and composed by a person entirely devoted to the Jesuits. But after the death of Urban, the affair of Jansenism began to be more warmly controverted, and gave birth to an infinite number of polemic writ ings concerning grace, and what occasioned some mirth was the titles, which each party gave to their writings, one writer publishing "The Torch of St. Augustine," another, "Snuffers for St. Augustine's Torch," and father Veron formed "A Gag for the Jansenists," &c. In the year 1650, sixty-eight bish ops of France subscribed a letter to Pope Innocent X. to obtain an enquiry into, and condemnation of, the five following propositions, extracted from Jansen's "Augustinus:"-1. Some of God's commandments are impossible to be observed by the righteous, even though they endeavour with all their power, to ac complish them.. 2. In the state of corrupted nature we are incapable of resisting inward grace. 3. Merit and demerit, in a state of corrupted nature, does not depend on a liberty, which excludes necessity, but on a liberty which excludes restraint. 4. The Semepelagians admitted the necessity of an inward preventing grace for the performance of each particular act, even for the beginning of faith; but they were heretics in maintaining, that this grace was of such a nature, that the will of a man was able either to resist or obey it. It is Semepelagianism to say, that Jesus Christ died for all mankind in general.

In the year 1652, the Pope appointed a congrega tion for examining the dispute in relation to grace. In this congregation, Jansen was condemned; and the bull of condemnation, published in May 1653, filled all the pulpits in Paris with violent outcries and clamour against the Jansenists. In the year 1656, Pope Alexander VII. issued out another bull, in which he condemned the five propositions of Jansen. The Jansenists, however, affirm that these proposi tions are not to be found in his book; but that some of his enemies having caused them to be printed on

a sheet, inserted them in the book, and thereby deceived the Pope. At last Clement XI. put an end to the dispute by his constitution of July 17th, 1705, in which, after having revised the constitution of his predecessors in relation to this affair, he declares, That, in order to pay a proper obedience to the papal constitutions concerning the present question, it is necessary to receive them with a respectful silence." The Clergy of Paris the same year, approved, and accepted this bull.

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This is the famous bull Unigenitus, so called from its beginning with the words "Unigenitus Dei Filius,' &c. which for many years occasioned great confusion in France.

JEBB, (JOHN) was the son of a clergyman in Ire⚫ land and born in the year 1735. At a proper age, he was sent to Trinity college, Dublin; where he continued two years, and was afterwards removed to the university of Cambridge, in England. Here he con tinued several years with considerable reputation, and after having received the usual academical honours, was chosen a fellow of that society. Some time af ter this, he was admitted into holy orders, and presen ted to a living in the diocese of Norwich. In the winter of 1763, he began to deliver a course of theo logical lectures, which, for some time, were well attended, and generally approved.

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In the year 1770, he published, "A short account of Theological Lectures now reading in Cambridge, to which is added, a new harmony of the gospels," On December 28th, 1778, he preached a sermon before the university of Cambridge, which he afterwards published, under the title of "The excellency of the spirit of Benevolence." About the same time, there appeared a letter of his on the subject of subscription to the Liturgy and Thirty-nine articles of the church of England.

His publications, by this time, had shewn, that he was not very firmly attached to what is called the Orthodox system of divinity, and in all probability contributed to that opposition, which he afterwards met with in some plans of reformation at Cambridge.He had observed at Dublin the importance of annual examinations of those who received academical honours at that university, and therefore, wished to introduce the same discipline into the university of Cambridge. He accordingly issued a number of well written publications upon the subject; but, owing to the cause which we have above mentioned, they were not productive of the desired effect.

His doubts of the propriety of continuing in the communion of a church, which held doctrines, as he conceived, repugnant to scripture, at length determined him to quit it, and relinquish the preferments he held. He then published "A short statement of the reasons for a late resignation," &c. 8vo.

On his separation from the church, he joined in communion with the Rev. Mr. Lindsay, and soon after betook himself to the study of physic. He, at one period, had thought of adopting the law for his profession, and with that view, entered himself at one of the inns of court: But after some time, he resolved to devote himself to the medical line, and, in pursuance of this resolution, took the degree of doctor of physic and engaged in the practice of it.

He also became a member of the Constitutional Society, and, from that time gave several pieces to the public, which were dispersed by that body. In the year 1788, he, likewise, appeared as a medical writer, in a work entitled "Select Cases of the Disorder commonly called the paralysis of the lower extremities,

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In the year 1784, he published "Letters addressed to the Volunteers of Ireland, on the subject of a parliamentary reform,” 8vo. The coalition between Mr. Fox and Lord North, Dr. Jebb always considerVol. III. No. 19. Q

ed as injurious to the interests of his country, and, therefore, could never reconcile himself to it, nor to the principal parties in this unnatural union. He, therefore, declined all political intercourse with his late friend and ever afterwards professed himself opposed to his measures. About this period, Dr. Jebb's health began to be unsettled, and after lingering a considerable time, he died on the 2d March, 1786.

In the knowledge of the Christian scriptures, Dr. Jebb was particularly conversant, as his Theological Lectures at Cambridge gave incontestible proofs; although it cannot be denied, that he put a construction upon various texts considerably different from that assigned to them, by those, commonly called orthodox. His skill in the medical profession, was great and scientific, and his practice uncommonly successful. His ardour in the cause of liberty was unabating and incorruptible, and his publications, theological, medical, and political, were received with uncommon approbation.

JEFFREYS, (GEORGE) commonly called Judge Jeffreys was born in Denbighshire, England. He was educated at Westminster school, whence he removed to the Inner Temple, he applied himself to the study of the law. His father's family was large, his temper near, consequently the young man's allowance was scarcely sufficient to support him with decency: but his own ingenuity supplied all deficiencies till he come to the bar, to which, as is affirmed by some, he had no regular call. In 1666, he was at the assizes at Kingston, when very few counsellors attended, on account of the plague then raging. Here necessity gave him permission to put on a gown, and to plead; and he continued the practice unrestrained, till he reached the highest employments in the law. Alderman Jeffreys, who was probably related to him,

introduced him among the citizens of London; and being a jolly bottle companion, he became very popular amongst them, came into great business, and was chosen their recorder.

He was afterwards chosen solicitor to the Duke of York; and as he appeared a fit tool to promote every measure of the court, however arbitrary or tyrannical, he was knighted in 1680, and made chief justice of Chester. At length resigning the recordership, he obtained the post of chief justice of the king's bench, and, soon after the accession of James II. the great seal.

During the reign of Charles II. he shewed himself a bitter enemy to those dissenting ministers, who, in that time of persecution, were tried by him. He was one of the greatest advisers and promoters of all the oppressive measures carried on in the reign of James II. and his sanguinary and inhuman proceedings against Monmouth's unhappy adherents in the West, will ever render his name infamous. Wherever the prisoner was of a different party, or he could please the court by condemning him, instead of appearing, according to the duty of his office, as his counsel, he would scarce allow him to speak for himself; but would load him with the grossest and most vulgar abuse; insult, browbeat, and turn to ridicule the witnesses, who spoke in his behalf, and even threaten the jury with fine and imprisonment, if they made the least hesitation about bringing in the prisoner guilty. Yet, it is said, that when he was in temper, and matters perfectly indifferent came before him, no man became a seat of justice better. Nay, it even appears, that when he was under no state influence, he was sometimes inclined to protect the natural and the civil rights of mankind, of which the following has been given as an instance. The mayor and aldermen of Bristol had been sccustomed to transport convicted criminals to the American plantations and sell them by way of trade. As this business turned to good