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he was making a likeness of a chief named Mahtocheega in profile. This, when observed, excited much commotion among the Indians, "Why was half his face left out ?" they asked. Mahtocheega was never afraid to look a white man in the face." Mahtocheega himself does not seem to have taken any offence, but Shonka, a hostile chief took occasion to taunt him. "The Englishman," he said, "knows that you are but half a man; he has painted but one half of your face, and knows that the rest is good for nothing." This taunt led to a fight, in which poor Mahtocheega was killed; and the whole affair was very unfortunate for Mr. Catlin, who had much difficulty in making his escape, and lived some time in fear of his life.

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7. We cannot wonder that writing should appear to the savage even more mysterious and uncanny than drawing. Carver11 allowed the Canadian Indians to open a book whenever they pleased, and then told them the number of leaves on each side. The only way they could account for this, he says, was by concluding that the book was a spirit, and told me whatever I asked." Further south, the Minatarrees, seeing Catlin intent over a copy of a newspaper, were much puzzled, but at length concluded that it was a cloth for sore eyes. One of them eventually bought it at a high price.

8. This belief in the mysterious character of writing has led to its being used in various parts of the world as a medicine. The Central Africans are a religious people, according to their lights, and have great faith in the efficacy of prayers. When any one is ill they write a text out of the Korân12 on a board, wash it off, and make the patient drink it. The French traveller, Caillie," met with a man who had a great reputation for sanctity, and who made his living by writing prayers on a board, washing them off, and then selling the water, which was sprinkled over various objects, and supposed to improve and protect them. It was soon observed that the charms were no protection from firearms, but that did not in the least weaken the faith in them, because they said as guns were not invented in Mahomet's1 time, he naturally provided no specific against them.

9. Savages are passionately fond of ornaments. If in the very low races the women are often wholly undecorated, this is only because the men keep all the ornaments to themselves. As a general rule we may say that races inhabiting hot climates ornament themselves; those of colder countries, their clothes. In fact, all savage races who leave much of their

skin uncovered delight in painting themselves in the most brilliant colours.

10. Another subject on which savages entertain notions very different from ours, is that of relationships in marriage and in the family. We regard a child as related equally to its father and its mother: we make no difference between a father's brother and a mother's brother on the one hand-a father's sister and a mother's sister on the other; they are respectively uncles and aunts. But among savages it is not so. As we descend in the scale of civilization, the family diminishes, and the tribe increases, in importance. The relationship to the clan almost supersedes that to the family. The position of the women is very unfortunate. They are treated like slaves, or almost like domestic animals. Thus, in Australia, "little real affection exists between husband and wife, and young men value a wife principally for her services as a slave; in fact, when asked why they are anxious to obtain wives, their usual reply is that they may get wood, water, and food for them, and carry whatever property they possess." little did affection enter into the idea of marriage, so little were the feelings of the woman consulted, that among the ruder races we find it the custom for men to carry off their wives by force. Indeed, in many cases marriage within the tribe was forbidden, and all over the world we find traces of the ancient custom of marriage by capture. In some regions, indeed, this is still a rude reality. In others the mimicry of force alone remains.

So

11. Among the Kalmucks' of Central Asia the marriage ceremony is very romantic. The girl is put on a horse, and rides off at full speed. When she has got enough start, the lover starts in pursuit. If he catches her she becomes his wife, but if he cannot overtake her the match is broken off; and we are assured-which I can well believe-that no Kalmuck girl was ever caught against her will. Again, among the Ahitas of the Philippine Islands, 16 when a man wishes to marry a girl, her parents send her, before sunrise, into the woods. She has an hour's start; after which the lover goes to seek her. If he find her and bring her back before sunset, the marriage is acknowledged; if not, he must abandon all claim to her.

