Besides these mummies and their coffins, which are arranged, as we have stated, on the two sides of the centre of the room, there are several other coffins and parts of coffins in different places in the room. Of these, the most remarkable are :—

No. 77.—The coffin of the Cleopatra of whom we have just spoken, contains representations on the exterior of the judgment scenes before Ra and Osiris, and the inferior genii, the guardians of the halls of the Amenti. Inside the cover is a Greek zodiac and the Heaven.

No. 90.—Coffin of Soter, an archon of Thebes; on the sides of which is the judgment scene of the Amenti, and four ram-headed hawks of Amen-Ra. On the top is the hawk of the sun, and in the interior is a Greek zodiac. On the board is Netpe.

Over Cases 2 and 3 is the outer coffin of Penamen, a priest (the inner coffin and body are in Case 65); below, a dedication to Osiris and the goddess Athor.

Over Case 31 is a mummy-case, scooped out of a single tree—the head in a feathered claft, the face black, and body covered with the wings and tail of a bird; on the chest is a vulture; on the soles of the feet, Isis and Nephthys kneeling on altars; and down the body a dedication to Osiris. There is no name, but the case is apparently of the style and period of King Nentef of the Eleventh Dynasty, whom we have described in Case 70.

Over Case 34 is the coffin of Mauteneimas, or Mouteneimôs, a female musician of the goddess Maut; on it Netpe, a door with bolts, a ram and vase, and the usual scenes.

Case 27 contains the mummy-case of Har-sont-iotf, prophet-priest of Amen in Thebes, whose mummy we have described under No. 69, 1. The interior represents an astronomical scene, in which many of the principal stars are personified by the goddess Ta-her. Isis-Sothis, the Planet, in boats, with the progress of the sun, the capture of the Apophis, and prisoners who are bound. On the lower half is Netpe.

Case 38 contains a coffin of Ataineb or Otaineb, a foreigner, in the shape of a mummy; the face is green, and on the breast is Netpe, between Isis and Nephthys; beneath is the judgment scene of the Amenti, and the deceased introduced by Thoth to the various Deities to whom belong the different parts of his body; on the upper part of the feet are two jackals. On the sides are Isis, Nephthys, the standard of Osiris, the deceased adoring various Deities, and the mummy of the deceased supported by Anubis. At the back is Osiris Tattou and Meui; above the head, the boat of Cnouphis.

This coffin was presented to the National Collection by His Majesty King George III.

Case 6 contains a coffin of Penamen, a Theban priest of Amen, in the shape of a mummy; on it are Netpe, Isis, Nephthys, Osiris, and the four genii of the Amenti.

Connected with the mummies are a large class of objects, the majority of which are Sepulchral, and have been found in or attached to the mummies. We shall indicate here, as a convenient place, the most remarkable of these objects. They are arranged for the most part in Cases 77-101, and may be classed as follows:

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1. Sepulchral Tablets, in Cases 64, Div. 2, 78-80, 84-86, 91, 93, 97-99.

2. Sepulchral Scarabæi and Amulets.-Cases 94-96, 100, 101. 3. Rings, Necklaces, Bracelets, &c.—Cases 81, 82.

4. Miscellaneous Ornaments from Mummies.-Cases 87-89, 102.

1. The Sepulchral Tablets

are generally invocations addressed by the priests or others to some one of the Deities, as Osiris, Isis, Nephthys, &c., and, except in the names and hieroglyphical representations on them, have little variety or interest for any but Egyptian scholars. Nearly all of those which are preserved in this room are written or represented upon wood.

2. Sepulchral Scarabaei and Amulets.

Scarabæi, or beetles, manufactured out of almost every known material, are found in great abundance in the Egyptian tombs. Those with hieroglyphics on them are more rare: others are quite plain: Belzoni found some in the tombs at Thebes with human heads. There is scarcely any symbolical figure of such constant occurrence in Egypt. The beetle is often represented with a ball between his feet, which is generally supposed to represent the sun. Many of them have on them the types of Anubis and Serapis. The common form adopted for amulets is that of the scarabæus, but some occur with the form of animals-as hedgehogs and humanheaded dogs (vide Cases 94-96). They bear on their bases the figures of Deities, Sacred animals, names of Kings, short inscriptions, and other symbols or hieroglyphics. The most remarkable scarabaei in the Museum Collection are:-No. 3919, bearing the name of Menes; 3919 a, with the prænomen of Assa, or Asses, and that of the King Nefer-ka-ra (Nepercheres) :—Nos. 3920-22c,

