaucoup d'actions et de gestes semblables à ceux de l'homme. P. 101. Les singes ont à chaque mâchoire quatre dents incisives droites, et à tous les doigts des ongles' plats; deux caractères σια ἔχει, καὶ ὀδόντας ὥσπερ ὁ ἄν- qui les rapprochent de l'homme θρωπος, καὶ τοὺς προσθίους καὶ plus que les genres suivans; τοὺς γομφίους. Ρ. 35. leurs molaires n'ont aussi, comme les nôtres, que des tubercules mousses. P. 101. THE HEDGEHOG AND PORCUPINE. Aristotle. Porcupines and land-echini, or hedgehogs, are covered with spines, which are properly to be considered in these animals as a kind of rigid and indurated hair; for these spines do not serve the purpose of feet, as they do in sea-echini. Τριχῶν γάρ τι εἶδος θετέον καὶ τὰς ἀκανθώδεις τρίχας, οἵας οἱ χερ Cuvier, Tom. I. Hedgehogs have their bodies covered with quills instead of hair; and so have porcupines. Les hérissons et les porcé σαῖοι ἔχουσιν ἐχῖνοι καὶ οἱ ὕστρι- pics ont le corps couvert de piχες· τριχὸς γὰρ χρείαν παρέχου- quans au lieu de poils. P. 132 et σιν, ἀλλ ̓ οὐ ποδῶν, ὥσπερ οἱ τῶν θαλαττίων. Ρ. 10. 208. Aristotle. THE MOLE. Cuvier, Tom. I. All viviparous animals have The eye of the mole is so eyes, except the mole; and even small, and so concealed by the this animal, although it has nei- skin, that for a long time this ther the faculty of sight, nor eyes animal was supposed to be withreadily visible, cannot be said to out eyes. The blind rat-mole be altogether without eyes; for has no visible trace of external if its skin be taken off, you may eyes; but in taking off the skin, distinguish not only the natural a very small black point is situation of the eyes, but that observable, which appears to Aristotle. Curier, Tom. Ι. have the organization of an eye, black central part of the eye itself in which the pupil is con- without the possibility of being tained; as if these organs had employed as such, because the been imperfectly developed, and skin passes over it not only in an the skin had grown over them. entire state, but as thick and as If the skin, which is thick, be closely covered with hair as in stripped off from the head, you any other part of the face. This may perceive on its inner surface, may probably be the animal and in the usual region, distinct which, according to M. Olivier, eyes; which, though small and gave the idea to the ancients of shrunk, as it were, have all the describing the mole as totally essential parts of those organs, blind.t namely, a pupil placed in the centre of the black part of the eye, and that black part surrounded by the white.* Ζωοτόκα πάντα ἔχει ὀφθαλμοὺς) Son œil est si petit, et telleπλὴν ἀσπάλακος, τοῦτον δὲ τρόπον ment caché par le poil, qu'on en μὲν τιν ̓ ἔχειν ἂν θείη τις, ὅλως δ' a nié long-temps l'existence. P. οὐκ ἔχειν. ὅλως μὲν γὰρ οὔθ ̓ ὁρᾷ meme point du tout d'œil visible 137. Le rat-taupe aveugle-n'a οὔτ ̓ ἔχει εἰς τὸ φανερὸν δήλους ὀφε au dehors; mais quand on enlève θαλμούς· ἀφαιρεθέντος δὲ τοῦ δές- sa peau, on trouve un très-petit ματος ἔχει τήν τε χώραν τῶν ὀμμά- point noir qui parait organisé των καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τὰ μέλανα comme un cil, sans pouvoir ser κατὰ τὸν τόπον καὶ τὴν χώραν τὴν vir à la vision, puisque la peau φύσει τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ὑπάρχουσαν passe dessus sans s'ouvrir ni ἐν τῷ ἐκτὸς, ὡς ἐν τῇ γενέσει τη de poils qu'autre part. I se s'amincir, et sans y avoir moins ρουμένων καὶ ἐπιφυομένου τοῦ δέρpourrait, comme le dit M. Olivier, ματος. Ρ. 13. Αφαιρεθέντος δὲ qu'il eût donné aux anciens l'idée τοῦ δέρματος ὄντος παχέος ἀπὸ de faire la taupe tout-à-fait aveuτῆς κεφαλῆς κατὰ τὴν χώραν τὴν (gle. P. 201. ἔξω τῶν ὀμμάτων ἔσωθέν εἰσιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ διεφθαρμένοι, πάντ ̓ ἔχοντες ταὐτὰ τὰ μέρη τοῖς ἀληθινοῖς· ἔχουσι γὰρ τό τε μέλαν καὶ τὸ ἐντὸς τοῦ μέλανος, τὴν καλουμένην κόρην, καὶ τὸ κυκλώπιον. Ρ.100, 101. * Κυκλώπιον (Ρ. 101.) is evidently synonymous with λευκόν. (p. 12.) + By an examination of Aristotle's description it is evident that the ancients knew the true state of the case, namely, that the mole has eyes. Aristotle. THE BEAR. Cuvier, Tom. I. The bear is an omnivorous The bear though so powerful animal, living on various fruits, an animal is not disposed to feed on honey, on ants, and on flesh; on flesh, unless when compelled attacking not only the smaller by want of other food. Bears animals, but even wild boars and walk on the whole sole of the bulls.* The feet of the bear re- foot, and are thus enabled to raise semble hands; and for a short themselves with comparative time this animal can walk erect ease in an erect position on their on its two hind feet. hind feet. ̔Η δ ̓ ἄρκτος παμφάγον ἐστί. καὶ γὰρ καρπὸν ἐσθίει—καὶ μέλι καὶ μύρμηκας, καὶ σαρκοφαγεῖ; διὰ γὰρ τὴν ἰσχὺν ἐπιτίθεται οὐ μόνον τοῖς ἐλάφοις ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἀγρίοις ὑσὶν καὶ τοῖς ταύροις ὁμόσε χωρήσασα γὰρ τῷ ταύρῳ κατὰ πρόσωπον ὑπτία κατα πίπτει, καὶ τοῦ ταύρου τύπτειν ἐπιχειροῦντος τοῖς μὲν βραχίοσι τα κέρατα περιλαμβάνει, τῷ δὲ στόματι τὴν ἀκρωμίαν δακοῦσα καταβάλλει τὸν ταύρον. βαδίζει δ ̓ ἐπί τινα χρόνον ὀλίγον καὶ τοῖν δυοίν ποδοῖν ὀρθή. Ρ. 224. Aristotle. Les ours-malgré leur extrême force, ne mangent-ils guère de chent sur la plante entière, ce chair que par nécessité. Ils marqui leur donne plus de facilité pour se dresser sur leurs pieds de derrière. P. 141. THE SEAL. Cuvier, Tom. 1. The feet of the seal are so The seal brings forth its young on shore, but passes most of its short, and so enveloped in the time in the sea, and derives its skin, that on land they only serve Bourishment from thence. With them for crawling; but, as the respect to its extremities, it may interstices of the toes are filled be considered as an imperfect up with membrane, they act as quadruped; for immediately in excellent oars; and hence these succession to its shoulder blades animals pass the greater part of it has feet resembling hands;† their life in the sea, only coming * Its mode of engaging with the bull is thus described by Aristotle: "In engaging the bull, the bear throws itself on its back; and, while the bull is attempting to toss it, the bear takes the bull's horns between its paws, and thus overthrows its adversary." + From the shortness of the arm and fore-arm in this animal, Aristotle overlooked these parts. |