and prayer for the realm, and that this was enjoined by Parliament, and that "divers persons abstain from conforming to it" and ministers (Dissenters) neglect to use it, to rectify which situation the present Act of Uniformity is proclaimed, and the appended Book of Common Prayer is ordered used uniformly throughout the realm. All clergymen must take oath, on a prescribed form, that they assent to it and will use it in their services, and those that neglect to do so within one month are to be deprived of all religious offices and functions and thereafter forbidden to officiate at any form of service. This was intended to drive out all non-conforming ministers, and to prohibit service by such.

To make the Act still more onerous and effective, it was further provided:

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that every dean, canon, and prebendary of every cathedral or collegiate church, and all masters and other heads, fellows, chaplains, and tutors of or in any college, hall, house of learning or hospital, and every public professor and reader in either of the Universities and in every college elsewhere, and every parson, vicar, curate, lecturer, and every other person in Holy Orders, and every schoolmaster keeping any public or private school, and every person instructing or teaching any youth in any house or private family as a tutor or schoolmaster, who upon the first day of May, which shall be in the year of our Lord God 1662, or at any time thereafter, shall be incumbent or have possession of any deanery, canonry, prebend, mastership, headship, fellowship, professor's place or reader's place, parsonage, vicarage, or any other ecclesiastical dignity or promotion, or of any curate's place, lecture, or school, or shall instruct or teach any youth as tutor or schoolmaster, shall before the feast-day of St. Bartholomew which shall be in the year of our Lord 1662, or at or before his or their respective admission to be incumbent or have possession aforesaid, subscribe the declaration or acknowledgment following, scilicet:

"I, A.B. do declare that it is not lawful, upon any pretence whatsoever, to take arms against the king; and that I do abhor that traitorous position of taking arms by his authority against his person or against those that are commissionated by him; and that I will conform to the liturgy of the Church of England, as it is now by law established: and I do declare that I do hold there lies no obligation upon me, or on any other person, from the oath commonly called the Solemn League and Covenant, to endeavour any change or alteration of government either in Church or State; and that the same was in itself an unlawful oath,

and imposed upon the subjects of this realm against the known laws and liberties of this kingdom."...

And if any schoolmaster, or other person, instructing or teaching youth in any private house or family, as a tutor or schoolmaster, shall instruct or teach any youth as a tutor or schoolmaster, before license obtained from his respective archbishop, bishop, or ordinary of the diocese, according to the laws and statutes of this realm (for which he shall pay twelve pence only), and before such subscription and acknowledgment made as aforesaid; then every such schoolmaster and other, instructing and teaching as aforesaid, shall for the first offence suffer three months' imprisonment without bail or mainprize; and for every second, and other such offence, shall suffer three months' imprisonment without bail or mainprize, and also forfeit to his majesty the sum of five pounds: and after such subscription made, every such parson, vicar, curate, and lecturer shall procure a certificate under the hand and seal of the respective archbishop, bishop, or ordinary of the diocese (who are hereby enjoined and required upon demand to make and deliver the same), and shall publicly and openly read the same, together with the declaration or acknowledgment aforesaid, upon some Lord's day within three months then next following, in his parish church where he is to officiate, in the presence of the congregation there assembled, in the time of divine service; upon pain that every person failing therin shall lose such parsonage, vicarage or benefice, curate's place, or lecturer's place respectively, and shall be utterly disabled and (ipso facto) deprived of the same; and that the said parsonage, vicarage or benefice, curate's place, or lecturer's place shall be void, as if he was naturally dead.

This Act was followed, in 1665 (17 Charles II, cap. 2), by what was known as "The Five Mile Act," which forbade any minister to preach or teacher to teach "within five miles of any city or town corporate, or borough that sends burgesses to Parliament, within his majesty's kingdom of England," or "to teach any public or private school, or take boarders or tablers that are taught or instructed by him or her self, or any other," under penalty of £40 and six months in prison.

These Acts were modified, in 1670, by the English Courts, so as not to apply to teachers in endowed elementary schools where the teacher was the appointee of the founder or the lay patron of the school, and the result was that between 1660 and 1730 approximately 1100 endowed elementary schools were created, largely to escape the stringent provisions of the above Acts. For secondary education they remained unmodified until the second half

of the nineteenth century, with the result that the secondary schools declined in influence, and for two centuries were virtually withdrawn from the national life. "Men would not become schoolmasters," says Montmorency, "when only political or religious hypocrites were allowed to teach."

167. Oath of a Grammar-School Master

(Carlisle, N., A Concise Description of the Endowed Grammar Schools in England and Wales, vol. II, p. 714. London, 1818)

Each grammar-school master was required to take an oath of fealty. This was an old institution in the Church (R. 84 b), and probably goes back to Roman civic requirements. The following oath, as required by the foundation statutes of Kirby Stephen School (1566), is illustrative and typical. In the parish church, and in the presence of at least two Governors of the school, the Churchwardens, twelve men of the parish, and any surviving heirs of the founder, this oath had to be taken by each new Master. It likewise illustrates the close connection of the Church and education in England, the English National Church merely taking the place of the Romanish Church which it had displaced.

