429 pouched. Swallowed.

443 tregetour. Juggler, impostor.

548 skills. Matters, signifies.

CHAPTER XLIII

16 flints or dung-hills. Respectable or vile.

87 dole. Charitable gifts made at time of funeral.

113 sacring-bell. The sanctus-bell used during the celebration of the mass.

184 barret-cap. A flat military cap; biretta.

200 neophytes. Novices; recently entered upon their course of

preparation.

258 Te igitur. The opening words of the canon of the mass, referring here to the manual of the mass, containing these words, upon which the oath was to be taken.

273 oyez. The old French proclamation, "Hear ye," made by the court crier at the opening of court.

277 essoine. See note, ch. xxxviii., l. 133.

340 Sadducees. The sceptics among the Jews.

372 Greek fire. A combustible mixture used in warfare, especially by the Byzantine Greeks; it would burn under or

on the surface of water.

416 purvey. Provide.

418 bravade. Bravado, boasting.

457 Faites vos devoirs, preux chevaliers! Do your duty, gallant

knights.

492 "Fiat voluntas tua!" Thy will be done.

65 Quare fremuerunt Gentes? Why do the heathen rage?

174 maugre. Despite. See ch. xxxii., l. 484.

284 de facto. In fact, i.e. actual.

319 mixed language, now termed English. "William the Con

queror did not attempt to supplant the English speech. Equally true is it that he did not depose English from its place as the language of official documents. Before the Conqueror's time, writs and other acts issued by the gov ernment had been in English or Latin. William I. continued the same practice, never using French in official documents, so far as shown by those preserved. After William's reign, the use of English in official records grows rarer until the reign of Richard I. (1189-1199), the first king after the conquest of whose reign no English document is preserved. Moreover, when English was displaced for a time in public documents, it gave way, not to the language of the Norman, but to Latin. . . . The first official use of French was in the year 1215, a century and a half after the conquest, and a decade after England had lost Normandy. . . . As an official language French was not intended for the majority of the people, but for a comparatively small official class. . . . English fully regained its place as an official language in the last part of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century. ... Gradually the two races became one, and the Normans came to speak and use the language of the English people At the same time English again came to be written with greater frequency, until it gradually displaced French entirely, and Latin also, except as the latter was sometimes preferred by scholars in scholarly treatises. Lastly, English of a particular variety, the East Midland of London, became the prevailing form in literature and the standard written language for the whole English nation." EMERSON, Brief History of the English Language, pp. 49-50.

475 Chaluz, near Limoges. "The exchequer was soon drained, and Richard listened with more than the greed of his race to rumours that a treasure had been found in the fields of the Limousin. Twelve knights of gold, seated round a golden table, were the find, it was said, of the Lord of Chaluz. Treasure-trove at any rate there was, and in the spring of 1199 Richard prowled around the walls. But the castle held stubbornly out, till the king's greed passed

He would hang all, he swore

man,

into savage menace. woman, the very child at the breast. In the midst of his threats an arrow from the walls struck him down. He died as he had lived, owning the wild passion which for seven years past had kept him from confession lest he should be forced to pardon Philip, forgiving with kingly generosity the archer who had shot him."-GREEN, History of English People, vol. i., pp. 188-189.

WRITTEN EXERCISE I

CHAPTERS I.-III. INTRODUCTION

1. On each of the following topics write a paragraph of about three hundred words, paying special attention to correct punctuation, capitalization, spelling, construction of sentences, and development of paragraph topic:

(a) Differences between the character of Gurth and that of Wamba.

(b) Cedric's dining hall.

(c) Normans and Saxons in early England.

2. Account for the form of the possessive in the phrase, “The Prior of Jorvaulx' question."

3. Account for Cedric's interest in Rowena.

4. In these chapters are any references to be found to the hero of the story, and if so do they predispose the reader's mind favorably or unfavorably?

5. Do the opening three chapters seem to have any unity of function or of purpose?

6. The setting of a novel generally serves some purpose of furnishing a background, of partaking in the general spirit of the action, or of harmonizing with the general spirit and thereby intensifying it. What seems to be the function of the setting, or background, thus far in Ivanhoe? Explain your answer.

WRITTEN EXERCISE II

CHAPTERS IV.-VI. — AT ROTHERWOOD

1. What is the difference in meaning between the two expressions: "Cedric, although surprised at his ward appearing in public on this occasion, hastened to meet her," and "Cedric, although

532

surprised at his ward's appearing in public on this occasion, hastened to meet her"?

2. Explain the significance of the Templar's words to the Prior upon Rowena's appearance, "I shall wear no collar of gold of yours at the tournament. The Chian wine is

your own." 3. The Templar, on recognizing Wamba, says, "I will assure you from all deaths but a violent one, if you give such directions to wayfarers, as you did this night to the Prior and me." Turn to the scene in the forest that provoked this remark from the Templar, and determine from it and from the events that succeed whether the Templar was at all aware that Wamba had misdirected him.

4. What is the significance of Wamba's remark to Oswald, when Isaac is introduced and Oswald questions whether or not to introduce him?- "Let Gurth do thine office, Oswald, the swineherd will be a fit usher to the Jew."

5. Explain upon what principle of paragraphing the paragraphs beginning, "Probably the same motives," etc., and "Had there been painters in those days," etc., on pp. 41 and 42, are made separate rather than parts of the same.

6. Is there anything in the description of the palmer that renders him more than the ordinary minor figure of the story, such as the Jew, for example, or the swineherd?

7. As the Templar becomes more and more familiar in this section, what impressions grow upon the reader in reference to his character?

8. Write a brief character sketch of the Prior of Jorvaulx, noting especially any traits that appear in these three chapters. 9. How does chapter VI. actually advance the story?

10. If the Jews were so ill treated in England, why did they remain there?

11. Explain the palmer's interest in Isaac the Jew.

12. Does Gurth use the language of a swineherd? What effect does this method of dealing with humble characters have on the general tone of a work of fiction?

13. Can it be said that the action of the story has begun as yet? Defend your opinion.