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PARTICIPLES WITH AUXILIARIES.

Examp. Our general was informed that the soldiers had been attacking the garrison.

Our, pers. pron., 1st pers., masc., plur., possess. to general.

General, comm. noun, masc., sing., nomin. to was.

Was, neut. verb, auxil. to imformed, indic., past, 3rd pers. sing., agreeing with its nomin. general.

Informed, perf. partic. pass. of the verb inform, making a compound verb with the auxiliary was, or relating as an adj. to general.

That, conjunct., combining the preceding and following clauses.

The, defin. article, defining soldiers.

Soldiers, comm. noun, masc., plur., nomin. to had.

Had, verb auxil. to been, indic., past. 3rd pers. plur., agreeing with its nomin. soldiers.

Been, neut. verb, auxil. to attacking, perf. partic., forming a comp. verb with the auxil. had.

Attacking, trans. verb, imperf. partic., forming a comp. verb with the auxil. been, or as an adj. describing soldiers.

The, defin. article, defining garrison.

Garrison, comm. noun, neut., sing., obj. gov. by attacking.

EXERCISES.

He is

They have sent me to the place to which you were sent. searching for something which he does not wish to find. On the Peak of Teneriffe, five zones of temperature may be traced, at successive intervals, by corresponding zones of vegetation. The companions of our childhood, and of each succeeding period, have had a great influence on our characters. The news was immediately published through the camp. Very accurate experiments have been made, to ascertain the velocity with which sound travels in the atmosphere. Columbus, eager to know the state of the colony which he planted, was proceeding directly to Hispaniola. Some of his adherents having settled in that country were known to be stirring up rebellion. Cascades and fountains, whose waters are in their fall divided into drops, exhibit rainbows to the spectator if properly situated during the time of the sun's shining. He found the cardinal languishing under a mortal distemper. He must have met with no very gracious reception upon his return to Spain. The opportunity presented to you was let slip, because, fearing to be rejected, you would not make the required application.

SUBSTANTIVES REFERRING TO THE SAME THING.

CHAP. VIII.

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SUBSTANTIVES REFERRING TO THE SAME THING.

Rule 14. WHEN two nouns, or a noun and pronoun, occur in apposition, the one serving to identify or explain the other, they are in the same case; as, William, my cousin, assisted me;" "We spoke of Campbell the poet;" ." " Will you slight your benefactor-him who saved you from such misfortune?"*

Rule 15. When two nouns, or a noun and pronoun, are related by the interposition of a passive or a neuter verb, they are in the same case; as, "William is my cousin;" "He became a teacher;"

My cousin is named William ;” "I knew him to be a good teacher.”

1. Apposition naturally includes both substantives in the same construction, for the latter merely reiterates the former under another name. Sometimes, indeed, we find the substantives in apposition expressed by the same word; as, "He is a Briton, a true Briton."

2. The conjunction or, when it denotes an alternative merely of names, may be regarded as joining words in apposition; as in the sentence, "Arithmetic, or the science of number, is a useful study."

The interposition of the conjunction as serves to give special emphasis to the latter of two words in apposition; as, "Scott is inferior as a poet; "I admire him as a statesman." The word as used in this manner may be called the appositive conjunction.

* The relative can never agree in case by apposition with its antecedent, because that pronoun belongs to a distinct clause, which it serves to unite with the preceding clause.

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SUBSTANTIVES REFERRING TO THE SAME THING.

3. The principle of apposition is virtually the subject of Rule 15th; for it is evident that the noun or pronoun which follows a passive or a neuter verb, is just another name for that which precedes it, and cannot be affected in case by any other than a transitive verb. The only distinction in the apposition asserted by this Rule is, that the accession of the second name is made by the declaration or the agency of the interposed verb.

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The appositive conjunction is sometimes employed along with the verb; as, They are considered as aliens ;” “I became as a deaf man."

4. In this and the remaining chapter of Elementary Syntax, it is considered unnecessary to prefix parsing examples to the exercises.

