Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England
Printed in the United States of America
Published March, 1912
It is now eight years and a half since this encyclopedia was begun. Unbroken harmony
has characterized my relations with the members of the staff, and I take this opportunity
to return my heartfelt thanks for their devotion and interest, which have made each day's
work a pleasure.
The following persons whose names are not elsewhere mentioned have contributed
for longer or shorter periods their services as translators: EDWIN B. CHILTON, WILLIAM
LLOYD BEVAN, Ph.D., ABRAM LIPSKY, the REV CHARLES ADAM MOHR, B.A., DANIEL
LONGS PEACOCK, MRS. L. DE QUESADA, and SIMEON STRUNSKY, B.A.; and as assistant
office editors: HUBERT EVANS, Ph.D., FREDERICK W. HUMPHREY, and CHARLES JOSEPH
GILLEN.
Two persons have greatly helped us to correct errors into which, notwithstanding our
care, we have fallen: BERNHARD PICK, Ph.D., D.D., for vols. i. and ii., and REV. MAL-
BORNE W. GRAHAM, of Williams, Ohio, for all the volumes. The mistakes which these and
others have pointed out have been frankly acknowledged in the succeeding volumes and
corrected. It is to be hoped that other publishers of encyclopedias will pursue this plan,
thus enabling the purchasers of the first editions of their works to be at least in part on a
footing of equality with the purchasers of later editions.
In this connection I thank MR. ISIDOR FURST, proof-reader for the Publishers Print-
ing Company, whose skill and watchfulness have united to give the public the typo-
graphical accuracy which I believe these volumes can boast. Thanks are also due to
PROFESSOR E. A. A. O. A. VON DOBSCHUETZ, of the University of Breslau, for his contribu-
tions to the accuracy and completeness with which the sketches of contemporary German
theologians are furnished.
But my closing word must concern the REV. GEORGE WILLAM GILMORE, the associate
editor from the beginning to the end and the managing editor of the last six volumes. He
brought to the work wide knowledge, especially in the two little-cultivated fields of com-
parative religion and bibliography. He has shared, however, in all the other departments
of this encyclopedia as translator and collaborator. It is only truth to say that it is due
largely to his devotion and remarkable intelligence and learning that the work is so worthy
the confidence of the public.
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON,
Editor-in-Chief.
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
Professor of Church History, New York University.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(ASSOCIATE EDITOR.)
Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion,
Bangor Theological Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME XII
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH,
(Department of Systematic Theology.) Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D., (Department of Minor Denominations.) Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference. JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D., (Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders.) Rector of St. Gabriel's, New Rochelle, N. Y.
JAMES FREDERICK MCCURDY, Ph.D.,
(Department of the Old Testament.) Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.,
(Department of the New Testament.)
Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New
Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.,
(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist
Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Tex.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A.,
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.) Managing Editor of the STANDARD DICTIONARY, etc., New York City.
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME XII
WILLIAM HENRY ALLISON, Ph.D.,
Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Ecclesiastical History,
Theological Seminary, Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y.
HANS ANSTEIN,
Secretary of the Evangelical Missionary Society, Basel.
CARL FRANKLIN ARNOLD, Ph.D.,
DANIEL BERGER, D.D.,
Clergyman of the United Brethren in Christ,
Dayton, O., formerly Editor in the United
Brethren Publishing House.
CARL BERTHEAU (†), Th.D.,
Late Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.
WILLIBALD BEYSCHLAG (†), Th.D.,
Late Professor of Theology, University of Halle.
RUDOLPH MICHAEL BINDER, Ph.D.,
Lecturer in Sociology, New York University.
FREDERICK MEYER BIRD (†),
Late Professor of Psychology, Christian Ethics, and Rhetoric,
Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa.
EDWIN MUNSELL BLISS, D.D.,
Author of Books on Missions, Washington, D. C.
THEODORA CROSBY BLISS,
Writer on Missions, Washington, D. C.
SARA D. BLUXOME,
Former General Secretary, Daughters of the King.
HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,
Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.
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