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everywhere groups of men discussed the possibility of his being arrested while under the protection of the governor. The newspapers of the Springs had blamed Mr. Calderwood with everything real and imaginary that had happened recently at Cripple Creek, and feeling against him was running high. Such a chance to get hold of him it was felt ought not to be let go by. Some hothead suggested that if the law could not reach him the people could, and declaring that he would shoot him on sight, started off with his gun for Palmer Hall. Others, among them several prominent citizens of the city, followed his example, and soon there was a string of armed men hastening toward the college. Excitement became intense. Downtown on the street corners men harangued the ever-increasing crowds. The cry went up to lynch Calderwood and the governor, too; and being taken up was repeated on all sides. Self restraint was thrown to the winds and there was a general rush for the college

campus.

At Palmer Hall word was sent in that the building was surrounded, and that two or three men were even in the hall declaring that they would shoot Calderwood when he came out. There was a hurried adjournment, followed by a rapid making of plans. Judge Lunt stepped out on the porch and began an impassioned speech to the crowd on the terrible disgrace they would bring upon the city if they should lynch President Calderwood, and especially if they committed any overt act against the governor. While he held their attention, the governor, with Mr. Calderwood on one side and Private Secretary Lorentz on the other, slipped quietly out at the rear door, and hurried across the campus to the cab which was waiting for them. They were driven to the depot, where the governor's private train was waiting for them with steam up, and soon after pulled out for Denver. Just before the train left Colorado Springs, the governor had word from the mine owners, finally rejecting the propositions offered by him for the miners at the afternoon conference.3

At this time the miners in many of the camps of the state were organizing armed companies to go to the aid of the miners at Cripple Creek. At Rico, a company of 100, under the command of William Simpson, siezed a train on

Two days later Mr. Hagerman went to Denver, and in company with David H. Moffatt, had another conference with Governor Waite. At this conference Messrs. Hagerman and Moffatt acceded to the demand of the miners for an eight-hour day, and three-dollar wage, specifying that the men should lunch on their own time. Governor Waite, on his part, withdrew the demands for employment of union men only, and for no prosecutions, and articles of agreement were drawn up. As there was no definite organization among the mine owners, Messrs. Hagerman and Moffatt could, of course, sign the agreement only for themselves. It was understood, however, that they virtually represented the mine owners, and that the other men would stand by their agreement. The following days proved this to be true.

The articles of agreement were as follows.*

"For the purpose of settling the serious difficulties between employers and employees in Cripple Creek Mining District, El Paso County, Colo., it is agreed by and between Governor Davis H. Waite, appointed by and representing the Free Coinage Miners Union No. 19, W. F. M., its members and other miners of said district, on the one part, and J. J. Hagerman and David H. Moffatt for themselves as mine owners and employers of mining labor in said district, on the other part, as follows.

"1. That eight hours actual work shall constitute 'a day', divided as follows: Four hours of continuous work, then 20 minutes for lunch, then four hours of continuous work; for which said eight hours of labor there shall be paid three dollars ($3.00).

"2. In the employment of men there shall be no discrimination against union men or against non-union men."

"3. The undersigned, J. J. Hagerman and D. H. Moffatt, earnestly urge upon other mine owners and employers of mining labor, in said Cripple Creek District, to accede to and act upon the foregoing agreement.

"Signed,

"DAVIS H. WAITE,
"J. J. HAGERMAN,
"DAVID H. MOFFAT."

the Rio Grande Ry., and got nearly 100 miles on their way. The governor, hearing of the movement, sent a telegram to them at Montrose commanding that they return home, and promising to give the striking men protection. The command was obeyed.

'Copy given to newspapers and published by all papers of Denver and Colorado Springs, June 5, 1894.

5 Men who had been prominent in the strike were never able to obtain work in the mines again, and several of the mines absolutely refused to employ union men.

MILITIA VS. DEPUTIES

Next day the entire state militia was called out under orders to go with all possible dispatch to the Cripple Creek District and preserve the peace. More specific directions were given to General Brooks, in command, by the governor. He was to place his force between the miners and deputies, and prevent a clash between them by every possible means. The disbandment of the

deputy army was to be secured at the earliest possible moment. Protection was to be afforded to the sheriff and to the mine owners, but armed bodies of deputies were to be prevented from making arrests, or from occupying the mines."