I do swear by the contents of this book, that I will freely without exacting any money, diligently instruct and teach the children of this parish, and all others that shall resort to me, in Grammar and other humane doctrine, according to the statutes thereof made, and I shall not read to them any corrupt or reprobate books or works set forth at any time contrary to the determination of the universal catholique church, whereby they may be infected in their youth in any kind of heresie or corrupt doctrine, or else to be indured to insolent manner of living: And further shall observe all the statutes and ordinances of this schoole now made, or hereafter to be made which concern me, and shall doe nothing in the prejudice thereof, but help to maintain the same from time to time during my aboad herein to the best of my power so help my God, and the contents of this book.

168. An English Elementary-School Teacher's License (Strype, John, Life and Acts of John Whitgift, D.D., vol. I, Appendix, p. 384. London, 1822)

The following is a license granted by Archbishop Whitgift, of Canterbury, to one William Swetnam, of London, in 1599, licensing him to teach the beginnings of learning to children. (Compare with Rs. 83, 84.)

John by divine providence Archbishop of Canterbury, of all England Primate and Metropolitan; to all Christian people to whom these presents shall come, sendeth greetings in our Lord God everlasting. These are to let you understand, that upon receipt of sufficient testimony of the good life and conversation of William Swetnam, of the parish of Saint Margaret Patens in London, fishmonger; and upon further examination of him, being first sworn in due form to the supremacy of the Queen's most excellent Majesty, and subscribing to the Articles agreed upon by the Clergy in anno 1562, we have licensed, and by these presents do license the said William Swetnam, to teach and instruct children in the principles of reading, and introduction into the accidence; and also to write, and to cast accounts, in any parish within the city of London, or our peculiar Churches of Canterbury, within the said city. Enjoyning him, that every week he do instruct his children and scholars in the Catechism made and set forth by Mr. Alexander Nowel, now Dean of the cathedral church of Saint Paul in London: and that he with his scholars, so many as shall be of the parish where he shall teach, do usually and commonly resort and repair, on all sabbaths and festival days, to the church of the parish where he shall so teach and he with his scholars do reverently hear Divine service and sermons, and dutifully and diligently attend ther unto, And also we will, this our license to endure, during his good behavior, and our pleasure; and no otherways. In witness whereof, we have caused this our seal of our office of principal registry to be put hereunto. Dated this 20th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1599, and of our translation the 16th. In 1603 a new Statute made all schoolmasters in the realm subject to license by the Bishop, as a condition precedent to teaching.

169. Grammar-School Statutes regarding Prayers

(Cowper, H. S., Hawkshead, p. 475. London, 1899) Much emphasis has been laid upon religion in the English grammar schools. The boys have been required to attend both the services of the English Church and the devotional exercises of the school itself. Morning and evening prayers have been and still are an established feature of English grammar-school life. These prayers were usually prescribed by some church official, though they were sometimes appointed by the master, and sometimes even placed in the Statutes of the school by the founder. The following extracts from the Statutes for the grammar school at Hawkshead, as laid down by the founder, are typical and illustrate the character of the prayers required.

Also I ordayne and Constytute, that certayne godlye prayers hereafter set downe and ymediatelie followinge in these Constytucons, be made in the said schole by the scholemaster for the tyme beinge, the usher and the schollers of the same schole, eu'ie mornynge before the said scholemaster, and usher begin to teache the said schollers and everie eveninge ymediatelie before the breakinge up of the said schole, And eurie day before they goe to dynner to singe a Psalme in Meter in the said schole.

A Praier for the Morninge

Most mightie go, and m'cyfull ffather, we sinners by nature, yett thy Children by grace, here pstrate before thy devyne Matie, doe acknowledge our Corrupcon in nature, by reason of our synnes to be suche, that we ar not able as of our selues to thinke one good thought much lesse able to pffytte in good learninge and lyterature, and to come to the knowledge of thy sonne Chryste of sauiour, except yt shall please the of thie great grace and goodnes to illumynate or understandinge, to streghten or feable memories, to instructe us by thy holie spyritt, and soe power upon us thy good guifts of grace, that we may learne to knowe to practyse those thyngs in these or studies, as may most tende to the glorye of thy name, to the profitt of thy Churche, and to the pformaunce of our Chrystyan dewtie, Heare us O god, graunt this our Peticon, and blysse or studies O heavenlye ffather, for thy sonne Jesus Chrystes sake, in whose name we call upon the, and saye O our father, &c.

The Statutes also included prayers to be offered for "the Queenes Majestie," evening prayers, and prayers to be offered "at breakings up of the Schole."

170. Effect of the Translation of the Bible into English (Green, J. R., Short History of the English People, pp. 460-62. London, 1888) The wonderful moral and educational influence of the translation and setting up of the English Bible in the churches of England is described by Green, as follows:

No greater moral change ever passed over a nation than passed over England during the years which parted the middle of the reign of Elizabeth from the meeting of the Long Parliament. England became the people of a book, and that book was the Bible. It was as yet the one English book which was familiar to every Englishman; it was read at churches and read at home, and everywhere its words, as they fell on ears which custom had not deadened, kindled a startling enthusiasm. . . . The popularity of the Bible was due to other causes beside that of religion. The whole prose literature of England, save the