PROSPECTUS.

BIBLIOGRAPHIE FRANCAISE, ALLEMANDE, ITAL

hatched on the hair and crawling into the mouth? is it possible, in our country, ever to have artists rett and Bancroft, that of all the languages they If they are scraped off, will they hatch on the ground. whose productions will command the prices men- knew, they would be most unwilling to part with and will they then crawl up the horse and get into tioned below? Is not the condition of our country their knowledge of the German. his mouth? I make these inquiries, because pre- every year less congenial to the growth of that art? vention is not less important than cure of disease. Is it consistent with the general happiness of the Hickory ashes are recommended as a preventive of citizens of any country that such prices should be IENNE, &c. the botts. They may generally have a good effect, given for such articles--are they not luxuries pur-Ou, Journal général des productions Litéraires et Seibut I know they are not always a preventive. Is there chased for the few by the sweat and oppression of entifiques De La France, De L'Aelemagne, &c. any preventive which may be relied on? Do botts ever the many?] produce the death of a horse, without eating through MR. ZACHERY'S PICTURES. In no country in the world, are the use and necesthe intestines? They sometimes destroy the inner sity of instruction so forcibly felt as in the United The sale of the grand collection of pictures, the States. The Americans know that in order to be a coat of parts of the intestines without eating through. property of Mr. M. M. Zachery, of the Adelphi free people, they must be an enlightened one. ConseWill this alone produce inflammation and death? Terrace, took place yesterday afternoon, at Mr.quently ail their efforts tend to a rapid improvement Will it not, at least weaken the digestive powers Phillips's, New Bond-street. It would be impossi in the arts, the sciences, and the system of educaand produce tendency to cholick? ble to describe the interest which the announcement tion, which end is attained by their unparalleled arI have several times successfully tried the reme-of so fine a collection for sale occasioned, from the dour in establishing schools, colleges, and Universidy of Nimrod Owings, as prescribed in 5th vol. Anie- minor artist to the most proficient in the art. ties in different parts of their great republic. It can rican Farmer, page 214, but have found the opera- The following were a few of the principal, with be justly said that elementary education is both tion of the oil slow, and deficient in purging the their prices attached: A grand Italian Landscape, horse. What is the quickest, and at the same time by Claude Loraine, in which the artist has intro-them than in any other part of the world. In what more generally and more extensively diffused among safest purge, that can be given to a horse? What duced an historical subject from Ovid-1550 gui- other country in proportion to its population do we Nourishment, and how prepared, is best for a horse The celebrated Water Mill, by Hobbrina find so great a number of schools, and so adequateafter taking a purge, and how should he be treated and Berghem-1150 guineas-- A Grand and So-ly supported as in United States? If, however, priuntil it operates? I am well satisfied the only reme- lemn Landscape, with the effect of a Storm, by dy for the botts after they have seized upon the in- Ruysdael-870 guineas. A Marine View on the where, the higher branches of learning have not yet mary education is more disseminated here than elsetestines, must be, to induce them to let go, and then Coast of Holland, by W. Vandervelde; (this fine attained the same degree of perfection as in Europe. pass them off by purging; for any thing that will gem of the art formerly adorned the collection of a With respect to the sciences, and general literature, kill a bott, will kill a horse. Are there any symp-distinguished personage,)-565 guineas. The Viran ample field is left for improvement, which it is toms by which it can be ascertained, whether a horse gin Child, and St. Joseph, by Julio Cesarle Proraui- hoped will not long remain unproductive. To acis troubled by botts until they seize upon the intes-ni-510 guineas. A Landscape with Cattle, and a complish this end, the useful acquirements of other tines in such a manner as to give him pain, and Shepherdess Reposing, &c. by A. Vandervelde nations must be made subservient to our literary admake him roll and tumble? Is there any other dif- 500 guineas. The Interior of an Apartment, with vancement. Since the invention of printing, it is ference, than the swelling of the body, between the the Portraits of the Artist and his Wife, and Jan no longer necessary to go abroad to receive oral insymptoms of grubs and cholick, after the horse has Stein, by G. Metzu-500 guineas. A Landscape, structions, from the wise and the learned, we are become restless and uneasy? with Cattle and Sheep crossing a River, by Ruys-now possessed of the means of studying their writdael-390 guineas. The Interior of a Corps de ings at home. But in order to become acquainted Garde by David Teniers--380 guineas. A View of with them, we must be apprized of their existence. a Sea port in the Levant, by J. Lingleback--245 Literary journals furnish us only with an account of guineas. The Pilgrim, by Wouvermans--250 gui-the most remarkable productions, and the bulk of A Landscape, by Berghem--205 guineas. them remains unknown to us. It is to obviate so The Portrait of Helena Foremanus, the Virgin, and great an inconvenience, that I publish the BibliograInfant Christ, by Rubens--280 guineas; and a num-phie de la France. I shall not, however, limit myber of others equally interesting and valuable.