At Colorado Springs and Cripple Creek it was felt that the trouble was over, and there was great rejoicing. The mine owners were rapidly signifying their intention of accepting the agreement, and the miners had sent out word that they would stand by the governor's action, and that they would not resist the militia. But the deputies had yet to be reckoned with. On the night of the 6th they broke camp, and cutting all telegraph and telephone lines, and imprisoning all newspaper reporters, they advanced toward Bull Hill. Morning found them camped in Beaver Park, about three miles from Altman, and in full view of the miners' camp. A small skirmish took place just after day-break. Some of the deputies' horses strayed beyond the picket line, and a squad was sent out to bring them in. The

And whereas the riot or insurrection now existing in Cripple Creek has been and now is beyond the power of the civil authorities to control, the lives and property of citizens of said county are in jeopardy, and application has been made by the sheriff of said county for military aid;

"Now, therefore, I, Davis H. Waite, governor of Colorado and commander in chief of the Colorado National Guard and the militia of the State, do call upon all organized companies of the Colorado National Guard to be and appear in the said county of El Paso, under the orders of Brigadier General Brooks, to restore peace and order in said Cripple Creek mining district, El Paso County, Colorado. All persons whomsoever in said county of El Paso unlawfully engaged in strife are warned to preserve the peace, and any unlawfully in possession of real property to yield the possession thereof to the rightful owners, and to cease any and all acts tending to promote civil war, to the end that the laws may resume their sway and the rights of property be determined by the courts. "Davis H. Waite, "Governor of Colorado."

Biennial Report of Adjutant General, p. 48.

men ran into the picket line of the miners and a lively exchange of shots took place, in which no one was injured.

The militia arrived early in the afternoon, and following their orders, went into camp between the deputies and miners. Later in the afternoon Generals Brooks and Tarsney held a conference with the leaders of the deputies, in which a great deal of friction was created by the question whether the militia or the county officials were higher in authority. Both sides claimed the right to command and be assisted, and there was cause for much anxiety as to what would happen on the morrow.

Early next morning the deputy camp was in motion. The men were formed into line, divided into several detachments, and started off in as many directions. General Brooks kept watch of the movement, and when it became evident from their line of march that the detachments were all headed for Bull Hill, he sent for Sheriff Bowers, inquiring what he intended to do.

From the miners' camp on the hill the movements were being watched closely. As the long lines of men swung out in the valley below and took up their march forward, the alarm whistle at the Victor mine gave forth its warning blasts, and in a few moments the hillsides were dotted with men hurrying in to headquarters. Fifteen minutes saw the ranks complete, and "General" Johnson issuing orders that were to give the deputies a warm reception.

The miners had no cannon, as has been generally supposed, but they had a weapon even more deadly at close range in the shape of a huge bow-gun. This weapon was a home-made affair, and could throw to the foot of the hill. Its missiles were beer bottles filled with dynamite. It would work terrible execution when the deputies attempted the steep climb for the summit. Different points on the hill were mined, and connected with electric wires to explode at the pressing of a button. Every man was well armed, and with a belt or pocket full of cartridges. In the upper left vest pocket of each were five dynamite cartridges the size of pencils. These were fitted with percussion caps and were to be thrown at close quarters as the deputies came up the steep incline. Every advantage was taken of the

natural strength of the place in distributing the men. Alto gether Bull Hill was an extremely hazardous place to attack.

8

In the valley below General Brooks had not waited for an answer from his message to the sheriff. The buglers called the troops to arms, and having formed quickly they went off at double quick after the ranks of the deputies. General Brooks rode rapidly on ahead. Coming up with the sheriff a quick dispute ensued. The general inquired what was the meaning of this movement. Sheriff Bowers replied that he was sending squads of men to guard the roads leading from Bull Hill to prevent the escape of men for whom he had warrants, and that he was going on the hill with another squad to make arrests. General Brooks replied that he was under orders to prevent armed bodies of deputies from attempting to make arrests, and that they must return to their camp. The sheriff insisted that he should proceed. General Brooks asserted that he must carry out his orders, and would be compelled to fire upon the deputies unless they ceased their march immediately. Sheriff Bowers held a conference with some of his men, and seeing that the general was determined, gave orders for the deputies to return to their camp.

The militia continued on their march, and entered Altman shortly after noon. Upon seeing the deputies turn back, the miners had dispersed again, and following their repeated statements to that effect received the militia without any show of resistance. That night the militia occupied the miners' camp.

Governor Waite had all along maintained that the deputy army was illegally assembled, and General Brooks had been ordered to secure its disbandment. Even with Bull Hill in the hands of the militia, and the miners' army dispersed, the deputies refused to disband. Under the leadership of Deputy Bob Mullins they marched next morning to Cripple Creek, and passing through the city arrested everybody who in any way met with their disapproval. Then they took up the line of march to the Independence mine, and went into camp around

The Adjutatut General's Biennial Report says that Sheriff Bowers pleaded that he could not control the men.

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