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fined must be the cabins of the poor; and the more splendid the establishments of the former, the more miserable will be the condition of the latter: because, as the more labour will be consumed in supplying the superfluities, the less remains for obtaining the necessaries of life.

About seventeen or eighteen years have passed since Mr. George Rapp and his associates, with some hundreds of labouring people, emigrated from Germany to the United States, and first settled in Pennsylvania; where they cleared land, erected dwellings, mills, and public buildings, and established some useful manufactures. They remained there eleven years, when an opportunity occurred for selling the land to great advantage, in consequence of the increasing populousness of the neighbourhood; and they removed to their present situation, on the eastern side of the Great Wabash, in Indiana, six hundred miles west of their former settlement. Here they purchased a much larger tract of superior land, and plunged once more into the wilderness. About six years ago, they deputed a hundred of their number from Pennsylvania to prepare accommodation for the remainder, who all followed in the next year; and, in the space of a little more than four years, these industrious people had cleared, fenced, and cultivated fourteen hundred acres of heavy timbered land, and planted orchards and vineyards. They have now built a handsome town.-Here we see the singular example of a large body of people voluntarily and unanimously resigning all their individual energies to the despotic control of one man, whose word, if Mr. Harris's account be correct, is as imperative as the mandate of the Russian autocrat; yet he has no guards, no Bastille, no executioner, to give efficiency to his command. He is supreme over all things civil, ecclesiastical, political, and commercial; and his dominions present a general appearance of health and content, with as much order, regularity, cheerfulness, and activity, as in Mr. Owen's establishment at Lanark, whose benevolent character and schemes often come across us in reading these accounts. The present population of the Harmonites is between eight and nine hundred: they have erected a large brick church, and mills for sawing, grinding, carding, fulling, threshing, &c.; and they have established a brewery, and manufactories of wool and cotton, from the raw materials to the finished cloth.

Mr. Birkbeck, and indeed all travellers, have been filled with astonishment at the wondrous effects produced by the combina

tion of capital with a large mass of physical strength: but, in alluding to the establishment of the Harmonists and those of another religious sect, the Shakers, he says that the unnatural restraint which forms so prominent and revolting a feature in these institutions, namely, the discouragement of marriage, renders their example, in other respects so excellent, altogether unavailing and unworthy of imitation. He accordingly wishes to concentrate capital and population with no other bond of cohesion than common interest arising out of vicinity, the true elements of prosperous community. Mr. Courtauld says, fairly enough, if these associations can flourish with the absurd and disgusting superstitions attached to them, what may not be expected from a society which excludes all that is objectionable in them, and simply adopts the principle of co-operation.— Monthly Review, Feb. 1822.

ART. 13.-Remarks made during a Tour through the United States of America, in the Years 1817, 1818, and 1819. By WILLIAM TELL HARRIS. 12mo. London, 1821. Also 8vo. Pamphlet, Liverpool. MR. HARRIS'S 'Remarks' are very cursory and slight, full of sentiment and description: but his tour was extensive, and his letters would doubtless be very gratifying to his friends. He is in love with America; and he attributes the distress, to which multitudes of the English there are reduced, very materially to their own improvidence. He asserts that the Germans, who come over in great numbers as redemptioners, obtain (with very few exceptions) considerable property, and that they are sober, industrious, and persevering: while the English more frequently indulge themselves in drinking, or, being weavers and mechanics, are disinclined to turn their hands to agricultural employment, from which they might immediately obtain relief.-Ibid.

ART. 14.-A Visit to the Province of Upper Canada in 1819. By JAMES STRACHAN. 8vo. London.

MR. STRACHAN published his work with the professed view of diverting the tide of emigration from the United States to the British province of Upper Canada; but two other objects are equally discernible; one is to blazon forth his own ultra-loyalism, which perhaps had never been impeached; and the other is to depreciate Mr. Birkbeck. Mr. S. abuses the American government in language very coarse and scurrilous.-Ibid.

ART. 15.-Memoirs of James the Second, King of England; collected from various authentic Sources. 12mo. 2 Vols. London, 1821.

ALMOST all the essence of these volumes is extracted from the King's own memoirs, as published by Dr. Clarke from the Stuart papers; and the few ingredients taken from Clarendon, Hume, and the larger portion from Sir John Dalrymple, have by no means adulterated the royal flavour of the preparation. It is certainly not easy to name the class of readers to which this work is adapted. School-boys would find it dull, and not very instructive; for it is a dry narrative of events, unenlivened by remarks on their character and influence. As to the state of science, arts, literature, manners, commerce, and manufactures, not a word occurs on those subjects. Again; if it be not fit for school-boys, it is not very likely to please the taste, and gratify the larger curiosity, of grown up persons. The compiler would have done well to have consulted Evelyn's memoirs, Mr. Fox's historical work, Lord John Russell's life of his great ancestor, &c. &c.: but he has been satisfied with the shorter method of taking nearly all his materials from the royal historian himself. The portrait drawn, therefore, is just such a one as we might expect; and it is no wonder that the treacherous and tyrannical measures of Charles the Second, and the stern undisguised despotism of his brother James, are rapidly glanced over, while the activity of that "faction which never slumbered," and which never ceased to annoy these virtuous monarchs, receives the chastisement due to its enormity! Yet the compiler disclaims all party bias. The magnetic fluid, however, is unconsciously imbibed by the patient, who willingly allows the metallic tractors of some grave and skilful operator to be drawn in mysterious circles around him. We can plainly discern the growing influence which they have exercised on the present occasion; and, slight at first, it has insensibly increased, till at last the patient has fairly sunken under it. In considering the misfortunes of James, all the vices of his reign seem to have been forgotten; and a dangerous degree of interest is attempted to be diffused round his character.-Ibid.