Certainly no animal is so useful or important to man as the horse; yet very few know any thing of the nature or cure of his diseases. In our southern country more than half the horses die of botts or cholick; yet you seldom find two men agree in the mode of treatment of either. An answer to the foregoing queries and suggestions relative to botts, I am sure will be useful to, and gratefully received by most of your readers; and they are suggested with the hope that those who have experience and skill, will contribute their knowledge for the general good.

In the Farmer, Glauber salts and bleeding are recommended for the cholick. Either is good; but both administered in due time, never fail to cure.

The proper and best method of rearing and treating young horses, from birth to maturity, together with the treatment and food of mares, while in foal and suckling, is very little understood. A full and minute essay on these matters would be of great value. Many of your readers (none more than Mr. Broadnaxe of Va.) are capable of furnishing full information on these points. It may well be hoped, that novices and amateurs in breeding, will soon be furnished with the necessary information.

A SUBSCRIBER.

MISCELLANEOUS.

PAINTING.

neas.

neas.

THE FARMER.

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, AUGUST 15, 1828.

The Trustees of the Maryland Agricultural
Society will hold their next meeting on Thursday,
next, the 21st inst., at Bloomsbury, the residence of
Henry V. Somerville, Esq.

Having had the pleasure, for some years, to know the author of the following prospectus, entertaining full confidence in his capacity and resources for the undertaking, we copy it the more readily, as we believe it will make known the existence of a publication that must be interesting, and of real utility to physicians, lawyers, general scholars, parents, tutors, and all, in short, who wish to avail themselves of the new works in foreign, and especially French science and literature.

Through Mr. De Behr, any of the new or ex[To whatever other arts a republick may be con-isting publications may be procured, an idea of sidered as favourable, it is not the soil for the fine their contents and general plan having been first art of painting. Where every man's estate, as soon obtained through the medium of his proposed as the breath escapes from his body, is chopped up, "Journal of the Literary and Scientific productions of and divided amongst all his relations; there can ne-France and Germany.”

self to that country exclusively. The most important publications of Germany, the Netherlands, &c. &c. shall be presented to my readers. I have given the preference to France on account of its language being of all foreign tongues the most universally cultivated here, and its literature one of the most brilliant of Europe. In order to shew its importance, I give a sketch of the number of volumes published in that language during ten years, from 1816 to 1825.

By dividing these 74.825,983 volumes, by 7,500, the result will be nearly 10,000 different works pub lished in the course of those years. How many of ver be such accumulation as will enable many to We are persuaded that the American publick, we those works are known in the United States? indulge in the purchase of the chef d'œuvres of great mean even the reading portion of it are not aware The Bibliographie Francais will be published artists. Where the tendency of the laws and insti- of the very bigh rank and value of German litera-once a month, and offer a sketch of all the works, tutions is to make all poor, and dependent on the ture in the estimation of the few whose good fortune pamphlets excepted, which will have been publish constant exercise of their individual faculties, men has made them familiar with it: we were first most ed three months previous to the appearance of each will undoubtedly make great progress in the useful forcibly impressed with the value of the treasures number. At first it will simply be a list of the titles arts and trades-necessity will sharpen their inge- inaccessible to those who are ignorant of that lannuity, and numerous will be the inventions where guage, by being told by two amongst the most eruthe gain is immediate and the market sure; but how dite scholars our country can boast of, Messrs. Eve

* I have prepared this table according to the "Notions statistiques sur la librairie, par le Comte Daru.”

of foreign works with a few explanatory notes. But quantity offered on Tuesday at public sale, did noted thereto, with the additional advantage of many fine should I receive the encouragement which such a exceed 1200 bales. Our importations up to this springs on the premises. It is, no doubt, a very healthy publication is justly entitled to, I shall give notes date amount to 245,286 bales--being a deficiency place, from experience of 24 years ownership and residence thereon; which renders it, in every respect, comprising a fair and extensive analysis of those of 100,000, up to the same date last year. works with additional sheets. These notes will be truly valuable, and justly merits the attention of any HAVRE MARKETS, JUNE 30. gentleman or capitalist who might feel a wish to erect a summary of the articles of the Revue EncyclopeNotwithstanding the arrivals of cotton have been various manufactories, &c.-as for instance, carding dique of the Bulletin du Baron de Ferusac, of the considerable during the past week, our prices are and spinning works, weaving, &c., and many others, to Journaux des Littératures Francaise et étrangère, pub-well sustained, in consequence of the general opi-favour an adventurer; who, on such an occasion, might lished by MM. Treutte & Wurtz; of the Journal des nion that the supply from the United States for the find it greatly to his interest to view the premises, and Savans, of the Haller, Jenaer and Leipziger literatur- remainder of the season will leave an important re-judge for himself; and who, I venture to assert, cannot zeitung, of the Repertoir der Deutchen literatur pub-duction. The sales of the week are 1454 bales, viz. Mill Brook will be sold low for cash, as the improvefail of being pleased, as it is truly a romantic situation. lished by Mr. Cnoblorh, &c. 673 Louisiana, at 90 to 110; 687 Georgia, 65 to 100 ments cost me half the amount I might be disposed to first price, for some very poor,)-12 bales Louisiana take for the whole; or I would take part, or all, in NeSea Islands, 170. The arrivals, are 7898 Louisiana; groes, if the terms could be agreed on. Should I not 2638 Georgia; 1238 Pernambuco, and 79 Hayti-sell at private sale, on or before the 8th of September total 11,358 bales. next, it will, on that day, be sold at public auction, on the premises, to the highest bidder-at which time further particulars will be made known. Possession can be given immediately. ISAAC HILLIARD.

