BY ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1907 AND 1897, BY CAUSES INDUSTRIES. II Teil. Gewerbe-Unfallstatistik für das Jahr 1907, pp. 352-362, 366–383.] TABLE 11.-CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS: PER CENT OF PERSONS KILLED OR INJURED AND BY INDUS PROPORTION OF ACCIDENTS DUE TO THE FAULT OF THE EMPLOYER, OF THE WORKMAN, ETC. Table 12 shows the per cent of accidents compensated for the first time in 1907 and in 1897, distributed in the proportion of those due to the fault of the employer, those due to the fault of the workman, and those due to four other specified causes. It is freely admitted that it was no easy task to decide which party was at fault in an accident, and therefore the per cents in the table are subject to some degree of uncertainty. The table does, however, give in a general way reliable information as to the party at fault, and the data as here compiled are regarded, both in Germany and in other countries, as entirely trustworthy. It is necessary to make a few statements. in explanation of the terms used at the head of the table in order to clearly define what is meant by the fault in each case. The accidents due to the fault of the employer include three classes: First, "defective apparatus, arrangements, etc.," includes accidents caused by faults in the plant generally, in the machinery, in poor or inadequate maintenance of the buildings or machinery; the employ BY ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1907 AND 1897, BY CAUSES TRIES-Conclud ed. ment of poor material; imperfect methods of work, especially the instructions given workmen; the use of loosely fastened parts of the plant, such as poor stairways, ladders, etc.; insufficient lighting of the workrooms, failure to remove snow or ice from the working places, etc.; second,"absence of or defective safety appliances" includes the failure to use proper apparatus, such, for instance, as one prescribed by the regulations of the association or one which is customary in the industry; and, third, "absence of or defective regulations, supervision, etc.," includes cases of imperfect management, insufficient number of supervisors, detailing unsuitable, especially youthful, workers for tasks which are beyond their powers or for tasks which are especially dangerous, etc. The term "fault of the employer" includes also the acts of foremen, supervisors, managers, etc. The accidents due to the fault of the workmen are classified into five groups: First, "lack of skill, inattention, or carelessness," includes accidents due to lack of ordinary skill or lack of ordinary care or caution which may reasonably be expected of a workman and includes the number of accidents which are generally comprised 85048°-Bull. 92-11—5 |