who was still surviving, was too feeble to attend. Mr. Toulmin remarked, on taking the chair, that he was present at the meeting when Mr. Livesey made the first speech, which indicated that in his opinion the pledge they had hitherto presented was not sufficiently broad to secure the object of guarding

men against intemperance, inasmuch as it permitted the use of malt liquors, with which the bulk of the people in his district went to excess. He showed that the intoxicating principlealcohol-was the same in each. After this the friends of temperance began to advocate the discontinuance of all intoxicants, which soon led to the adoption of the total abstinence pledge.

In April, 1834, Mr. Toulmin and Mr. Thomas Walmsley established the first purely Total Abstinence Sunday-school Society. Mr. Toulmin said: If asked now, close on the beginning of his 70th year, how far he was satisfied with the result of his experiences of total abstinence, he could conscientiously declare that it had more than justified all his expectations.

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND TEMPERANCE.

In 1859 there appeared in the public prints an address to the clergy of the Church of England from one hundred and thirty members of their own body, headed by Rev. Francis Close, D.D., Dean of Carlisle. Dr. Close had become a total abstainer, and had induced many others to follow his example. He had also established the Church of England Temperance Magazine. The address assumed that total abstinence was the only security against drunkenness; that moderate drinking supports drunkenness; that it is the duty of ministers to oppose the evil by all lawful means; that were they generally to adopt the principle of total abstinence it would be a very effective blow to the traffic, and exert an extensive influence over the habits and practices of all classes.

This was the beginning of a movement in the Church of England which has now become a strong and mighty temperance factor.

The Church of England Temperance Society became more fully organized in 1874. The queen is a patron; the Archbishops of York and Canterbury, the presidents. It received a strong impulse from the action of the Convocations. Its basis is union and co-operation on equal terms between those who use and those who abstain from alcoholic drinks, in endeavoring to promote its objects, which are: 1. The promotion of temperance; 2. The reformation of the intemperate; 3. The removal of causes leading to intemperance. Every local society has a board of officers, and is divided into two divisions or wards-the ward of total abstainers, and the ward of the temperate; that is, those who agree to drink only moderately.

The latter may make special limitations, as, for instance, that they will not drink in business hours, or socially, or on certain days, or to only a certain limit. Laborers and artisans pay a penny a week; others according to their means. If a man gives up his pledge, which he is at liberty to do, he must return his badge and card to the society officers, who inquire into the case and endeavor to persuade him to maintain his obligation. Every society is divided into knots or classes, with a leader or supervisor, who overlooks the weak and cares for his members.

The policy of this society has been criticised. Some have questioned the propriety of " mixing temperance and total abstinence." In reply, one class have aspersed those who stoutly advocate total abstinence as fanatics; while others have said, "Let us be practical in fighting drunkenness. There are many non-abstainers who lead quite temperate lives, seldom drinking much, and never so as to seem to be affected by what they drink, who can and will help us in many ways to fight the general battle. Let us join with them." It must be confessed that, on the whole, the present drift of the movement is toward total abstinence for the sake of others, as seen in endeavoring to bring up the young into the habits of sobriety, and in limiting all public, social, and business drinking within the narrowest bounds.

"The restraints of legislation are invoked in many ways to diminish the number of drinking houses and licenses of all descriptions; to close public houses on Sundays; to limit the hours of sale on week-days; to separate all music halls and saloons from drinking houses, etc. Coffee houses, lecture and reading rooms, and places of innocent recreation, with reading and music, are being furnished. Temperance coffee wagons, covered, with stove funnel running up through the roof, peddle out hot coffee at a penny a cup; and plain food sandwiches at a penny, to be eaten in the street. These wagons are in all the large cities. It is also attempted to drive out cider and beer from the hay and harvest field by furnishing, at a very cheap

rate, oatmeal water to the laborers, a drink nutritive, cooling, and easy to be had. In Devonshire, where the farmers rent large orchards, they have been in the habit of paying their help partly in cider, so that some peasants have been known to drink twelve quarts a day; and peculiar diseases, called “cider diseases," are rife, and laborers elsewhere have been thus tempted to excess. This practice is being driven out, though there is still much drunkenness among the agricultural laborers.

"It is said, also, that toast-drinking and treating in markets, where every trade is preceded by a drink, is falling into disuse, though much remains. A century ago it was no disgrace to be found after a feast under the table; now drunkenness brings disgrace and loss of social standing. It is proposed to pay beer-money instead of beer to servants, and it is hoped that temperance in the kitchen will even shame to better habits some above stairs. Evidently slow-moving England, which moves strongly when at all, is against drunkenness, in a movement which is in the hands of men who usually insure success."

ADVANCED VIEWS OF EMINENT ENGLISHMEN

clearly indicate the great progress which is going forward. Hon. Charles Buxton, M.P., has said:

The struggle of the school, the library, and the Church, all united against the beer house and the gin palace, is but one development of the war between heaven and hell.

Hon. Richard Cobden said:

The moral force of the masses lies in temperance; I have no faith in any thing apart from that movement for the elevation of the working class. We do not sufficiently estimate the amount of crime, vice, poverty, ignorance, and destitution which springs from the drinking habits of the people.

1" Boston Daily Advertiser," February 23, 1881. Facts supplied by an En. glish clergyman.