Although I do not pretend to present myself before the public as a judge of the knowledge and merits of others, still I am capable of giving an annual and complete repertory of French literature. This admits of no difficulty owing to the extensive journal on book trade published in Paris, by Mr. Beuchot. From this journal will be derived in a great measure the materials for the early numbers of my work. CHARLES DE BEHR.

New York, June 25th, 1828.

Terms and Conditions of the Subscription. The "Bibliographie," consisting of 16 pages will be published once a month, in a style similar to that of the annexed specimen. At the expiration of each year, I shall deliver to the subscribers three tables under the following heads:-Alphabetical table of the works. Systematical table of the works, and an alphabetical table of the names of the authors. The terms are $3 a year, payable in advance. Subscriptions received at the office of the American Farmer.

(From the New York Advertiser of August 12.) LATEST FROM FRANCE. The ship Olymphia, Wood, arrived yesterday morning, sailed from Havre on the 2d ult.

PARIS, June 27.

A French courier who left the head quarters of the Russian army on the 13th inst. brought the following bulletins of the operations of the Imperial troops:

Camp of Satounnwa, 11th June, 9 P. M. After our troops had forced the passage of the Danube on the morning of the 8th, the river was covered throughout the whole of that memorable day with vessels transporting our soldiers and artillery to the positions abandoned by the enemy.

Our present stock is 51,128 bales, including 43,649 United States. Last year the stock was 66,624; and 56,164 United States.

BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT.

The sales of Potashes consist of 150 bbls. New York, (new,) at 40.50; 40 bbls. 1827, at 40; 240 bbls. (208 re-marked 1828, and 199 first sort,) and 32 first sort 1827, 39.50; 40 bbls. (37 first sort,) 40.50; and 25 bbls. 1828, 41. 75 bbls. new Pearls, recently received from N. York, have been sold for 42.25.-red, 3.50 a 4.50-fine red, 6.00 a 7.00-wrapping, 50 tierces new prime Rice have been sold for 22.50 in bond; and another lot of 15 brought 26, duty paid.

WOODSIDE INSTITUTE,

Corrected for the American Farmer, by Edward I. Willson, Commission Merchant and Planters' Agent, TOBACCO.--Scrubs, $3.00 a 6.00-ordinary, 2.50 a 3.50 6.00 a 10.00-Ohio ordinary, 3.00 a 4.00-good red spangled, 6.00 a 8.00-yellow, 6.00 a 9.00-fine yellow, 10.00 a 20.00-Virginia, 2.50 a 8.00-Kapahannock 2.75 a 3.50 Kentucky, 3.00 a 5.00. Amount of Inspections the last week, 274 hhds. Maryland, and 19 hhds. Ohio.

For Practical Education and Agriculture, FLOUR-white wheat family, $6.00 a 6.50-superfine Embracing the leading features of Fellenberg's esta- Howard-street, 5.00 a 5.124; city mills, 4.87; Susqueblishment in Switzerland, will be opened on Monday, hanna, 4.75-CORN MEAL, per bbl. 2.50-GRAIN, best the 8th of September next, and conducted by JOHN M.rdinary to good, .85 a .95--CORN, .33 a .35-RYE, .42 ed wheat, .95 a 1.00-best white wheat, 1.10 a 1.25— KEACY, M. D.

weeks each.

The year is to be divided into four terms of twelve-OATS, bush. .20 a .22-BEANS, 1.25-PEAS, .60 a.75CLOVER SEED, 4.25-TIMOTHY, 1.50 a 2.25-ORCHARD GRASS SEED, 2.25 a 3-Herd's 1.00 a 1.50-Lucerne 374 .50 pr. lb.-BARLEY, .60 a 62—FLAXSEED, .75 a.80-CorTON, Va. .9a.11-Lou. .13 a 14-Alabama, .11.12Mississippi.10 a .13-North Carolina, .10 a.11-Geor .221-WooL, common, unwashed, lb., .15 a .16-washgia,.9 a.10-WHISKEY, hhds. 1st proof, 204 a .21-bbls.