EXERCISES.

Ye must submit yourselves to me in the name of my lord the King of Castile. Of the four writers who have transmitted this story, two, Matthew and John, were apostles. Highest queen of state, great Juno comes. Clerc, or Clericus, a scholar, came to signify an ecclesiastic, because the clergy were, for many centuries, the only scholars. The popes by degrees became powerful temporal princes. The meaning, the primitive meaning, of both words is the same. King John of France was taken prisoner by Edward the Third at the battle of Poictiers. Grammar may be divided into two chief departments, Etymology and Syntax. The Moors continued still to be a gallant people. I profess myself to be an observer and a friend of mankind. Nights are the days of Thought, her most illumined hours. As a parent he claims respect. A Magus, in the old sense of the term, had nothing in common with the impostors that are now called magicians. The Magi were wise men, who applied themselves to the study of nature and religion. The sound must seem an echo to the sense. They regarded that prince as a usurper, and agreed to divide his dominions between them. The loadstone, or magnet, is an ore of iron. That declaration will operate as a powerful incentive. Whom can they accuse as the authors of all this misery but the Lacedæmonians?

CHAP. IX.

NOMINATIVES INDEPENDENT, AND INTERJECTIONS.

Rule 16. A NOUN or pronoun related to an imperfect participle, but having its case independent of any concord or regimen, is in the nominative absolute; as, "He being sick, his sister would not leave the house;" "The ships coming in sight, all fear was dismissed."

Rule 17. Interjections are generally abrupt expressions independent of syntax; as, "Nay, I will not permit you;' "Ah! when shall I return!"

Rule 18. The nominative (of the name of a person or thing) directly addressed is preceded by the interjection O, expressed or understood; as, "We will not serve thy gods, O king;" "O my country, how art thou degraded;" "Children, obey your parents."

Rule 19. A noun used abruptly, in exclamation, is in the nominative case; as, "The friends of my youth where are they?" "Your land - strangers devour it."

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1. What is called the nominative case absolute, in English grammar, is attributed to a noun or pronoun that has no other word syntactically relating to it, except an imperfect participle describing it. Thus, in the first example given with Rule 16th, the pronoun he is not the subject of any personal verb in the sentence, nor is it the object of any preposition or transitive verb, or in any syntactical relation but with the descriptive participle being, which cannot affect its case; and therefore in such circumstances our established practice is to employ the nominative or independent case.*

* The Latins employed an Ablative, and the Greeks a Genitive case.

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NOMINATIVES INDEPENDENT, ETC.

2. The nominative addressed is another independent use of the nominative case; it serves to excite attention, to indicate respect, &c.

3. The nominative exclamatory is allowable only in poetry or animated prose; it is used merely to introduce the subject of remark, and is then left independent of the remainder of the sentence. This is an instance of what is called Pleonasm or redundancy.

4. We conclude the department of Elementary Syntax with the following

EXERCISES.

The weather being favourable, the galleys made the coast of Cornwall. What friend, alas! will aid me now! Come summer, sweet summer, with sunshine and gladness. Your friends not liking the proposal, I would have you try some other course. King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets? An Orpheus! an Orpheus! he works on the crowd. No, sir, I have not heard him preach. The officer quitted the room, his face glowing with indignation. Hence, vain deluding joys! But hail, thou goddess, sage and holy! I am now less sanguine, the world having too often disappointed me. Stay, O stranger, and contemplate the This world, my dear children, being full of snares, cannot be enjoyed without circumspection. Poor forlorn creature! where are now the flatterers that he could once inspire and command! These mean pretences - I detest them. What! are ye still in doubt? Why are your harps silent, O bards, the king having returned with victory.

scene.

In Anglo-Saxon a Dative case was used; and as him was an AngloSaxon Dative, Latham argues for the propriety of him, rather than he, as the case absolute. Eng. Gram. p. 177. See also Wells's Gram. p. 71.