ART. 16-Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland, from the restoration of King Charles II. A. D. M. C. LX. By Sir GEORGE MACKENZIE,

of Rosehaugh, Knight. 4to. pp. 332. Edinburgh, 1821. THE high character of Sir George Mackenzie as a philosopher, a statesman, and an orator, has long caused the recovery of certain of his historical MSS. to be looked on as a serious de

sideratum in our literature. This has been done, in great part, by the accidental discovery of a MS. volume, selected from a large mass of waste-paper, which fell, about four years ago, into the hands of a grocer, for the purposes of his trade. The internal evidence of this volume was such as to authorize, in the opinion of Dr. M'Crie, [the author of the lives of Knox and Melville,] to whose inspection it was fortunately submitted, its being laid before the public, as the undoubted production of Sir George Mackenzie; and such as it is now presented in all its original perspicuity of thought, and with all its original inaccuracies, in minor points, upon its head.-New Monthly Magazine, Dec. 1821.

ART. 17.-The Royal Military Calendar. 5 Vols. 8vo. London. THIS work embraces the actual services of above two thousand officers, with official accounts of all the actions for which honorary distinctions have been conferred on any of them. To military men it must be a most desirable and gratifying manual: and all those who wish to be acquainted with the principal military events connected with the history of their own country during the last century, may refer with pleasure to this detail of them.-Ibid.

ART. 18.-A complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions at present subsisting between Great Britain and Foreign Powers. Compiled from authentic Documents, by LEWIS HERTSLET, Esq. Librarian and Keeper of the Papers, Foreign Office. 2 vols. 8vo. London.

THESE treaties have been, we understand, officially transmitted for the information and guidance of British Ministers and Consuls abroad, of the Governors of Colonies, and of the Captains of King's ships on foreign service; a sufficient testimonial of their probable usefulness to those who are placed in important and responsible situations under government. They will likewise be found interesting to the commercial and sea-faring part of the community at large, insomuch as they relate to our commerce and navigation, the repression and abolition of the slave-trade, and to the privileges and interests of the subjects of the high contracting parties.-Ibid.

ART. 19.-War in Greece. 8vo. pp. 45. London. THIS pamphlet advocates the character of the modern Greeks, as worthy their illustrious ancestors. The arguments respecting

the indifference shown to the sufferings of these unfortunate Christians by their brethren in this part of Europe, who are so eager to convert the heathen in distant lands, and subscribe towards every casualty that comes within the course of natural events in countries no way connected with them, are forcibly expressed, and grounded on incontrovertible facts.--Ibid.

ART. 20.-Travels in Palestine, through the countries of Bashan and Gilead, East of the River Jordan. By J. S. BUCKINGHAM. 4to. pp. 553. London.

MR. BUCKINGHAM combines what are scarcely ever found to meet in the same individual, the fearless and hardy habits of a sailor by profession, with the reading of a scholar. Early smitten with a passion for travelling, he began to indulge it at the age of nine years, in a maritime capacity, and in the course of the succeeding years of his life he has visited most of the places of any note in the four quarters of the globe. From the mass of his observations during his extensive wanderings, he has selected those which regard Palestine, and the country which surrounds it, wherewith to commence the character of author. That part of his route which was directed through the country of Bashan and Gilead, East of the River Jordan, has hitherto been the boundary of all our knowledge regarding the ancient Judea. As this part of Mr. B's travels is the most attractive in itself, so likewise is it that which is the most pleasingly written. The account of the ruins of the ancient city of Jerash, its triumphal arch, its naumachia, temples, theatres, bridges, aqueducts, and groups of Ionic and Corinthian pillars, must forcibly arrest the attention of the antiquary and the scholar, who will regret, almost as keenly as the author himself did, that the jealous suspicions of the Arabs, and the consequent timidity of the guides, should have prevented him, and his accomplished companion Mr. Bankes, from taking more than the view they present of these most splendid remains of antiquity. The Holy City presents only a disgusting picture of Turkish arrogance and Christian knavery and profligacy. All the friars, to a man, are discontented with their office of watching over those sacred remains which probably their forefathers bled to rescue from the hands of Pagans; and among the various reasons assigned by each for his remaining in a situation so disagreeable to him, such as want of money, want of friends, the fear of offending the higher powers, or the utter inability to return to Europe from

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