Pupils may remain, during the vacation, free of charge.

None shall be admitted without testimonials of pre-
vious good behaviour, or for less than a year, and three
will be 200 dollars per annum for boarding, washing,
months payment will be required in advance. The fee
mending, bedding, and tuition.

Parents may be exempted from any claim for books,
stationery, &c. by paying twenty dollars per annum.
No other incidental expenses are contemplated.
The number of pupils to be admitted as boarders, at
present, will be limited to twelve. To these will be
added, as day scholars, the children from one family

on the farm.

with him an umbrella, and materials for keeping his
Each pupil, besides a supply of clothing, should bring
head, teeth and shoes in order,

Woodside Farm is one mile west of the Schuylkill
falls, from which it is elevated nearly 200 feet. The
situation is proverbially healthy.
Further particulars may be obtained from Jeremiah
Warder, at Race street wharf, (Philadelphia,) or on
the premises.
Aug. 15.

On the 9th, the passage of our troops was continued. In the afternoon, the emperor himself set foot on the Turkish territory. He traversed the Danube under the guidance of ten Zaporavian Cossacks. Their Hettman, once a Pacha with two tails, held the rudder. By a singular coincidence, his majesty received intelligence the same day that the Schah of Persia had named after him one of the regiments of his guard. He visited all the positions abandon-TO MANUFACTURERS-VALUABLE PROed by the Turks, and presented Marshal Wittgenstein with one of the cannon found in the Turkish works. On his return, the emperor embarked with the same Cossacks, and was reconducted by them to the Russian bank.

The bridge over the Danube is finished; a brigade of cavalry is at this moment crossing it, and the whole army is about to follow.

PERTY FOR SALE.

ed, .18 a .20-crossed, .20 a .22-three-quarter, .25 a .30-full do. .30 a.50, accord'g to qual.-HEMP, Russia, ton, $220-Country, dew-rotted, ton, 136 a 140-waterrotted, 170 a 190-FISH, Shad, Susquehanna, No. 1, bbl. 5.75; do. trimmed, 6.50-North Carolina, No. 1, 6.25 a 6.50-Herrings, No. 1, bbl. 2.87 a 3.00; No. 2, 2.25 a 2.50-Mackerel, No. 1, 6.25 a 6.50; No. 2, 6.00; No. 3, 3.50 a 3.75-BACON, hams, Balt. cured, .10 a 11; do. E. .28-Plaster Paris, cargo price per ton, $3.374 a 3.50— Shore, .124-hog round, cured, .8 .9-Feathers, .264 ground, 1.25 bbl.

MARKETING-Butter, per lb. .124 a 25; Eggs, dozen, 121; Potatoes, bush. .75; Chickens, dozen, 2.00 a 2.50; Beef prime pieces, lb. .8 a.10; Veal, .S; Mutton, .61 a .7; young Ducks, doz. 2.50; young Lambs, dressed, 1.75; Pigs, do. .75 a 874; prime Beef on the hoof, 5.50 a 6.00; Sausages, per lb. .8 a .10; Soft Crabs, doz. !.50; Hard per peck; Apples, .12 a .25 per peck; green Corn, .10 do. .12 a. 184; Peaches, 1.50 per peck; Pears, .50 a.75 per dozen.

That most desirable seat and tract of Land, lying in Halifax county, North Carolina, on Big Fishing creek, CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 3 or 4 miles below the intersection of Little Fishing Sheep and Wool, Extracts from Luccock's Essay on creek and Big Fishing creek, and about 30 miles above Wool, On the Causes which act immediately on the Tarborough; the same distance below Warrenton and Fleece, continued-On the Culture and Curing of Louisburg; 20 from the town of Halifax, and 60 miles Hops-Prospects of Crops in New York and South Cafrom Raleigh-containing 2000 acres of Land, all ad-rolina-Mr. Prince's Linnæan Botanic Garden, near joining, and the greater part well adapted for corn, cot- New York-Remarks on the Olive Tree, by Mr. Jeffer Head Qaarters before Braila. ton, tobacco, &c. Mill Brook has a never-failing stream son-Family Spinners, much wanted in the South-On Field Marshal Wittgenstein reports that the ope- and an extensive Mill House, with four pair of grists in the construction of Farm Gates-Officers and Ninth anrations for reducing Braila, which continue with a breast-one pair French burs, one pair Cologne, and nual Report of the President and Directors of the Delasuccess, will soon be completed, and that the flotilla two pair sopus; bolting screen and fan; one corn crush- ware and Chesapeake Canal Company-Poetry, Saturday arrived from Ismail will probably intercept all com-er; two cotton gins; 50 and 54 saws; one saw mill--all Night at Sea-Pickling, to Pickle Cucumber Mangoes: munication between the fortress and the opposite under one roof. A tumbling dam nearly 100 yards long, Indian Pickle-Pedigree of thorough bred Horses, Sir bank of the river. with a pen of hewn timber, tithed across and filled in Alfred, and Shylock-Inquiries on Diseases of Horseswith rock, spoiled and sheeted, forming a tumbling dam Painting, sale of Mr. Zachery's Pictures in Londonperfectly safe in all freshets, having a permanent rock Prospectus of Bibliographie-Prices Current-Adverfoundation. Within the distance of about 200 yards tisements. north of the mill, is an elegant situation, high and dry, with a very spacious two story Dwelling House, (built in a modern and tasty style,) and all other necessary out-houses-a first rate well and spring of water attach

