76 PREPOSITIONS AND TRANSITIVE VERBS. arrived. Our bravest hero died. Each shining globe revolves. Man's vigour fails. Her virtue shone conspicuous. These three equal superficies coincide. A thicker stratum succeeded. Are such materials costly? I safe repose. An oak tree flourished. What mortal dared? His little army's last remains perished. No other hope remains. Your own prudence dictates. Every one's judgment determined. She weeping exclaimed. Its smooth sloping sides expand. Their commander's admirable tactics prevailed. That exemplary husband, father, citizen, expired. Richard the Third's ambition proved vain. CHAP. IV. PREPOSITIONS AND TRANSITIVE VERBS. Rule 5. A PREPOSITION relates its antecedent to its object or consequent; as, "Gibraltar is a fortress in the south of Spain;" "The fortress belongs to us." Rule 6. The object of a preposition is expressed in the objective case; as, "Gibraltar is a fortress in the south of Spain;" "The fortress belongs to us." Rule 7. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the objective case; as, "The English possess Gibraltar ;” "David attacked the Philistines, and subdued them." 1. The natural place of the preposition is between the words which it relates, as in the sentence, "The mind of Cowper was often depressed by melancholy;" where of expresses relation between mind and Cowper, and by expresses relation between depressed and melancholy. Adjuncts, however, may prevent the preposition from being immediately adjacent to its antecedent or consequent term; as when we say, "Jamaica was taken from the Spaniards by the English:" in which example from expresses relation between taken and Spaniards, and by relates taken and English. Frequently, the antecedent term of the relation, as well as the consequent, follows the preposition; as, "In the battle of Cannæ, Hannibal defeated the Romans;" here the preposition in relates defeated and battle. 2. The consequent term in a prepositional phrase is generally a noun or pronoun, being the object referred to in Rule 6th, and required to be in the objective case. It would be incorrect to say, "We got the information from she;" propriety requires from her. 3. The only other part of speech that governs an objective case is a verb used transitively; as, "He treated us courteously;" "He received, in a few days, an acknowledgment;" here the words us and acknowledgment are, respectively, the direct objects of the transitive verbs treated and received, and are therefore in the objective case, according to Rule 7th. Such phraseology as "He treated I," offends against that Rule. 4. The usual position of the object of a transitive verb is after that verb. But many instances of the reverse arrangement will be met with; as, "Me have ye bereaved;" where me is the object of the transitive participle bereaved. 5. A relative pronoun, when it is the object of a transitive verb, always precedes the verb; as in the expression, "The man whom you named;" the relative whom being in the objective case governed by named. The reason of this precedence is the conjunctive character of the relative pronoun, and may be made intelligible by resolving whom into and him, although that resolution does not always produce a precise equivalent to the relative.* 6. To the exercises under this chapter we shall prefix an example of purely syntactical parsing, for occasional imitation. *See page 18. § 4. Examp. In the young man's behaviour we remarked a favour able alteration. Remarked in behaviour, A prep. relates its anteced. to its conseq. The behaviour, An adj. relates to the noun or pron. &c. Young man's, An adj. relates to the noun or pron. &c. Man's behaviour, The possess. case of a noun or pron. is governed, &c. In behaviour, The obj. of a prep. is expressed in the, &c. We remarked, The subj. of a pers. verb is expressed in the, &c. We remarked, A pers. verb agrees with its subj. in, &c. EXERCISES. Lisbon is in Portugal, at the mouth of the Tagus. He entered into the minutiae of his subject. Such apparent unconcern surprised me. From purity of thought all pleasure springs. I love the children among whom I labour. Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone. Candidates without number presented themselves. Value the counsels of experience. Has she a brother in India? With much difficulty we brought our ships to land. I had a pleasant walk along the city ramparts. Name the person whose claim you support. What tributaries follow him to Rome? His poetry I prefer for these two reasons. Many absurd schemes obtained encouragement at the same time. The plan which you recommend I adopt with eagerness. Thou reproachest a man whom I honour on many accounts. The power of music all our hearts allow. Mary's uncle brought news that delighted her. Few whom the love of country inspired were against the proposal. CHAP. V. ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS. Rule 8. AN adverb relates to the verb, adjective, or adverb, which it modifies; as, "The work proceeds slowly;" "Their loss is the most afflictive;""Few men have risen so rapidly." Rule 9. Conjunctions combine two or more words or sentences; as, "Andrew and he were schoolfellows;" "I may come, but I will not promise." 1. The adverb has neither concord nor government; but it must be so placed as to intimate clearly what word it modifies. In general, adverbs when they modify adjectives or adverbs, are placed before the word modified; but when they modify verbs, the verb has often the precedence; as, "His health is much improved;" "He is too strongly solicitous;""Our master acted impartially, as you may well suppose;" "You have come too soon." 2. Some conjunctions may unite two or more distinct subjects into one compound subject, as in the example, “ Livy and Tacitus are eminent historians;" in this sentence the two singular nominatives are equivalent to one plural subject, and therefore they are followed by a plural verb, which is, moreover, of the 3rd person, as the pronoun they is understood to represent the two subjects. But sometimes the subjects are brought together by a conjunction that distinguishes them; as " John or his brother must go;" here John and brother do not furnish a compound subject, but a choice of subjects; as, therefore, the one or the other is the subject, and either subject is of the 3rd person and singular, the verb must is the 3rd person singular. So also, in the sentence, "Weakness, but not wickedness, occasioned his failure," the verb occasioned is 3rd pers. sing., referring affirmatively to weakness and negatively to wicked ness. 3. When two or more subjects, united by the conjunction and, differ in person, the plural verb conforms to the 1st person, if one of the subjects is of that person; otherwise, it conforms to the 2nd; as, “ You and Andrew are good friends;" the verb are being of the 2nd pers. plur., as the pronoun you is understood to be repeated, and to represent both you and Andrew. So also, "Edward and I went together" contains a noun of the 3rd person and a pronoun of the 1st, and of these united the pronoun we is the understood representative; therefore the verb went is of the 1st pers. plur. But when the subjects are distinguished by the conjunctive expression, some grammarians dictate that the verb shall agree with the nearest nominative; as, "You or I am in fault." This, however, should always be avoided, as a awkward construction; it is better to repeat the verb thus, "You are in fault, or I am." very It should be remarked, however, that one principal use of conjunctions is to shorten discourse, by preventing a repetition of words. 4. Predicates combined by a conjunction are of one person and number; as, "He arrived yesterday, and is still in London;""My father and I planned and executed the scheme;" ""He is now poor, but was at one time very wealthy." In the first of these examples, and joins the predicates arrived and is, which are both in the 3rd pers. sing. In the next example, the second and joins the predicates planned and executed, which are both in the 1st pers. plur. In the third example, but joins the predicates is and was, which are both in the 3rd pers. sing. 5. The following example of parsing, preparatory to the succeeding exercises, unites etymology and syntax. Examp. We regret her removal, for she taught music and drawing very successfully. We, pers. pron., indef. gender, plur., nomin. representing persons whose name is unexpressed :- We regret, The subj. of a pers. verb, &c. Regret, reg. verb. trans., indic., pres., 1st pers. plur. :We regret, A pers. verb agrees, &c. Her, pers. pron., fem., sing., possess., representing a person whose |