ination. Other universities gradually accepted the custom established at these university mothers. The right to grant such license, the jus ubique docendi, came to be regarded as the essence of a Studium Generale. The following Papal Bull, of 1292, formally grants this right to Paris. Desiring, therefore, that the students in the field of knowledge in the city of Paris, may be stimulated to strive for the reward of a Mastership, and may be able to instruct, in the Faculties in which they have deserved to be adorned with a Master's chair, all those who come from all sides, we decree, by this present letter, that whoever of our University in the aforesaid city shall have been examined and approved by those through whom, under apostolic authority, the right to lecture is customarily bestowed on licentiates in said faculties, according to the custom heretofore observed there, and who shall have from them license in the Faculty of Theology, or Canon Law, or Medicine, or the Liberal Arts, shall thenceforward have authority to teach everywhere outside of the aforesaid city, free from examination or test, either public or private, or any other new regulation as to lecturing or teaching. Nor shall he be prohibited by any one, all other customs and statutes to the contrary notwithstanding; and whether he wishes to lecture or not in the Faculties referred to, he shall nevertheless be regarded as a Doctor. 112. A University License to teach (Document printed in Rashdall; The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, vol. II. part II, p. 734. Oxford, 1895) The following form, reproduced by Rashdall, is dated 1710, but is considered by him as probably similar to the medieval forms used. A comparison of this form with a modern Ph.D. diploma reveals an interesting similarity between the two. Inasmuch as you have been presented to me for examination in both (Civil and Canon) Laws and for the customary approval, by the Most Illustrious and the Most Excellent D.D. (naming the Promoters), golden Knights, Counts Palatine, Most Celebrated Doctors, and inasmuch as you have since undergone an arduous and rigorous examination, in which you bore yourself with so much learning and distinction that that body of Most Illustrious and Excellent Promoters without one dissenting voice, I repeat, without one dissenting voice, have judged you worthy of the laurel, therefore by the authority which I have as Archdeacon and senior Chancellor, I create, publish, and name you, N. N., Doctor in the aforesaid Faculties, giving to you every privilege of lecturing, of ascending the Master's chair, of writing glosses, of interpreting, of acting as Advocate, and of exercising also the functions of a Doctor here and everywhere throughout the world; furthermore, of enjoying all those privileges which those happy individuals, who have been so deserving in these fostering colleges, are accustomed to use and enjoy. And I trust that all these things will forever result in the increase of your fame and the honor of our Colleges, to the praise and glory of Almighty God and of the ever blessed Virgin Mary. 113. Books required at Paris for the Arts Degree The following books were prescribed for the A.B. and A.M. degrees at Paris by the Statutes of 1254. The list does not distinguish the books required for the baccalaureate degree only, but gives for both degrees together. It will be noted that books on some of the Seven Liberal Arts are missing. The great preponderance of Aristotle in the list is noticeable, showing how completely Aristotle had been adopted by this time as the great authority of medieval Europe. In addition to having heard lectures on these subjects, the candidate must also have taken part in a number of disputations. I. The "Old" Logic. 1. Introduction to the Categories of Aristotle (Isagoge), Porphyry. 2. Categories, and On Interpretation, Aristotle. 3. Divisions, and Topics except Bk. IV, Boethius. II. The "New" Logic. 1. Prior and Posterior Analytics, Aristotle. 2. Sophistical Refutations, 3. Topics, 1. Ethics, 4 Bks., 66 35 III. Moral Philosophy. 1. On the Six Principles, Gilbert de la Porrée. 2. Barbarismus (Bk. 3, Larger Grammar), Donatus. 4. On Causes, Costa ben Luca. 5. On the Differences of Spirit and Soul (another translation of On Causes). 114. Books required at Leipzig for the Arts Degree (Zarncke, Statutenbücher der Universität Leipzig, pp. 311-12) The following books were prescribed for the A.B. and the A.M. degrees at Leipzig, in 1410. Contrasted with Paris, a little earlier (R. 113), it will be seen that Aristotle is less prominent, that the Seven Liberal Arts are better represented, and that the whole shows a much better balanced course. The time requirements for each subject are also given here, showing a course requiring from twenty-two and one half to twenty-eight and one half months for the A.B. degree, and from forty-two to sixty-six and one half months additional for the A.M. degree. (a) Books required at Leipzig for the Degree of A.B. in 1410 I. Grammar. 1. Last two books of Priscian. (2 months.) II. Logic. 1. Tractatus (Summula), Petrus Hispanus. (2 to 3 months.) 2. The "Old" Logic. (3 to 4 months.) 3. The "New" Logic, except Topics. (6 to 7 months.) III. Natural Philosophy. 1. Physics. (6 to 9 months.) 2. On the Soul. (2 months.) IV. Mathematics. 1. On the Material Sphere (Sacrobosco). (5 to 6 weeks.) (b) Books required at Leipzig for the Degree of A.M. in 1410 I. Logic. 1. Logic of Heytisbury. 2. Topics, Aristotle. (3 to 4 months.) II. Moral and Practical Philosophy. 1. Ethics. (6 to 9 months.) 2. Politics. (4 to 9 months.) FIG. 19. THE CAMP OF WISDOM (From Les Arts et Métiers au Moyen Age, p. 252) An allegorical stained-glass window, the work of Lorraine artists of the sixteenth century, and now in the Library of Strassburg. This shows the wise youth passing up the steps of the Trivium and Quadrivium and the three Philosophies to the inner court of the Temple of Wisdom, with Theology still ahead and over all. Other youths are seen wasting their time. III. Natural Philosophy. 1. On the Heavens and the Earth. (3 to 4 months.) 4. Parva Naturalia. (2 to 3 months.) The books on:- b. Sleep and Waking. c. Memory and Recollection. IV. Metaphysics. 1. Metaphysics. (5 to 9 months.) V. Mathematics. 1. Astronomy: Theory of the Planets (Gerard of Cremona). (5 to 6 weeks.) 2. Geometry: Euclid. (5 to 9 months.) 3. Arithmetic: Common Arithmetic (Sacrobosco). (3 weeks to 1 month.) 4. Music: Music (John de Muris). (3 weeks to 1 month.) 5. Optics: Common Perspective (John of Pisa). (3 to 3 months.) 115. Books required at Oxford for the Arts Degree The following list of books shows those required for the A.B. and the A.M. degrees at Oxford in the period 1408-31. It is a more elastic course of study than the one at Paris, and Aristotle is less prominent. More alternatives or elections were offered the student than at either Paris or Leipzig. A clear attempt is seen to keep up the traditions that an Arts course should include the Trivium and Quadrivium of the earlier Middle Ages, as well as the "three philosophies" introduced by the rediscovery of Aristotle early in the thirteenth century. For B.A. (Admissio ad lecturam alicuius libri Facultatis Artium): Four years' study. For Determination. To have been admitted as above, and "read" some book of Aris- To have disputed for a year as "General Sophister" in Parviso. To have heard: Donatus, Barbarismus; Arithmetic (Algorismus The Old and New Logic, except the Boethius, Topics, bk. Iv, cursorie from Bachelors in the Public Schools. For License and Inception: Three years' additional study. |