COMMERCIAL RECORD.
LONDON MARKETS, JUNE 27.
The cotton market continues dull, in consequence
of unfavourable accounts from Liverpool, and the

Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Tox, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts.

RENT

5,18

No. 23.-VOL. 10.]

AGRICULTURE.

(From Luccock's Essay on Wool.)
'SHEEP AND WOOL.

AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, August 22, 1828.

ON THE CAUSES WHICH ACT IMMEDIATELY UPON
THE FLEECE.

(Continued from p. 171.)

ture.

177

of its weight, we venture to pronounce it sufficient-beautiful of pastures. At present they are genely clear of yolk for all the purposes of manufac- rally kept clean and unincumbered; a symptom of their owner's improving taste and humanity. Nor The present mode of washing sheep in some have the staplers so much reason to complain of parts of the kingdom, especially where water is those shameful deceptions, which were once atscarce and the shepherds careless, instead of sepa- tempted to be practised upon them by rolling up a At present, if deceptions rating from the fleece all the sand, clay and other large quantity of the faces with the fleece, in order kinds of dirt, with which it is encumbered, supplies to increase its weight. it with a still larger proportion. The inefficacy of are practised by the grower, they are commonly Every one who remarks the condition of the plunging the sheep into stagnant water and muddy those of a more ingenious kind, such as he thinks fleece when offered for sale, is aware that a great pools, of driving them two or three times through will always remain undiscovered, or that the vesnumber of extraneous substances are mingled with a rivulet rendered turbid by their passage, we should tiges of them will be traced to some other cause the pile. The purest fleeces of Britain, which on suppose is obvious to all; and the inconvenience than the moral turpitude of his disposition. Yet account of their excellent qualities might rank with which often arises from driving them while wet when we find a line of sand strewed along the unthose of almost any other country, are generally along dusty roads, of lodging them in that state rolled fleece, or trace the evidences of its being encumbered with yolk, sand, grass, pitch, and even upon, dry fallows and sandy soils, is visible in the wound in a moist state, circumstances which even a the excrement of the sheep. We know not whe-colour and the grittiness of the staple. It is seldom novice in sorting can distinguish; when we notice ther it be possible for the grower to obtain his wool that we examine a parcel of wool without finding that the parcel is piled upon a damp floor, in the perfectly pure and undebased, without incurring an more or less of those substances, which render it north east corner of a barn, far from the influence expense which in many cases could not be rein-impure, and are thoroughly convinced that it is not of the atmosphere and the sun, as though jealous of bursed; perhaps spending more time and exercising always possible even for the most careful farmer to their evaporating power; when we see these things, more labour thin would be compatible with the at-prevent its contamination. The conduct of many we cannot help attributing them to some cause not tention, which the more important duties of the graziers, who, during the period in which the fleece always accidental. And should such parcels be farm require of him. Yet, without sacrificing his is preparing for the shearer's office, watch it with weighed by the stapler with a little unusual dexteriinterest to unnecessary precision, it is desirable that unremitted attention, and endeavour to obtain their ty, the grower must not be severe, for one decepthe staple should approach as near as possble to wool free from every alloy, is an annual reproach tion is instituted only to counteract the effects of the state of absolute freedom from every thing that upon those who seem to wash their flocks without another, and it would be a mere chance which imposes a tax upon the manufacturer, or readers any definite object, because it is the custom of the was most successful, had not the stapler the advandistrict where they live, and who neglect them en-tage of being last player; as such he is almost certain of winning the trick. But we plead not for his employment more tedious and difficult. The yolk, which has been so intimately mingled tirely while their fleece is drying. The custom of marking sheep by means of melt-deception; the man who stoops to use it is a villain, with the pile through the whole period of its growth as to form with it a compact and almost impene-ed pitch or a mixture in which it forms the princi- and his character ought to be posted through societrable coat, does not completely separate itself from pal ingredient, is very detrimental to English wools, ty. In these enlightened times but few, we hope, consciousness of virtue at so low a rate, and underthe wool by the mode of washing adopted in Bri-especially the larger kinds; often rendering them are so destitute of honour and integrity, esteem the tain, even though the operation be performed in the absolutely incapable of being applied to the manu best constructed pool, and by the most careful facture of worsted goods, their natural and appro stand their interest so little, as to ask the favours of workmen. The Spaniards, more aware of the ad-priate destination. It has long been complained of, fortune, by sacrificing at the shrine of dishonesty, It is not probable that persons, whose attention is vantages which result from the purity of the pile, and premiums offered for the discovery of a com- the first principles of social order. shear their