12. The aborigines of the Amazon valley," says Wallace, 18" have no particular ceremony at their marriages, except that of always carrying away the girl by force, or making a show of doing so, even when she and her parents are quite willing." M. Bardel

mentions that among the Indians round Conception," in Chili, on the other side of the Andes,20 after a man has agreed on the price of a girl with her parents, the recognized mode of proceeding is that he surprises her, or is supposed to do so, and carries her off to the woods for a few days, after which the happy couple return home. As regards Europe we find just the same thing: the Romans had a similar custom, and traces of it occur in Greek history. In North Friesland"1 the bride makes a show of resistance, and is lifted by mock force into the waggon which is to take her home. Hence, no doubt, the custom of lifting the bride over the doorstep, which occurs, or did occur, among the Romans, the Redskins of Canada, the Chinese, and the natives of Abyssinia. Hence, also, perhaps our custom of the honeymoon; and hence also it may be, as Mr. McLennan2 has suggested, that the slipper is thrown in mock anger after the departing bride and bridegroom. The latter suggestion is indeed very doubtful; still it is remarkable how persistent are all customs and ceremonies connected with marriage. Thus our 'bridecake," which so invariably accompanies a wedding, may be traced back to the old Roman form of marriage by "confarreatio,"23 or eating together.

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NOTES.

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5 Malays, inhabitants of the Malayan Peninsula and some neighbouring islands.

6 Captain Cook, a great circumnavigator who raised himself from the humblest position by his abilities, to the rank of a Captain in the Royal Navy. He sailed twice round the world; but was killed on his third voyage, by the inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands, who were then barbarous. Born, 1728; Died, 1779.

7 Nilgherry Hills, a mountain range of South India, in the Presidency of Madras. The Todas are a race of people living in these hills.

8 Thibetans, inhabitants of Thibet.
9 Kane, Paul Kane, a traveller.
10 Catlin, an American who wrote a
book on the North American In-
dians.

11 Carver, Jonathan, an American
explorer. Born, 1732; Died, 1780.
12 Koran, the Sacred Book of the Ma-
homedans.

13 Caillie, a Frenchman who travelled
to Timbuctoo, about 50 years ago.

14 Mahomet, the founder of Mahome-
danism. He was born, A.D. 570, at
Mecca; died at Medina, A.D. 632.
15 Kalmucks, the most numerous of
the Mongol races. They form shepherd
tribes, partly in Chinese, partly in
Russian Tartary, wandering hither
and thither with their flocks and
herds.

16 Philippine Islands, a group of at

least 1,200 islands, great and small, North of Borneo. They belong to Spain, and are called after Philip II, in whose reign they were discovered.

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THE SABBATH MORN.-GRAHAME.

JAMES GRAHAME, a Scottish poet, barrister (or "advocate "), and clergyman, was born in Glasgow in 1761. In 1791 he was admitted a solicitor, and in 1795 a barrister, at Edinburgh. In 1809 he was ordained a clergyman of the English Church, but ill health compelled him to resign his duties, and he returned to Edinburgh, where he died in 1811, aged 47.

He is now best known by his poem "The Sabbath," from which the following is an extract.

How still the morning of the hallow'd day!

Mute is the voice of rural labour: hush'd

The ploughboy's whistle and the milkmaid's song,
The scythe lies glittering in the dewy wreath
Of tedded grass, mingled with faded flowers,
That yestermorn bloom'd waving in the breeze.

Sounds the most faint attract the ear,-the hum
Of early bee, the trickling of the dew,

The distant bleating, mid-way up the hill;
Calmness sits throned on yon unmoving cloud.
To him who wanders o'er the upland leas,

The blackbird's note comes mellower from the dale,
And sweeter from the sky the gladsome lark
Warbles his heaven-tuned song; the lulling brook
Murmurs more gently down the deep-worn glen;
While from yon lowly roof, whose curling smoke
O'ermounts the mist, is heard at intervals
The voice of psalms, the simple song of praise.

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With dove-like wings, peace o'er yon village broods! The dizzy mill-wheel rests; the anvil's din

Hath ceased; all, all around is quietness.

Less fearful on this day, the limping hare

Stops and looks back, and stops, and looks on man,
Her deadliest foe. The toil-worn horse, set free,
Unheedful of the pasture, roams at large;
And as his stiff unwieldy bulk he rolls,
His iron-arm'd hoofs gleam in the morning ray.
But chiefly man the day of rest enjoys.

Hail, SABBATH! thee I hail, the poor man's day!

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