conditions as the rest of the laboring population; 34 of the 52 single men were also boarding or living in similar tenements; 17 families, 1 single woman, and 11 single men were living in houses in a slum district of the city. Most of these were not attracted to this district so much by the cheapness of the rent or by the immoral conditions prevailing in the neighborhood as by the fact that it was adjacent to one of the large pineapple canneries, where many members of these families were employed. Seven families and 7 single men and 2 women whose husbands were absent from the city, a total of 43 persons, were still living in the Iwilei camp, in which the Russians settled immediately after leaving quarantine. The population of this camp varied from 20 to 40 or 50 people at different times. In some cases, where the head of a family was dissipated, a period of unemployment or a protracted spree would bring the family back to the camp after a few weeks or months in better quarters. Thirty-six of the single men and 56 of the 69 married men were able to read and write. In addition to the 40 children attending public school, about 70 adults and minors attended night school at Palama Settlement.

Probably, if enough of the present immigrants remain in the Territory to learn the language and ways of the country and to become acclimated, they will soon rise to be plantation overseers and mechanics, will become small landholders, and altogether will form a most desirable element of the population. If a few hundred of these older residents were scattered throughout the Territory at present they would bridge over the gaps of misunderstanding between residents and newcomers, show the immigrants how to adjust themselves to Hawaiian conditions, and prevent most of the difficulties that have occurred. And if such a population remains from the immigration of 1909 and 1910 a fair prospect exists that at some future time another limited immigration from Siberia will be desirable. Several of the Russians who have come to Honolulu within the past few months have already applied for citizenship. As has been the experience with much assisted immigration in the past, but few of these people were originally farm laborers, and when they arrived in Hawaii agricultural work was as novel to them as it would be to city mechanics and factory operatives from the United States.

The following table shows the increase or decrease of the different oriental nationalities in Hawaii, by immigration and emigration, from June 14, 1900, the date of annexation, to June 30, 1910, or a period of approximately 10 years. These figures are compared with the net gain or loss of population of each nationality as shown by the census for the decennial period. In case of both Japanese and Chinese the natural increase is very large, probably sufficient to double the population of these races every 30 years. But some allowance

should perhaps be made for the probability that orientals were more thoroughly enumerated in 1910 than in 1900, immediately after annexation, and that consequently the increase shown is not entirely a true one. The percentage of deaths is low among the Japanese because this population consists principally of men and women in the first years of manhood and womanhood, and of very young children. For the same reason the birth rate, as compared with the total population of this race in the Territory, is abnormally high, except as modified by a third condition, a smaller proportion of females than is found in a long-resident population.

ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES OF ORIENTALS, AT HONOLULU, FROM JUNE 14, 1900, TO JUNE 30, 1910.

[Report of the governor of Hawaii to the Secretary of the Interior, for the fiscal year ended June, 30, 1910.]

The table that follows shows the arrivals and departures of different nationalities at Honolulu for the five years ending with 1909 and for the first six months of 1910. The most significant fact, after the history of oriental immigration that it presents, is the large movement of Caucasians to California, which is so constant and of such volume as almost to counteract the influence of a vigorously assisted immigration supported by the Government. The appearance of the Filipino and the Hindu presents a new problem, mingling economic relief with civic and sanitary menace. The net increase of population through the immigration of all the nationalities or races mentioned. during the past five years has been two less than a thousand, although during this period nearly 57,000 immigrants arrived in the Territory.

STATISTICS OF IMMIGRATION, HONOLULU, 1905 TO 1909 AND FIRST SIX MONTHS

Total.. 44, 392 9, 005 3, 65627, 857 2, 801 2, 475 13, 632 3, 774 5, 516 41, 489 6, 575 7, 991 +2, 903 +2, 430 −4, 335

12 223 641 561+1,159 90+ 51 1

ARRIVALS OF CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREANS IN THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII FROM JULY 1, 1900, TO DECEMBER 31, 1905.

DEPARTURES OF CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREANS FROM HAWAII TO THE ORIENT AND THE COAST FROM JUNE 14, 1900, TO DECEMBER 31, 1905.

1 Not reported separately.

28 721 40,728 6, 784 4, 277 52, 507

• Figures are for 1903, 1904, and to June 30, 1905; figures for each year and for age and sex not separately reported.

Not including data for 718 Japanese, age and sex not reported.

In addition to bringing Portuguese and Russians to IIawaii, the territorial board of immigration has also maintained agents in California and New York City for the purpose of getting immigrants from the mainland. These latter attempts were practically fruitless. The real present desire of the people of the Territory is to attract and to retain as permanent settlers immigrants of Caucasian stock who will become citizens. Political considerations on the one hand, military considerations more or less remote on the other, and more

powerful than either (with those whose chief concern is as employers), a desire to be rid once for all of the constant expense and trouble of seeking labor away from home in the face of growing legal and economic obstacles, have created this sentiment in favor of an immigration policy different from that pursued in the days of contract labor. An added inducement for plantation employers to diversify and increase the Caucasian labor force was the strike of Japanese field workers in 1909.

THE JAPANESE STRIKE OF 1909.

The most important labor conflict that ever occurred in Hawaii began on some of the larger Oahu sugar plantations, near the city of Honolulu, in May, 1909, and continued throughout a good part of the following summer. Though there was no cessation of employment outside of this island, the issue was understood to involve all plantations in the Territory; the direct cost of the strike to employers-well toward $2,000,000—was distributed among all the plantations, and the striking laborers were supported by funds collected from their fellow-countrymen still at work in the cane fields of other islands and in the city of Honolulu.

The most important features of the strike were the following:

1. Sentiment in its favor was aroused by an agitation begun not by the laborers themselves, but by educated Japanese journalists and business men in Honolulu.

2. The movement had from the first a national character, but was not unanimously favored by the educated Japanese.

3. The strike was conducted by an organization officered and dominated by educated Japanese not themselves manual laborers, instead of by a trade union as known to Americans.

4. The demands of the strikers were for higher wages for day hands in the fields, and were strengthened by the fact that planters were offering one-third more pay, in similar positions, to Caucasian than to oriental field hands.

5. Enough citizen strike breakers, chiefly Hawaiians and Portuguese, offered themselves at a wage of $1.50 a day, in the neighborhood of Honolulu, to carry on the operations of the plantations.

6. Except in relation to strike breakers and nonsympathizers of their own nationality, the Japanese strikers were perfectly lawabiding in the sense of refraining from violence and destruction of property.

7. The strike ended through the financial weakness of the strikers, and because their leaders adopted a policy toward their Japanese opponents which brought them into the toils of the law.

8. Following the strike the condition of Japanese laborers has been improved, and they now earn more than formerly.