flocks without subjecting them to the position, which shall answer the same purposes, alarm which agitates most quadrupeds when brci- without being injurious to the staple. The brand, repeatedly called to the properties of wool, should bly plunged into an element for which nature and as it is at present used, causes a great deal of trou- be entirely ignorant of the readiness with which it The ble and some expense, for in the early stages of the imbibes moisture, but perhaps few are aware of the their habits reader them peculiarly ant slaplers there break the fleece while in the yolk,manufacture it must be separated from the fleece, tenacity with which it retains it. A quantity of and wash the sorts produced from it with a degree and boys are generally employed in performing this wool, which betrayed no symptoms of an extraordiof care worthy the imitation of a British manufac-service, at the rate of a shilling or half a crown nary degree of moisture, has been submitted to a turer, and attain to a point of purity almost un-per week. The wages given for this work, when strong degree of heat, and dried even to crispness. known in English fleeces. If the sheep be washed not combined with any other, is commonly about a When examined, being still warm, it was found to before shearing ever so perfectly, and the utmost farthing where employment is scarce, in other places have lost one-eighth part of its original weight, care be taken to preserve them clean during the a halfpenny, for every pound of branded wool which it nearly recovered in a few days by being interval between the two operations, the perspira- When a fleece has been rolled up, according to the exposed only to the common influence of the attion of the animal, when exposed to the fervour of usual and legal method of winding every part of itmosphere. Perhaps this disposition to attract moisthe sun beams and oppressed by the weight of a is so distended, often so torn and mingled together, ture may be the circumstance, which has led some coat better adapted to the winter months, mingling as to render it utterly impossible that the workman to suppose that wool grows after it is separated with the fleece, again debases it staple. English should spread it before him in its natural order from the sheep. The fact is not probable; and the wool in the best state in which I lave ever observed He is then obliged to spend a great deal more time, increase of weight, the only circumstance upon it clipped from the back of thesheep, has contain- than would otherwise have been necessary, in ex- which the opinion rests, is easily accounted for upon At the genial season, when flocks are disburthened about one-twelfth part of it gross weight of this amining every fragment which passes under his more satisfactory principles substance, important to the eece while growing, eye, and in searching for the pitch mark, which is but of no value whatever in the process of ma- always extended over a considerable space, and ed of their coat, and pay the annual tribute due for nufacture; often it is mined with one-eighth sometimes eutangled with every other portion of the protection and sustenance which they have reof its weight, if heavily trred, as in the north the fleece. When separated from the other parts ceived, it is common to collect them within some of the island, the quantit of pure wool seldom he throws it to one general heap, which passes to grassy enclosure near to their owner's dwelling, cases is even the clipper, and when sufficiently cleaned, returns often within the precincts of Pomona, where, with exceeds one half, and some considerably less than til. The very great dif- to himself, and undergoes a second time the opera- ruddy sinile, she ripens her autumnal blessings.ference of condition in which British fleeces are tion of sorting. But when sheep are not branded With the best intention, the superintendant of the brought to market, accents in some measure for with pitch, or any other substance injurious to the busy scene directs that the sod be smoothly shorn. the variation of prices, hich are often mentioned staple; none of this additional expense and labour but unsuspectingly produces, by that means, a vast wool, in distant districts is incurred, every part of the fleece goes off from variety of short bits of grass, which, notwithstandas the current rates To form any proper idea the board to its proper sort, and is immediately ing his utmost care, attach themselves to the staple, Perhaps the best and are rolled up with the fleece. They do no maduring the same seaso of its intrinsic worth nd to obtain a well founded ready for the manufacturer. opinion of the relati- value of our own fleeces, or mode of preventing the inconvenience, which the terial injury to the pile, but cause a great deal of those which are impted from other countries, it brand occasions, would be to take it from the fleece trouble to some future workman who picks them is necessary to redu them to the standard of per- before the sheep be shorn; then it is easily found, out of it; for at some stages of the process through fect purity, to come only wool with wool. That is compact, and might be separated from the wool which wool passes before it reach the consumer, and wrought with the substance of the cloth, they point is already rermined by the treatment to with little trouble to the shearer, or inconvenience they must be separated. If twisted into the thread which wool is sufitted while under the hands of to the person who employs him. the manufacturer In some part or other of the process, by far larger proportion of the pile is scoured with soaand boiled in water; and when it will endure this eration, without losing a portion No. 23. Vol. 10.