that of Ra-men-ka (Mencheres); 3923-25, that of Pepi (Apappus) ; 3927, Osortasen I., or Sesortasen I. :-the cylinders, 3928, with the prænomen of Sesortasen II.; 3926, Sesortasen III.; 3930, with the prænomen of Amenemha III.; 3933, with the prænomen of Neferhept; 3934, with the name of Sebekhept, son of the Queen Ki; 3937, with the prænomen of Amenophis I.; 4068, with the names and titles of Amenophis II. :-4077, a rectangular amulet of yellow jasper, having on one side a bull, on the other a horse, of exquisite workmanship, with the name and titles of Amenophis II., half of which was presented by M. J. Dubois :-4095, a large scarabæus, recording the number of lions taken by Amenophis III. (Memnon) from the first to the tenth year of his reign :-4096, a scarabæus, recording the marriage of Amenophis III. and his Queen Taia, and that the limits of Egypt extended to Naharaina (Mesopotamia) on the north, and to the Kalu on the south :-4101-10, bearing the names of Rameses II. :4111-12, of Rameses III. :-4113, of a late Rameses :-4114, of Shishak I.-4119, of Amasis II. All these scarabæi are completely carved, and most of them have rings or perforations under the body.

Case 100 contains Scarabæi, generally inscribed with a prayer or formula, being the 30th chapter of the Ritual relative to the Heart or Soul, being an emblem of the mystical transformations which the deceased had to undergo in Hades before he had a heart given to him. The inscribed ones are found between the folds of the interior bandages, and on the chests of the mummies. The inscription is on the base, but the names and titles of the deceased, figures of deities, &c., are found on the elytra and corslet. From the difference observable in the elytra, different species of the insect are probably intended to be represented. Among these is a small green jasper scarabæus, No. 7875, set in a semi-oval plinth of gold, said to have been found in the coffin of King Nentef (vide Case 70, 2), but bearing the name of the King Savak-emsaf. Several of the Scarabaei in this case bear the names of different functionaries; 'one has a heart-shaped vein, on which is engraven a bennou, or the bird nycticorax, and at its sides an inscription expressing "in the heart of the Sun."

Case 101 contains a number of uninscribed scarabæi, and amulets in the form of a vase, human heart, two fingers of the hand, &c. There are also fragments embossed with figures of Osorkon I. and II., kings of the Twenty-second Dynasty, making an offering to Amen-ra Harsaphes. These objects have for the most part been taken from the straps which are fastened round the necks of mum

mies. There are also amulets representing symbolical eyes, hearts, plumes of Divinities, lotus-sceptres, symbols of stability and life, pillows, counterpoises of collars, levels, solar disks or hills, and victims with their legs bound.

3. Rings, Necklaces, Bracelets, &c.

Of these ornaments there is a great number and variety in Cases 81, 82. Many of the rings are curious, from the fact that they have a break in the circumference. There can be no doubt that they have been used as objects of attire, but their precise use is not known. Some of the finger-rings are very elegant, and have beautiful open work, with figures of Deities, &c.; on the faces of several are the prænomen of Amenophis III., the names of Amentuonk, Amen-ra, &c., and one of gold, of the Ptolemaic or Roman times, with Serapis, Isis, and Horus. There are also some well-shaped ear-rings and pendants from ear-rings. In Case 82 are necklaces, bracelets, pendant ornaments, beads, &c. One necklace has pendants in the shape of the lock of Horus, fish, and cowries, with a cowrie-shaped clasp another has flat beads, representing Deities; a third, blue spherical beads, capped with silver. Among the pendants are an Ægis of Pasht, a Soul, and the shell of the Indina Nilotica. Case 83 contains various specimens of Egyptian glass, some of which are curious.

4. Miscellaneous Ornaments from Mummies.

These are contained chiefly in Cases 87-89 and 102. Case 87 contains pectoral plates, many of them in the shape of a propylon, with a Scarabæus ascending in a boat, adored on each side by Isis and Nephthys. Many of these plates bear the names of the persons to whom they have belonged; others have the head of Athor, a Scarabæus, with vitrified eyes, Deities, &c. They are in various materials, as basalt, arragonite, porcelain, vitrified earth, &c. Cases 88, 89 contain portions from the network covering of mummies, consisting of scarabaei, wings, bugles, beads, &c., crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt, symbolical eyes, sceptres, terminating in a head of lotus flowers, beads, &c. Case 102 has many ornaments, taken from the bodies of mummies :-of these, one, which is rather remarkable, has stamped upon it the figure of Osiris Pethempamentes; another, the names of two early Kings. There are also plates taken from the side incision of mummies, representing the Mystical Eye; a plate with the names of Seneferka and Kaenra, two early Kings; vultures,