We are pleased to observe that of late years become the object of the burler's notice, who leaves sheep are not commonly allowed to carry behind, for every particle which is extracted, a hole in the them those immense loads of their own excrement piece, to be repaired at the fulling mill, or by the which so frequently disgraced the most verdant and nicer operation of the fine drawer. The trouble

occasioned by the intermixture of dried vegetable it to the fields, sometimes of far distant counties, and then like the preceding coat become useless to particles with the wool is very considerable, whe- and pays for the carriage of it thither an extrava-the animal and be laid aside, we know not. No ther they be collected from the weeds so commonly gant price. experiments that I have yet heard of, have been inproduced upon ill-managed land, or from the hay, In the management of wool, especially if we stituted to ascertain the point, nor have we been which, owing to the usual structure of the rack, would obtain it in a perfect state, the time of shear-sufficiently curious in England to note the progress and by permitting the sheep to pull their fodder ing, though not of prime importance, is a circum- of the growing pile in the different seasons of the from the stack, or to crowd under it for shelter, stance deserving of some attention. It has fre- year. M. Fink, of Cositz, in Saxony, has commudrops its seed and smaller particles upon the fleece, quently been asserted that the fleece, if left entirely nicated to the Board of Agriculture, an excellent especially that part which grows near to the head. to the operations of natural causes, detaches itsell paper upon the subject of sheep, and observes, "that The shepherds upon the Downs of Marlborough, if from the skin of the sheep, and falls off, leaving the by clipping them twice a year, a practice common I mistake not, have adopted the use of another kind animal covered with a short and soft down, which in Germany, one tenth more wool is gained than by of rack, whose structure promises to obviate some proves to be the new coat in the incipient stage of clipping them only once; that a sheep chipped once of the objections made to the old one. its growth. The effect takes place during the pre-in two years, will certainly give one third less wool Some of these circumstances may be considered valence of hot weather, and may justly be consi- than if it had been clipped four times in two years, as trifling ones, and beneath the attention of the dered as one mark of that wisdom by which the and a sheep shorn once in three years, will furnish wool grower. Perhaps we may be told, as we have Creator, always provident for the comfort of his but half the wool it would have given, if it had been already, "that several of them are calculated creatures, has distinguished every part of his works. been cipped six times in three years." M. Fink to furnish employment for different classes of work Yet the decidence of the fleece does not appear to adds, the longer the wool the less quickly it grows, people, who, without it, must become burthensome be a characteristic feature of the tribe, an univer-till at last, when it has attained the length appointto the parishes where they belong; that the true sal law to which all sheep are subject, because ed by nature, it entirely stops and does not grow reason why we object to the filth of the wool, its some individuals have been observed to retain their longer" Unfortunately this intelligent wool growbrand and the dag-locks, is the price at which they coat through two whole years, a few have car-er, who has detailed his observations in general are purchased; and that if the fleece were really ried it even through three summers. We are not with a great degree of precision and perspicuity, rendered lighter and more valuable, by the absence aware that this faculty of retaining the fleece is en- has net informed us whether the different proporof impurities, staplers would give no more per tod tirely confined to any particular breed of sheep; it tions which he has given us, of the fleece grown for it than if the parcel had been in a fouler state." has been noticed in several of the English varieties, through one, two, or three years, be deduced from It is wonderful to observe with what an air of both those of the native stock and mingled with a the weight, or measure of the staple. If from the sapience these remarks are sometimes adduced; and foreign race, and the fact is not entirely unknown former, was the wool washed or in an impure state? when disdaining to reply to them, because it is im- either in Spain or in Germany. Nor is it a quality waghed in the yolk, the proportions which have possible to communicate discernment to stupidity, common to every individual. The breeds produc- been stated, may be very erroneous; because the or to derive information from prejudice, the triumph ing the finer kinds of wool often peel or loose a fleece which has grown through more than one winover us has been undisguised, and sometimes fol- portion of their coat early in the spring, and before ter exposed to the moisture of the season, may lowed by the loud laugh of ignorance. But of late the summer had passed would probably part with have ost a very considerable quantity of that yoik, years wool growers have been better instructed in the whole of it in the same manner, did not man in- which it would have retained, had it been shorn at the principles connected with their occupation; terpose and appropriate to his own use that cover-two separate periods. This very curious paper, alhave ventured to dispute the wisdom of their great ing, which has become superfluous to the quadrup- though unsatisfactory upon this particular point, grandfather's maxims, and to differ from antiquated ed. The pile of the long-woolled sheep seems to deserves the closest attention. It relates facts in practice. Some of them are now convinced that be much more firmly attached to the pelt than that the natural history of the sheep not commonly met every expense which the stapler and even the ma- of the other breeds, for if the animal be kept in with and intimates that the wool of the larger Gernufacturer incurs, whether it be on account of waste, good condition, and in good health, throughout the man breed attains its utmost length when continued carriage or labour, falls ultimately upon themselves. whole period when the wool is growing, and if well upon the back about four years, and even then exThey admit this most obvious of commercial max-attended by the shepherd, so as to promote its com-hibits no more symptoms of separating from the ims, viz: that the price which the consumer pays fort, there is no symptom of a disposition to cast skin, man the hair does of falling after the same pefor an article, is upon an average of years neither the fleece; it is retained, if the staple be any cute-riod of growth from the human head. It furnishes less nor greater, than the sum which forms the rion, with equal firmness through the coldes and data from which we infer that the utmost length of total of the prime cost of the materials, the expen- the hottest seasons, while those sheep which have staple produced from that race of sheep is about ses incurred in manufacturing them, and the rea- been kept upon commons all the winter, of even in thirteen inches, and leads us to conjecture that with sonable profit of those whose capital and skill are enclosures upon hard fare, will part with it very proper care, every animal of the species might be employed in the fabrication. If, therefore, while easily, when the food becomes more plentiful, and rendered capable of retaining its coat through any the price of goods continues the same, and the un- the condition of the animal is restored to its natu- length of time deemed convenient. avoidable expenses in producing them vary; if there ral state. When the flesh of the creature has de- Hence it appears that the time of shearing, if the be any alteration in the totai sum, whose items we clined during the winter months, and nature de- flock be in a healthy condition, may be regulated have just described, then the surplus, or the defi-mands more nourishment than can be procured, the entirely by the will of the shepherd, and the kind ciency, must be placed to the account of the far- secretion which produces wool seems to be destroy- of wool which he found it most advisable to culti mer, and his pocket will undoubtedly receive the ed, or applied to other purposes of nature, and the vate. If the prejudices of the country would adone, or be obliged to furnish the other. This posi- fleece which has been deprived of it, appears inca-mit of it, and the manufacture required a very short tion would be most abundantly verified, did it re- pable of reimbibing, in the spring, the renewed and delicate staple, sich would be easily procured quire any confirmation, by adverting to the history juices, but remains upon the pelt through the suc- by shearing the fleeceat two different seasons. The of the woollen manufacture only during the last ceeding months, merely a dead substance; and wool which had grownthrough the winter quarter, twenty years. It is the interest, therefore, of the when the natural juices are again secreted, they if we may judge from th prices given for it by foreign wool grower to contrive, by every possible means, form a new fleece, which gradually displaces the manufacturers, who are accustomed to work both to reduce the necessary expenses of the manufac- old one. Probably, at first, the new hairs are pro- the spring and the autumnal fleece, would be more turer; to send his wool to market in that condition duced from a scanty yolk, for they are almost uni- valuable than that, which is produced only in the which will require the least time and labour to re-formly pointed, and grow gradually thicker, until warmner season. But the fference in price is more turn it in articles adapted to the common purposes they occupy the whole diameter of the pores than compensated by the additional quantity of of life. No circumstance connected with this ob- through which they pass. If the low condition of wool; and for several yearsit was observed, when ject can be trifling. No measure, calculated to at- the sheep be connected with the decidence of the the price of the article was dvancing, that the autain it, can be unworthy of notice. It is not possi- fleece, and the real cause of it; and since none of tuninal fleece in Germany so for more money than ble that a person of common sense should really the double fleeces exhibit any symptoms of an un- that which had been shorn ad disposed of in the suppose that the stapler purchases dirt and impuri- healthy state, or a low degree of flesh during the spring of the year. Most of thbreeds of fine-woolties of any kind, which happen to be combined with whole period of their growth; it seems probable led sheep in Britain, it should beecollected also, proa parcel of wool, at the price given for the staple. that every sheep, if proper care were taken of it, duce a staple complained of byhose who fabricate In appreciating fleeces, the waste, carriage and ex- would retain its coat. it into woollen cloths, on accout of its exorbitant penses of every kind, must be objects of calcula- Appearances observed in the fleeces, which have length; a defect which would be ost effectually retion; they form a sum to be deducted from the in-grown through two or three successive years, ren- medied by clipping it more frequtly. But in this trinsic value of the fleece if in a pure state, and der it probable that the staple ultimately attains its country where woollen manufactus are established both manufactured and consumed upon the spot maximum of length; but whether it would continue most various in their nature and dect, and not less where it is grown. The farmer, then, who sends upon the back of the sheep, or detach itself from so in the material they require, shears must be filthy wool to market, transports manure which the pelt, giving place to a new pile, which would used with extreme caution. A le proportion of might be well applied upon his own land. He sends continue to grow through the same length of time, the British fleeces would be entire spoiled, if se